【1010G精英组】ARGUMENT188 F组回收站

lynnuanaUID: 2772328

* 4月29日，13点之前上交ARGUMENT188，作文直接跟帖，修改直接跟帖，不用另开新帖~
* 要求每篇argument附上逻辑链
* 欢迎在本贴内讨论+BS本期题目~

【ISSUE50情况汇报】

不知不觉作文的写作练习时间，已经过了2/5了，29号是第二周最后一天~ 大家继续加油！

总贴地址     F组素材积累库地址

188 A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids—a painkiller—to 28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women.

附：改作文指南 by 最後の使徒

xmaszztUID: 2796708

逻辑：
1.证据不可用，样本不具有代表性，报告不可靠
2.kappa也许不是导致差异的原因
3.就算是kappa的效用也不具有代表性:kappa对所有painkiller；拔智齿对需要止痛时。都以偏概全。

In this argument, the author concluded that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication, and in addition researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women. It is some how reasonable at first glance but the author still fails to constructs his standpoint by erroneous evidence.

First, the 28 men and 20 women are not representative, we do not know the age, healthy situation and the sampling range of these people, in the same, kappa can not represent all other pain medication, so these evidence could not reasoning out the convincing results. And the report from women that they feel much less pain than the men is not objective and incredible, perhaps they would lie, and there is no precise measurement of the pain. So the author can not get conclusion by this willy-nilly evidence.

Second, the author unfairly indicates a causal relation between the kappa and the different pain experience. There could be other factors, perhaps the women’s tolerance is stronger than men’s always so whatever painkiller we used we cannot conclude this difference is affected by the medicine; or perhaps by the reason of the higher weightiness the men need more dose to kill the pain, it also can not bear out that men and women is different in pain.

Even assuming the pain difference between men and women when they were having their wisdom teeth extracted is exist by the kappa, the argument can not bring out all other painkillers will be provided this different affection in different gender, and the argument also can not illuminate the impact of other parts of body when treated by the painkiller but not only when the wisdom teeth extracted. Maybe women will feel much more pain when they hurt their legs or some parts else than men, which the kappa totally feeble. Or perhaps except kappa, other painkillers will more effected on men and also have a good performance on women than kappa, so it’s dogmatically to suggest prescribe kappa for women and other kind of pain medication for men.

To sum up, the author’s conclusion about the choice of painkiller is not well supported as it stands. To bolster it, the author must provide more evidence such a more extensive research on different people, to better assess the problem, we need also get a better test method of pain sensation.

shannonyUID: 2524183

Woman reported less much pain
                                                               ----> kappa opioids should be prescribed for woman
The easing of pain lasted longer in woman

In this argument, the author points that the doctor should consider prescribing different medications to women and men, and kappa opioids should be prescribed for women. To support this argument, the author described a research which has several flaws.

First of all, the research itself is not scientific and rigorous enough. The number of the sample is very limited. When the same dosage of kappa opioids were administered to 28 men and 20 women, each man and woman didn't get the same dosage of the medication. As each woman got more medication than each man, the report that women felt much less pain and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer is unbelievable.

Even it is reliable that women felt much less pain in the research, the author does not rule out other factors that may lead to this result. It is very likely that women complained much less about the pain than men instead of they actually felt less. Or some natural differences between men and women result in the different effectiveness for men and women. The argument failed to provide sufficient and precise measurement of the pain to compare between women and men. Without further experiment in more aspects, the conclusion is not persuasive.

What's more, even though kappa opioids is more effective for women than men, it doesn't mean that men should be given other kinds of pain medication. Without comparing the effect of kappa opioids for men to other medications, it is hard to be admitted that other medications are more effective.

