最后的战役 第一周作业 提纲 by Alex

CrowleyUID: 2977353

Issue
135. While most of the environmental problems we face result from the use of technology, society must depend upon technology to find solutions to these problems。【科技类】


主： 技术是解决环境问题的手段，态度是解决环境问题的保证，责任是解决环境问题的源泉。
1．
显然很多的环境问题是由于科技进步的发展和技术的应用而产生的，由于科技的发展往往产生的是比较新的而且在某些方面有一定的促进作用的东西，人们起初往往不会认识到他对环境的危害。譬如，DDT，Chlorofluorocarbon的发明在一定程度上对于人类的发展有促进作用，但是对于环境有一定的危害，而其往往在进行过一定时间的使用后才会意识到。2． 社会需要依靠科技来解决这些由于科技问题造成的环境问题。技术作为人类改变社会和促进发展的最重要手段，对于解决环境问题来说显然是不可能弃之不用的。而技术在解决问题的高效率上来说是毋庸置疑的。舍弃高效率的解决方法而寻求比较低端的方法是不可能的。而且进一步来说，很多环境问题的没有比较高端的技术是无法解决的。譬如科发明一种细菌来吞噬石油，可以解决由于海洋油轮泄漏引起的海洋污染。利用太阳能，风能代替原有的矿石能源。3． 但是技术只是人们用来解决环境问题的手段，这个过程的主体是人，人对于环境问题的重视程度，人对于可持续性发展的认识水平，以及个别能够控制较多资源的人会不会由于个人的私立而牺牲大多数人的利益，这都是需要解决环境问题的最重要的东西。总之，责任心，态度，技术三者是相辅相成的。



149. The most practical and effective way to protect wilderness areas is to attract more tourists to these areas through environmentally sensitive projects.【社会类】


主：吸引游人来这些地区有可能是一种方法，但是这绝对不是最好的方法，保护环境需要各方面负责任的协同进行。
1．
吸引旅游者前来这些地区旅游可以再一定程度上起到保护这些地方的作用。游人来这里旅游，形成了一种经济产业，这样的话这种开发显然要比将wild circumstance 开发成商业区或者厂房来说对于环境更有保护作用，而且通过吸引游客前来，对于这个地方有一定的宣传作用，更多人认识到这里的具体情况，更加利于对于wilderness area 的保护，提高人们的环保意识。
2．
但是吸引了游客前来旅游显然与原来wilderness area那种纯自然的状态不再一样了，游客们还是会对该地造成一些破坏，丢垃圾，践踏植物，影响了动物的正常生活等等。而且由于经济利益的驱使，显然会对野生的环境进行一定的改动使他更加容易吸引游客，这种破坏也是很严重的。
3．
对于保护环境来说，需要各方面的共同努力。 政府要有负责的态度，学校等教育机构以及宣传机构要加强对于环境保护的宣传以及对于学生们环保意识·的培养，商人要由长远的见识，不能因为眼前的利益就去破坏长久存在的wilderness area从而影响后代的生活。


23.Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives.【社会类】


主：能够获得大量的信息使人们有机会并可能进一步的完善和发展自己的理念、能力，人应该学会如何judge 如何choose这些信息，将零碎的无用的剔除，将零碎的有用的整合，关注大的主体和全局。
1．
现代技术的发展确实使人们更加容易获得更多的零碎的小的信息。譬如电视台上往往充斥着一些八卦的东西，关于名人私生活的揭露，关于某地演唱会盛况的描述，以及某人发明了某个比较实用的开牛奶瓶器等等。这些信息显然有些是琐碎的，无意义的。
2．
大量信息的轰炸，人在对于这些轰炸的反应上来说就会分为两类：一类是对于整个社会以及发展中的big issue 已经有自己的看法并且对于这个信息由一定的甄别能力，他们可能选择去关注某场演唱会，但是这场演唱会不会影响他的value和idea。另一类可能会对信息有较少的甄别能力，而这一部分人显然但部分是青少年，而对于孩子们接受的信息实际上是经过了很多工作人士的筛选和甄别的，当然其实有着比较成熟的价值观的成人们也是看到的经过筛选和甄别的信息，只不过他们会比孩子们看到更多一些需要自己选择的东西。这样的话，孩子们在接受一些琐碎信息的时候实际上已经接受了筛选者对于big issue 的关注。
3．
现在出现的大量信息就像是将人们浸在信息之海洋中，对于有用信息的整合，对于需要信息的利用才是人们应该培养的能力。看到某人发明了开牛奶瓶器有可能是看到了一个商机的出现，看到了某地的人们疯狂购买某物，可能这是现在经济形势出现某种变化的征兆。


