本帖最后由 danteksj 于 2011-1-28 00:18 编辑
今天截的段子比较短 所以截两个了 THE economist 上的一篇文章 后面的是对比佛洛依德的精神分析法和CBT 觉得用处不大。 It is just over a century since psychoanalysis was first recognised as a science. In 1909 Sigmund Freud gave five lectures at Clark University in Massachusetts that surveyed and explained the fledgling discipline’s achievements to that point—the interpretation of dreams, the analysis of hysteria, the meaning behind jokes, the reasons we make stupid mistakes. Key to them all was the operation of the unconscious, the back-seat driver whispering to us to behave in ways we’d officially disown. Later, Freud was to remark that his discovery amounted to a third and final nail in the coffin of human pride. The first was Copernicus’s bubble-bursting calculation that the Earth orbits the sun, thus displacing mankind from its central position in the universe. Second came Darwin’s finding that rather than being God’s special creature, descended from Adam and Eve, man was a monkey. And now Freud’s own postulation of an unconscious implied that we were strangers even to ourselves. In adding to this demoralising
ledger of human limits, however, Freud had unlocked a hitherto concealed dimension. Formerly obscure or ignored parts of the mental map now had a legend, and psychoanalysis established itself as the compass by which the terra incognita（未知领域） could be navigated. Before long the unconscious had slipped off the couch and entered the lingua franca（通用语言）, and today it’s virtually impossible to talk about human behaviour without drawing more or less explicitly on Freud’s lexicon. Not only do we speak readily about “unconscious” motivation, but we’ll happily deploy fancy psychoanalytic concepts like “being in denial” in the most ordinary conversations. 157. The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes. 对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。 第二段3个钉子3个论据 其实尖端的学术研究就是在找不同的途径去更清楚地认识这个世界，世界从来都未变过，而我们的认识却不断地变化着。 比如目前理论物理学最尖端的弦理论，已经站在了科学和哲学的交界处，这个理论更是彻底的颠覆了我们对物质世界这个概念的理解。 摘自The Complete Idiot’s Guide to String Theory The Ultimate Symphony One of the joys of childhood for youngsters is to play “Stump Your Teacher.” It’s a game students can always win and wise teachers encourage. When the teacher says that everything is made up of atoms, the bright student asks, “So what are atoms made of?” When the teacher replies that they’re made of subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons, the student asks, “What are protons and neutrons made of?” As the teacher answers “Even tinier particles called quarks,” the student then wants to know, “What are quarks and electrons made of?” At that point, the student wins. Not even the greatest expert in the world can answer that question. It’s the frontier of human knowledge. String theory lets teachers win one more round of the game. It proposes that subatomic particles are sub-sub-subatomic strings. If we zoom in on the particles closely enough, what we usually think of as little billiard balls reveal themselves to be tiny loops or lengths of a more primitive material. These strings vibrate like miniature guitar strings, and each type of particle corresponds to a string playing a certain pitch—as though quarks were middle C, electrons were E flat, and the world around us were a symphony of unimaginable intricacy.
String theory unites not only the types of particles, but also the ways they behave. Currently, physicists must make do with an uneasy “shotgun marriage” of two explanations for the behavior of matter. Most phenomena, such as electricity and magnetism, fit into the conceptual framework known as quantum theory. But gravity stubbornly refuses to go along.
It falls under the rubric of Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity. The reason for this split is that gravity is special. Whenever an object exerts a force on another object, the force travels through the space between those objects. But gravity does more. It also warps space. Gravity is like a truck that doesn’t just drive down a road but also causes the road surface to buckle as it does so. To bring gravity into the quantum framework requires a theory that can handle this special feature, a quantum theory of gravity.
Such a theory converts the shotgun marriage into a true union. Because of the connection between gravity and the shape of space, a quantum theory of gravity would also be a quantum theory of space. Space might be far more complex than we give it credit for, like a road that looks smooth and unbroken from a distance but cracked and gnarled when viewed up close. String theory fits the bill. It explains the workings of gravity as one of the ways strings vibrate. In string theory, space and matter are inseparable. Matter would be nowhere without space. Less obvious, we can’t have space without at least the possibility of matter or else gravity wouldn’t behave consistently. | 
发表于 2011-1-21 18:05:26
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