In conclusion, the readers can hardly be convinced that men should be given other kinds of pain medication without raising proofs about the effectiveness of other medications. The author must exclude other factors that may cause the difference besides the kind of medication between men and women.

carol.ljUID: 2764249

提纲
1样本不足，没有代表性。实验前样本的所有前题条件都应该是一样的，而文中并没提及。
2实验过程中，女性感觉疼痛小，可能还有其他的原因，而文中忽略了这种可能性，比如说女性吃了其他能减轻疼痛的药，男性吃了些会对KAPPA OPIOIDS这种药产生相反效果的药物。拔牙的过程不一样，男性被拔的力度大些，那么自然疼得历害些。
3结论太过于武断，kappa opoids只是止痛药的一种，并不代表所有药品，有必要重新评估所有药品对于男性及女性的效用吗？

       In this argument, the author draws a conclusion that women should be given kappa opioids, whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication, and the effects of all medications on men and women should be reevaluated. In order to support his conclusion, the author cites a recent study, which points out that the women feels much less pain than men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably shorter in men, when they were having their wisdom teeth extracted. This argument seems logical, but it flawed in several important respects.
         First of all, samples of the study should be statistically reliable. Unfortunately, from the survey, we can find only 48 people which are not representative. It is impossible to confidently draw any conclusions. And we find litter sign of such procedures for random sampling. Most importantly, we have good reason to doubt even if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general attitudes of all people as a whole. In respect that the experiment don’t provide any basic information of the participants, we know nothing about the information such as the age, the background and the general health condition of these people. And we also don’t know whether the information about the participants is same. More generally, if the member in women group are younger than the men group, and in part because of the health condition that women are better than men, it is obvious that the women can endure much pain. So without ruling out these information, the conclusion is presumptuous.
        Secondly, common sense and experience tell us that the kappa opioids is not a decisive factor related to the pain feelings’ degree between women and men. On the one hand, the author ignores the possibility that the women have taken some other medications or food to help relieve the pain.  Similarly, the men have taken some other medications or certain food that counteract the effects of kappa opioids. On the other hand, it is possible that the strength about extracting wisdom is heavier for the men, compared with women. Naturally, the men feel more painful. So in the absent of some evidence, there is no standard could be offered to judge whether the kappa opioids leads to the pain’s abating. And even we can not judge the reason why women feel much less pain than men and the easing of pain last considerably longer in women.
        Finally, even if the kappa opioids makes more effective for women. the conclusion that researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women is unwarranted. Obviously, the author exaggerates the importance of kappa opioids. Kappa opioids is just one of the medications in the world. Can it represent all medications? Moreover, just one occasional experiment, can it draw a conclusion accurately? The answer is obvious no.
        In sum, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the author must present more information about the women and the men, such as the age and health’s condition. Furthermore, the author must assure that the other factors’ affections have no difference between men and women.

悦微微志燮UID: 2759026

In this argument the author asserts that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required and men should be given other kinds of pain medication. To support these recommendations the author cites several facts that a study show that the women feeling much less pain than the men and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women when researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids to both men and women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted. Seemingly, the assertion is convincing, but it will be rather doubtful if we have a deep analysis.

First of all, the result of the research is doubtful. The author does not mention anything about whether the sample of the research was randomly chosen, and whether the pain extent of all the subjects were the same. It is totally possible that all the woman subjects had taken some other pain pills before they attend the research, while all the man subjects not. If this is true, the result of the research will be unreliable at all. Without this evidence, we cannot superficially draw the conclusion that kappa opioids has a better medical effect on women than that on men.

Secondly, the study in this argument is unwarranted. The author assumes that kappa opioids caused women's much less pain than men's. Nevertheless the author overlooks other possible factors in causing the result above. Perhaps, women's sensitivity of pain is more sensitive than men's.

Finally, as we can know according to the research, what we can affirm is that kappa opioids has a better effect on woman patience when they have a pain in their wisdom teeth, but not in other parts of the body. Pains in different parts of body may be caused by different reasons, thus we should use different methods to deal with these different situations. We cannot ensure that in some other cases, such as stomachache or headache, kappa opioids can relieve the pain or have better effect on women rather than that on men. Therefore, the author's suggestion is too assertively over generalized and lacking of strong evidence.