Argument
121.Thefollowing is a memo from the president of Cyberell Computer Company.

"All of our customer-service employees recently attended a two-day retreat during which they received retraining in effective customer service. Subsequently, Cyberell's employee-performance study showed that the retreat benefited new employees—those who have worked with Cyberell for less than two years—far more than it did experienced employees. According to the study, after the retreat new employees were able to handle an average of ten percent more calls per hour, and the total number of customer complaints about new employees decreased, but experienced employees showed little improvement in these areas.Therefore, Cyberell should send only new employees to future retreats and should use the resulting savings to double the length of the retreats so that the retreats will be more likely to yield optimum employee performance."
1. No causal relationship. The results of the study cannot totally be stated as the evidence that new employees have significantly improved their job ability . There are several other possible factors that can influence the results. Perhaps, the number of calls increased during the study than before the retreat and thus the new employee had to answer more calls per hour. And perhaps the number of the customers reduced and hence the complaints reduced correspondingly.
2.Incomplete comparison. After retreat, only two standard was erected to evaluate the effect of retreat. And only two aspect was compared between experienced and new employees. Consequently, the results obtained from the comparison are somewhat ex parte and hence cannot lead a reasonable conclusion.
3. unwarranted assumption. No evidence in this argument is given to substantiate the assumption that doubling the lengthen of retreats will double the training effect. However, sometimes it will lead to the opposite side.
4. Fail to weigh the disadvantage and advantage. Sending numerous new employees to be retrained for a considerable long time may make our company short-staffed and thus influence the performance of company.
]
239Thefollowing appeared as an editorial in the local newspaper of Dalton.

"When the neighboring town of Williamsville adopted a curfew four months ago that made it illegal for persons under the age of 18 to loiter or idle inpublic places after 10 p.m., youth crime in Williamsville dropped by 27 percent during curfew hours. In Williamsville's town square, the area where its citizens were once most outraged at the high crime rate, not a single crime has been reported since the curfew was introduced. Therefore, to help reduce its own rising crime rate, the town of Dalton should adopt the same kind of curfew.A curfew that keeps young people at home late at night will surely control juvenile delinquency and protect minors from becoming victims of crime."
1. Post hoc, ergo, proper hoc. The sequence of two different events does not sufficiently prove that the former caused the latter one. Although the decreasing of youth crime occurred after the curfew, there is actual no casual relationship between them. For that matter, perhaps the W has adopted some serious measures to fight crimes, and most of the crimes were arrested therefore.
2. survey. lacking of the report does not mean there are no crimes. Maybe many crimes happens but victims dare not to call police or believe that it is not necessary to trouble police. Also the conductor might distort the result of the survey for their own interests.
3. false analogy. Granted that the curfew really help Wto decline the crime ratio, No evidence was shown the curfew would work well in D. Moreover, curfew was effective, based on the logic in the argument, in preventing youth crime in W, whereas in D it was used to help to decrease the occurrence of crime, including youth crime and adult crime.
4. no causal relationship. Curfew can keep youth stay in home, whereas that does not mean they will not be involved in crime. Manycrimes happen in daytime. And many crimes occur inside the house.