TPO阅读求助TPO5- TPO6

yyybdzzxohUID：2928476

TPO5 Minerals and plants
Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.


Plants need to absorb certain minerals from the soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and development.
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Answer Choices
○Some plants are able to accumulate extremely high levels of certain minerals and thus can be used to clean up soils contaminated with toxic levels of these minerals.
○Though beneficial in lower levels, high levels of salts, other minerals, and heavy metals can be harmful to plants.
○When plants do not absorb sufficient amounts of essential minerals, characteristic abnormalities result.
○Because high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts limit growth in most plants, much research has been done in an effort to develop salt-tolerant agricultural crops.
○Some plants can tolerate comparatively low levels of certain minerals, but such plants are of little use for recycling nutrients back into depleted soils.
○Mineral deficiencies in many plants can be cured by misting their roots with a nutrient solution or by transferring the plants to a soilless nutrient solution.
2为什么对？4为什么错？

THE ORIGIN OF THE PACIFIC ISLAND PEOPLE











Paragraph2: Speculation on（推测） the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic（语言）, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful（奇异） and mutually （互斥）exclusive theories were devised（T2）. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated （贬低，不推荐）the navigational abilities（航海能力） and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders（T5）. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. （T4）They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian style reed （芦苇）boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming （T3）evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents（T5）.


5. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph2 about early theories of where the first inhabitants of the Pacific islands came from?
¡They were generally based on solid evidence.
¡They tried to account for the origin of the characteristic features of the languages spoken by Pacific islanders.
¡They assumed that the peoples living in Southeast Asia did not have the skills needed to sail to the Pacific islands.
¡They questioned the ideas of G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry.
不明白为什么要选3，我当时选的是2

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.


Together, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia make up the region described as the Pacific islands, or Oceania.
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Answer Choices
1. The first Europeans to reach the area assumed that the islands’ original inhabitants must have drifted to Oceania, perhaps from Egypt or the Americas（欧洲认为，大洋洲的最初的具名是来自埃及或者美洲）.
2. It is now believed that the process of colonization required a great deal of skill, determination, and planning and could not have happened by chance.（殖民话需要很多技术，决定，计划，而不是单纯的偶然）
3. Using linguistic and archaeological evidence, anthropologists have determined that the first Pacific islanders were Austronesian people from Southeast Asia.（大洋洲人名来自亚洲东南部，）
4. New evidence suggests that, rather than being isolated, Pacific islanders engaged in trade and social interaction with peoples living in Southeast Asia（大洋洲人名与亚洲东南部人民互动，文中没有提到）.
5. Although early colonizers of the islands probably came from agriculture-based societies, they were obliged to adopt an economy based on fishing（尽管早起农业社会，渔业也是经济来源之一，）
6. Computer simulations of the winds and currents in the Pacific have shown that reaching the Pacific islands was probably much easier than previously thought.

我选的是2，4,5，而答案是1,2,3 我可以理解其他的，但是为什么5不对，而2是对的，我觉得他们都是推理，都是可以理解的？

TPO6-3  

Infantile Amnesia(婴儿健忘症)

Paragraph 4: A second explanation involves the influence of the social world on children’s language use．Hearing and telling stories about events may help children store information in ways that will endure into later childhood and adulthood．Through hearing stories with a clear beginning，middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later. Consistent with this view parents and children increasingly engage in discussions of past events when children are about three years old. However, hearing such stories is not sufficient for younger children to form enduring memories. Telling such stories to two year olds does not seem to produce long-lasting verbalizable memories.

6.According to paragraph 4，what role may storytelling play in forming childhood memories?
○It may encourage the physiological maturing of the brain
○It may help preschool children tell the difference between ordinary and unusual memories．
○It may help preschool children retrieve memories quickly．
○It may provide an ordered structure that facilitates memory retrieval
为什么不选3？

crysmileUID：2528832

TPO5 Minerals and Plants
第二项的表述和文章第四段的首句相似，概括了该段的大意，所以属于中心分论点。
而第四项是细节信息，因为它是具体讲高浓度氯化钠等化合物对植物生长的消极影响，只是第四段的一个句子，不能代表整段的中心，故不属于主干。

THE ORIGIN OF THE PACIFIC ISLAND PEOPLE
5.  C选项相当于原文的这一句：Many older theories implicitly  deprecated  the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders.
这是段落中心句：早期的理论往往贬低太平洋岛屿居民的航海能力和整体文化创造力。
后面的都是举例，单独讲某个早期理论的内容即使正确，也不能代表是大多数早期理论的特点。
片面信息不能选，而要根据题干的要求选择属于early theories的共同特点。

14.
第二项是对最后一段的概括，所以属于主干信息。
第五项表述有误，并且属于细节；对照倒数第二段，fishing technique只是要到达和开拓太平洋岛屿所需的众多条件之一，不是文章主要的分论点。并且，第三段最后一句提到来自亚洲的移民者以前就具备这样的能力，所以而不是后来才adopt。

Infantile Amnesia
5.
听故事在形成童年期记忆中扮演的角色：

正确选项在原文的依据是这句：Through hearing stories with a clear beginning，middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events in ways that they will be able to describe many years later.

it may provide an ordered structure = hearing stories with a clear beginning，middle, and ending children may learn to extract the gist of events
that facilitates memory retrieval = Through ... they will be able to describe many years later.

C选项之所以错误，是因为Infantile Amnesia这个概念本身指的是成年人回忆不起童年经历，而不是对孩子而言（preschool children，对象错误）

所以讲故事的作用是帮他们在很多年以后还能描述记忆，而不是在童年时期回忆。【也可参考文章第一段二三句】

另外，即使对象没错，C选项也没有D选项概括得全面，C只陈述了结果，没有陈述对回忆有帮助的原因（即形成结构化的记忆）。