To sum up, the author's conclusion on kappa opioids is questionable and unpersuasive to me. To enhance its logic, the author needs to provide more information to confirm the reliability of the research, and try to amass and consider more possibilities.

lynnuanaUID: 2772328

逻辑链：
KO research--> 女性感受痛楚比男性小&时间长 --> 1 应该给女性服用KO止疼药，给男性服用其他的 2 revalue all medications on women vs men

Based on a latest research towards the result of application of a pain medication, the author concludes that doctors should prescribe kappa opioids to the woman who need pain medication at any time whereas give other painkillers to men, and researchers need to reassess effects of all medicines on both men and women. From my point of view, this cause and effect relationship between the research and the conclusion is somewhat farfetched and untenable as it stands.

To begin with, several unscientific and irregular operations in the whole experiment process make the research lose its power to sustain the conclusion. The first unconvincing factor is the quantity of the participants in each experimental group-- the primary mistake. Strictly speaking, for the purpose of impartiality, an experiment needs to at least use the same number of subjects. Unfortunately, the author does not give any sufficient reason that why they use 28 men versus 20 women in the study. Apart from the unequal number, the second unreliable factor is the women’s reports. Should a rigorous researcher make his judgment only based on such original materials without making a scrutiny into the reports and using any statistical analysis? In fact, that these women feel much less pain than the men is probably their misperception . No evidence reveals that the two groups are set in separate space or the women cannot be influenced by the men or the surroundings. It is highly possible that the extreme distress on the men’s face cause sympathy from the women and thus they made such personal and emotional reports. Third, the reports from the women group also indicate the degree and the duration of their pain, comparing with the men. However, they did not state whether they took any other painkiller besides the kappa opioids or whether they used other kinds of medicines after their wisdom tooth extraction surgery. Maybe other medications actually help the participants reduce the pain or extend the duration time after the tooth operation, rather than the kappa opioids. Therefore, with so many factors which could not be expressed clearly, it is difficult for the audience to judge whether such an unpersuasive research could fundamentally validate the assertion.

Even if kappa opioids does have some positive effect to cure the person who is suffering from the tooth’ pain, it seems not easy to make the conclusion that the women should be prescribed with this kind of drug, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. The first reason is kappa opioids may not have the same effect on the other pains, such as headache, stomachache, muscle strain and so forth, as on the tooth pain treatment. From my perspective, it is better for a doctor to prescribe deferent medicines according to various conditions of his patients. The second point that men should be given other kinds of pain medication is still open to doubt, because the reports in the study is merely from women participants and readers could not find any clue in the argument about the medicine effect from the aspect of men. Therefore, it is entirely arbitrary for the author to make such a subjective affirmation.

Last but not least, in my opinion, it is unnecessary to revalue the effects of all medications on men versus women. From ancient times to the modern period, from east to west, there are Tens of thousands of kinds of medicines in the world. If we reassess the effect of all medications, tremendous human, finance and other resources need to be invested in this ambitious but impractical project, which would absolutely exceed the bearing capacity of our whole society and eventually do harm to ourselves.

To sum up, I agree that doctors should consider different conditions when prescribing pain medications, as the author mentioned at the beginning. Nevertheless, he fails to convince me with a scientific and persuasive research. Moreover, the two assertions he makes at the end of the argument is highly subjective and even unrealistic for the public to make a proper decision.

lxin333UID: 2650844

一项对于KO的研究中，女性称less pain, easing last long==》建议KO在任何时候作为女性止痛药
                                                         应给予男性其他有效止痛药
                                                         重新评估所有药品对男性女性的效用

样本不具说服力，还有其他因素影响feeling
该实验针对的是拔出智齿的止痛效果 不能推及所有Pains
不能把KO作为女性任何时候的止痛药
不能说KO对男性也没效果
重新评估的必要

Grounding on a new report that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and synthesize the untenable research on kappa opioids, the author draws a hasty conclusion that the kappa opioids should be prescribed for women but not men, and the effects of all medications on men versus women should be reevaluated. However, this argument suffers from a series of illogicality, which render it wholly unpersuasive as it stands.

To begin with, the research is unpersuasive for the reason that the sample which contains only 48 patients is unrepresentative, we didn't even know their individual difference such as age, life styles, states of health, level of pain. Moreover, there is no precise measurement to test the true level of pain which the patients suffer from. So, the women patients' reports that they feel less pain and the easing of pain lasted longer is untenable. It is entirely possible that other factors influence the feeling of pain, such as their diets, sleep, environment, mental reaction, emotion and so forth. Without ruling out these possibilities, the author cannot convince me that kappa opioids works well on women.

