进军美利坚tpo阅读疑难解答帖

反衬UID: 2328867

谢谢反衬同学，我想知道你阅读时怎么练的啊， 思路把握的这么清楚，逻辑关系又好。我现在做题，基本没时间理解逻辑的，只能就提论题，从原文中找答案。可是这个方法越来越行不通啊，这个阅读总是没有提升，我急死了 ...
kila1002 发表于 2010-8-1 21:39

多做题，多思考。培养抽象思维。

kila1002UID: 2806614

多做题，多思考。培养抽象思维。
反衬 发表于 2010-8-1 22:28

我还有20天就考了，这个时间会来得及嘛。。。我怕到时候弄个半吊子，做题更混乱啊。。。。
我现在也在总结，但是没有老师总结的这么透彻

反衬UID: 2328867

我还有20天就考了，这个时间会来得及嘛。。。我怕到时候弄个半吊子，做题更混乱啊。。。。
我现在也在总结，但是没有老师总结的这么透彻
kila1002 发表于 2010-8-1 22:42

可以看看我的文章。其实所有的原则只有三个。

wuqian0801UID: 2637709

212# kila1002
其实 如果你企图通过问别人得到某些方法或者思路
那只能意味着你永远没有真正思考过这个问题。。。
还是靠自己悟 总结 然后通过和别人的思维碰撞 最后得到适合自己的阅读方式或者思维习惯。
这才是阅读。也是所有学习的方式。而且是正确的。起码的最合适的。

kila1002UID: 2806614

212# kila1002  
其实 如果你企图通过问别人得到某些方法或者思路
那只能意味着你永远没有真正思考过这个问题。。。
还是靠自己悟 总结 然后通过和别人的思维碰撞 最后得到适合自己的阅读方式或者思维习惯。
...
wuqian0801 发表于 2010-8-2 08:18

谢谢，这点我知道，我一直在寻找自己的英语学习方法，我只是想多多了解别人的思考方式，然后再自己看看适不适合自己

wcw25709275UID: 2764419

TPO13   Types of Social Groups

People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.

Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.

红字部分 我理解不好   请高人解答~

wcw25709275UID: 2764419

TPO13 Types of Social Groups
◆ Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.

11. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?

○ To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group

○ To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group

○ To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group

○ To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation?
我选的是B   为什么选A

wcw25709275UID: 2764419

TPO13     Types of Social Groups
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■ Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■ Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning.■ For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.■

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.

Where would the sentence best fit?

为什么是B   从哪里可以看出~~~？

反衬UID: 2328867

TPO13   Types of Social Groups

People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.. E0 H0 r. ~# g# D& g- k0 k

0 D2 y9 ]& s# E8 v4 {
Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.

Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.# R) {% g! {! u7 g, ?; ]+ Q. O3 a
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红字部分 我理解不好   请高人解答~7 R9 g1 ~2 B,
wcw25709275 发表于 2010-8-2 22:21

我发现一个现象，这位同学理解不好的句子，往往在一些表达抽象信息的句子后面。所以建议这位同学先读一读红色句子前面的句子。记住一个简单原则，先抽象后具体。具体为了说明抽象。其实你看不懂的句子，在它前面就有对应信息了。

当然，有些单词要加强理解。例如end，means。这些词都有比较深刻的引申义。

反衬UID: 2328867

TPO13 Types of Social Groups% V( n, O* j. }+ }8 l; F
◆ Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from us behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.7 y+ h. a3 k9 I8 f! p) B# @
( {# c2 f0 k# K4 q1 S

11. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?

○ To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group

○ To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group

○ To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group

○ To decide which behavioral norms should be passed on to the next generation?  Y; E1 E5 Z2 o# P% Q4 s
我选的是B   为什么选Awcw25709275 发表于 2010-8-2 22:25

我觉得这道题目完全是细心的问题。
some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group.
黑体字即为答案对应点

反衬UID: 2328867

TPO13     Types of Social Groups
Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■ Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■ Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning.■ For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.■! g6 Y! a' O/ I( k- d! H

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.

Where would the sentence best fit?

为什么是B   从哪里可以看出~~~？

wcw25709275 发表于 2010-8-2 22:27

Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being.

well-being= healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies

看来这位同学的同义替换理解能力较弱。应加强这方面的锻炼。
方法一：把做过的题目的答案和原文的对应关系一一研究。
方法二：查字典多看英文解释。

反衬UID: 2328867

THE ARRIVAL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAWAII
When the Hawaiian islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes, starting about five million years ago, they were far removed from other landmasses. Then, as blazing s ...
dandan17 发表于 2010-8-1 17:47

为什么4不对) |. {  r8 K$ o8 T
4.+ D) o, r' r- w- X# n- r
Seed-bearing plants evolved much later than spore-producing plants, but both types of plants had evolved well before the formation of the Hawaiian Islands.

这个选项的核心逻辑是一个时间先后比较。很明显，原文提到这个时间是用括号提到的。文章的剩余部分根本就没有提到关于时间比较的问题。所以这个信息只是一个次要信息。本文的核心逻辑是植物到达夏威夷的方法方式，而不是时间。

反衬UID: 2328867

THE ARRIVAL OF PLANT LIFE IN HAWAII
When the Hawaiian islands emerged from the sea as volcanoes, starting about five million years ago, they were far removed from other landmasses. Then, as blazing s ...
dandan17 发表于 2010-8-1 17:47

我觉得A 在文中并没有很好地对应啊，虽然可以排除BCD

这道题是infer。所以答案并非原文的直接对应。原文提过energy，就可以选与energy有关的选项了。

kila1002UID: 2806614

TPO7 The Geologic History of the Mediterranean

Paragraph 3 With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.
4．Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
○It did not contain any marine fossil.
○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
答案是A，我选的是D。A选项不是绝对化了marine fossil的不存在吗？但是文章中有提到 contained tiny marine fossils啊

6. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?
○To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan.
○To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar Challenger.
○To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floor.
○To describe the most difficult problems faced by the Glomar Challenger expedition.
答案A，我选的是B。这道题目我有点混乱，CD可以排除掉，就是不清楚AB的区别。

wcw25709275UID: 2764419

TPO13 Biological Clocks


When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately—but not exactly—a day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted—either experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's daily internally generated cycle of activity continues without change. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.

8. In paragraph 2, the author provides evidence for the role of biological clocks by

○ listing the daily activities of an animal's cycle: sleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones

○ describing the process of establishing the period of a biological clock

○ presenting cases in which an animal's daily schedule remained stable despite lack of environmental cues

○ contrasting animals whose daily schedules fluctuate with those of animals whose schedules are constant

我感觉这段讲了很多信息~~    答案选不好~~~  看好了之后有点晕~~ 不知道如何去定位找答案~~  为什么选C~~还有其他几个选项为什么错~~