Secondly，the suggestion that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required is illogic. Even granted that kappa opioids work well and can relieve pains of women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the effect on this kind of pain could not be hastily generalized to all conditions where pain medication is required. It is entirely possible that the effect of painkillers range from one kind of pain to another. Moreover, the author ignored the fact that kappa opioids may lead to untoward effect even though it perform well in some situation. Common sense tell us that medication may cause side effect like allergy, accumulation of toxicity, even drug dependence. Without further research to ensure that kappa opioids have no side effect on women, the conclusion that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required remains unpersuasive and seems like a fallacy.

Thirdly, the conclusion that men should be given other kinds of pain medication is unsubstantiated. What would it happen if give the men a little more dosage of kappa opioids? Maybe it is the dosage of kappa opioids cannot meet the need to relieve pain in men because men are stronger than women and there are many physical differences between men and women. Have the researchers conducted a similar research with another kind of painkiller through a logic approach? Maybe other painkillers perform well when it is prescribed for men but not women.

Last but not least, the author claims that researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women without rigorous thinking.Granted that pain medications should be prescribed discriminatingly, the necessity of reevaluating the effects of all medications on men versus women is unwarranted. The advice of the author is groundlessly enlarged the research which is only focus on kappa opioids --- one of thousands kind of painkillers --- extent. There is thousand millions of medications in the world, to reevaluate the effects of them all is an impractical and meaninglessful project. The researcher should sum up experience and devote their time in developing better painkillers instead of reevaluate the effects of all medications.

To sum up, the author's conclusion about the research is not well substantiated as it stands. To bolster it, the author should provide more evidence to strengthen the research result. To better evaluate the problem, we need more reasonable researches and a precise measurement of level of pain.

lxin333UID: 2650844

In this argument, the author concluded that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication, and in addition researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women. It is some how(somehow) reasonable at first glance but the author still fails to constructs his standpoint by erroneous evidence.

First, the 28 men and 20 women are not representative, we do not know the age, healthy situation and the sampling range of these people, in the same, kappa can not represent all other pain medication, so these evidence could not reasoning out the convincing results. And the report from women that they feel much less pain than the men is not objective and incredible, perhaps they would lie, and there is no precise measurement of the pain. So the author can not get conclusion by this willy-nilly evidence.

Second, the author unfairly indicates a causal relation between the kappa and the different pain experience. There could be other factors, perhaps the women’s tolerance is stronger than men’s always so whatever painkiller we used????? we cannot conclude this difference is affected by the medicine; or perhaps by the reason of the higher weightiness the men need more dose to kill the pain, it also can not bear out that men and women is different in pain表达不对吧.in feeling pain？

Even assuming the pain difference between men and women when they were having their wisdom teeth extracted is exist by the kappa, the argument can not bring out all other painkillers will be provided this different affection in different gender, and the argument also can not illuminate the impact of other parts of body when treated by the painkiller but not only when the wisdom teeth extracted.
看不懂？Maybe women will feel much more pain when they hurt their legs or some parts else than men, which the kappa totally feeble. Or perhaps except kappa, other painkillers will more effected on men and also have a good performance on women than kappa, so it’s dogmatically to suggest prescribe kappa for women and other kind of pain medication for men.

To sum up, the author’s conclusion about the choice of painkiller is not well supported as it stands. To bolster it, the author must provide more evidence such a more extensive research on different people, to better assess the problem, we need also get a better test method of pain sensation？？？不知道对不对.

举的例子还是很有想法 很启发人的  不过有些地方看不懂？！
Reevaluate应该也是挺重要的吧？为什么不讲？
第四段中两个问题都是以偏概全 感觉写成一段显得有逻辑性 不过有点乱= =恩 把同种逻辑错误归结起来 值得学习

lxin333UID: 2650844

Based on a latest research towards the result of application of a pain medication, the author concludes that doctors should prescribe kappa opioids to the woman who need pain medication at any time whereas give other painkillers to men, and researchers need to reassess effects of all medicines on both men and women. From my point of view, this cause and effect relationship between the research and the conclusion is somewhat farfetched and untenable as it stands.

To begin with, several unscientific and irregular operations in the whole experiment process make the research lose its power to sustain the conclusion. The first unconvincing factor is the quantity of the participants in each experimental group-- the primary mistake. Strictly speaking, for the purpose of impartiality, an experiment needs to at least use the same number of subjects. Unfortunately, the author does not give any sufficient reason that why they use 28 men versus 20 women in the study. Apart from the unequal number, the second unreliable factor is the women’s reports. Should a rigorous researcher make his judgment only based on such original materials without making a scrutiny into the reports and using any statistical analysis? In fact, that these women feel much less pain than the men is probably their misperception
. No evidence reveals that the two groups are set in separate space or the women cannot be influenced by the men or the surroundings. It is highly possible that the extreme distress on the men’s face cause sympathy from the women and thus they made such personal and emotional reports.（很有趣的猜想= =） Third, the reports from the women group also indicate the degree and the duration of their pain, comparing with the men. However, they did not state whether they took any other painkiller besides the kappa opioids or whether they used other kinds of medicines after their wisdom tooth extraction surgery.（pain的程度也不是语言能描述的即没有准确测量方法） Maybe other medications actually help the participants reduce the pain or extend the duration time after the tooth operation, rather than the kappa opioids. Therefore, with so many factors which could not be expressed clearly, it is difficult for the audience to judge whether such an unpersuasive research could fundamentally validate the assertion.

Even if kappa opioids does have some positive effect to cure the person who is suffering from the tooth’ pain, it seems not easy to make the conclusion that the women should be prescribed with this kind of drug, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. The first reason is kappa opioids may not have the same effect on the other pains, such as headache, stomachache, muscle strain and so forth, as on the tooth pain treatment. From my perspective, it is better for a doctor to prescribe deferent medicines according to various conditions of his patients. The second point that men should be given other kinds of pain medication is still open to doubt, because the reports in the study is merely from women participants and readers could not find any clue in the argument about the medicine effect from the aspect of men. Therefore, it is entirely arbitrary for the author to make such a subjective affirmation.

Last but not least, in my opinion, it is unnecessary to revalue the effects of all medications on men versus women. From ancient times to the modern period, from east to west, there are Tens of thousands of kinds of medicines in the world. If we reassess the effect of all medications, tremendous human, finance and other resources need to be invested in this ambitious but impractical project, which would absolutely exceed the bearing capacity of our whole society and eventually do harm to ourselves. （revalue有意义不？）

To sum up, I agree that doctors should consider different conditions when prescribing pain medications, as the author mentioned at the beginning. Nevertheless, he fails to convince me with a scientific and persuasive research. Moreover, the two assertions he makes at the end of the argument is highly subjective and even unrealistic for the public to make a proper decision.

水平有限~学习为主

lynnuanaUID: 2772328

7# lxin333

红色：小词或补充  蓝色：句子  括号：点评 加粗：主题句子 下划线：标记 粉色：学习

Grounding on a new report that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and synthesize the untenable research on kappa opioids, the author draws a hasty conclusion that the kappa opioids should be prescribed for women but not men, and the effects of all medications on men versus women should be reevaluated. However, this argument suffers from a series of illogicality, which render it wholly unpersuasive as it stands.

To begin with, the research is unpersuasive for the reason that the sample which contains only 48 patients is unrepresentative,(两个并列句子，+and) we didn't even know their individual difference such as age, life styles, states of health, level of pain.（感觉有点罗嗦，换成and their individual difference such as age, life styles, states of health, level of pain is even unknown 如何？） Moreover, there is（删？） no precise measurement （is used）to test the true level of pain which the patients suffer from. So, （That）the women patients' reports that they feel less pain and the easing of pain lasted longer is untenable. It is entirely possible that other factors influence the feeling of pain, such as their diets, sleep, environment, mental reaction, emotion and so forth. Without ruling out these possibilities, the author cannot convince me that kappa opioids works well on women.

Secondly，the suggestion that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required is illogic. Even granted that kappa opioids work well and can relieve pains of women who were having their（whose） wisdom teeth extracted, the effect on this kind of pain could not be hastily generalized to all conditions where pain medication is required. It is entirely possible that（重复了~~） the effect of painkillers range from one kind of pain to another.（这句没看懂，是说止疼药效果作用有一定限度么？） Moreover, the author ignored the fact that kappa opioids may lead to untoward effect even though it perform well in some situation. Common sense tell us that medication may cause side effect like allergy, accumulation of toxicity, （and）even drug dependence. Without further research to ensure that kappa opioids have no side effect on women, the conclusion that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required remains unpersuasive and seems like a fallacy.

Thirdly, the conclusion that men should be given other kinds of pain medication is unsubstantiated. What would it happen if give the men a little more dosage of kappa opioids? Maybe it is the dosage of kappa opioids cannot meet the need to relieve pain in men because men arestronger than women and there are many physical differences between men and women. Have the researchers conducted a similar research with another kind of painkiller through a logic approach? Maybe other painkillers perform well when it is prescribed for men but not women.

Last but not least, the author claims that researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women without rigorous thinking.Granted that pain medications should be prescribed discriminatingly, the necessity of reevaluating the effects of all medications on men versus women is unwarranted. The advice of the author is groundlessly enlarged the research which is（删） only focus on kappa opioids --- one of thousands kind of painkillers --- extent. There is thousand millions of medications in the world, to reevaluate the effects of them all is an impractical and meaninglessful project. The researcher should sum up experience and devote their time in developing better painkillers instead of reevaluate the effects of all medications.

To sum up, the author's conclusion about the research is not well substantiated as it stands. To bolster it, the author should provide more evidence to strengthen the research result. To better evaluate the problem, we need more reasonable researches and a precise measurement of level of pain.

写的挺好的了~我觉得该剖析的都剖析到了~~
我在想是不是要开始弄模板了现在~~ 不过最近一直写实验的，实验模板练的多了一些~~

shannonyUID: 2524183

修改carol:

In this argument, the author draws a conclusion that women should be given kappa opioids, whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication, and the effects of all medications on men and women should be reevaluated. In order to support his conclusion, the author cites a recent study, which points out that the women feels much less pain than men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably shorter in men, when they were having their wisdom teeth extracted. This argument seems logical, but it flawed in several important respects [aspects].
         First of all, samples of the study should be statistically reliable. Unfortunately, from the survey, we can find only 48 people which are not representative. It is impossible to confidently draw any conclusions. And we find litter sign of such procedures for random sampling. Most importantly, we have good reason to doubt even if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general attitudes of all people as a whole. In respect that the experiment don’t [doesn’t] provide any basic information of the participants, we know nothing about the information such as the age, the background and the general health condition of these people. And we also don’t know whether the information about the participants is same. More generally, if the member [members] in women group are younger than the men group, and in part because of the health condition that women are better than men, it is obvious that the women can endure much pain. So without ruling out these information, the conclusion is presumptuous.[这一段关于samples的论证有点罗嗦]
        Secondly, common sense and experience tell us that the kappa opioids is not a decisive factor related to the pain feelings’ degree between women and men. [这句话有些牵强] On the one hand, the author ignores the possibility that the women have taken some other medications or food to help relieve the pain.  Similarly, the men have taken some other medications or certain food that counteract the effects of kappa opioids. On the other hand, it is possible that the strength about extracting wisdom is heavier for the men, compared with women. Naturally, the men feel more painful. So in the absent of some evidence, there is no standard could be offered to judge whether the kappa opioids leads to the pain’s abating. And even we can not judge the reason why women feel much less pain than men and the easing of pain last considerably longer in women.
        Finally, even if the kappa opioids makes more effective for women. the conclusion that researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women is unwarranted. Obviously, the author exaggerates the importance of kappa opioids. Kappa opioids is just one of the medications in the world. Can it represent all medications? Moreover, just one occasional experiment, can it draw a conclusion accurately? The answer is obvious no. [后面的论证和主题句似乎没有必要的逻辑联系]
        In sum, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the author must present more information about the women and the men, such as the age and health’s condition. Furthermore, the author must assure that the other factors’ affections have no difference between men and women.

[段与段之间缺乏逻辑关系如让步等，让人感觉有些乱]

carol.ljUID: 2764249

占个

悦微微志燮UID: 2759026

4# carol.lj

In this argument, the author draws a conclusion that women should be given kappa opioids, whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication, and the effects of all medications on men and women should be reevaluated. In order to support his conclusion, the author cites a recent study, which points out that the women feels much less pain than men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably shorter in men, when they were having their wisdom teeth extracted. This argument seems logical, but it flawed in several important respects.
         First of all, samples of the study should be statistically reliable. Unfortunately, from the survey, we can find only 48 people which are not representative. It is impossible to confidently draw any conclusions. And we find litter sign of such procedures for random sampling. Most importantly, we have good reasons to doubt even if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general attitudes of all people as a whole. In respect(respecting) that the experiment don’t(doesn't) provide any basic information of the participants, we know nothing about the information such as the age, the background and the general health condition of these people. And we also don’t know whether the information about the participants is (+the?) same. More generally, if the member(members?) in women group are younger than the men group, and in part because of the health condition that women are better than men, it is obvious that the women can endure much pain. So without ruling out these information, the conclusion is presumptuous.
        Secondly, common sense and experience tell us that the kappa opioids is not a decisive factor related to the pain feelings’ degree between women and men. On the one hand, the author ignores the possibility that the women have taken some other medications or food to help relieve the pain.  Similarly, the men have taken some other medications or certain food that counteract the effects of kappa opioids. On the other hand, it is possible that the strength about extracting wisdom is heavier for the men, compared with women. Naturally, the men feel more painful. So in the absent of some evidence, there is no standard could be offered to judge whether the kappa opioids leads to the pain’s abating. And even we can not judge the reason why women feel much less pain than men and the easing of pain last considerably longer in women.
        Finally, even if the kappa opioids makes(单三？觉得用make不太好） more effective for women. the conclusion that researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women is unwarranted. Obviously, the author exaggerates the importance of kappa opioids. Kappa opioids is just one of the medications in the world. Can it represent all medications? Moreover, just one occasional experiment, can it draw a conclusion accurately? The answer is obvious no.
        In sum, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the author must present more information about the women and the men, such as the age and health’s condition. Furthermore, the author must assure that the other factors’ affections have no difference between men and women.

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In this argument the author asserts that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required and men should be given other kinds of pain medication. To support these recommendations the author cites several facts that a study show that the women feeling much less pain than the men and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women when researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids to both men and women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted. （感觉叙述的有点累赘了，精简下吧）Seemingly, the assertion is convincing, but it will be rather doubtful if we have a deep analysis.

First of all, the result of the research is doubtful. The author does not mention anything about whether the sample of the research was randomly chosen, and whether the pain extent（extents） of all the subjects were the same. It is totally possible that all the woman subjects had taken some other pain pills before they attend the research, while all the man subjects not. If this is true, the result of the research will be unreliable at all. Without this evidence, we cannot superficially draw the conclusion that kappa opioids has a better medical effect on women than that on men.（论述命题里论据不可靠）

Secondly, the study in this argument is unwarranted. The author assumes that kappa opioids caused women's much less pain than men's. Nevertheless the author overlooks other possible factors in causing the result above. Perhaps, women's sensitivity of pain is more sensitive than men's.（这个反例举反了吧。。。）

Finally, as we can know according to the research, what we can affirm is that kappa opioids has a better effect on woman patience when they have a pain in（when） their wisdom teeth （extracted）, but not in other parts of the body. Pains in different parts of body may be caused by different reasons, thus we should use different methods to deal with these different situations. We cannot ensure that in some other cases, such as stomachache or headache, kappa opioids can relieve the pain or have better effect on women rather than that on men.（We cannot ensure kappa opioids can relieve the pain or have better effect on women rather than that on men in some other cases, such as stomachache or headache） Therefore, the author's suggestion is too assertively over generalized and lacking of（删）
strong evidence.

To sum up, the author's conclusion on kappa opioids is questionable and unpersuasive to me. To enhance its logic, the author needs to provide more information to confirm the reliability of the research, and try to amass and consider more possibilities.