【甚解小组】【TASK 1】原文抄抄炒 FROM 周九

周九UID: 2769406

Patricia Aufderheide 写的Documentary Film

A simple answer might be: a movie about real life. And that is precisely the problem; documentaries are about real life; they are not real life. They are not even windows onto real life. They are portraits of real life, using real life as their raw material, constructed by artists and technicians who make myriad decisions about what story to tell to whom, and for what purpose.

You might then say: a movie that does its best to represent real life and that doesn’t manipulate it. And yet, there is no way to make a film without manipulating the information. Selection of topic, editing, mixing sound are all manipulations. Broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow once said, ‘‘Anyone who believes that every individual film must represent a ‘ balanced’ picture knows nothing about either balance or pictures.’’

The problem of deciding how much to manipulate is as old as the form. Nanook of the North is considered one of the first great documentaries, but its subjects, the Inuit, assumed roles at filmmaker Robert Flaherty’s direction, much like actors in a fiction film. Flaherty asked them to do things they no longer did, such as hunt for walrus with a spear, and he showed them as ignorant about things they understood. In the film, ‘‘Nanook’’—not his real name—bites a gramophone record in cheerful puzzlement, but in fact the man was quite savvy about modern equipment and even helped Flaherty disassemble and reassemble his camera equipment regularly. At the same time, Flaherty built his story from his own experience of years living with the Inuit, who happily participated in his project and gave him plenty of ideas for the plot.

A documentary film tells a story about real life, with claims to truthfulness. How to do that honestly, in good faith, is a never-ending discussion, with many answers. Documentary is defined and redefined over the course of time, both by makers and by viewers. Viewers certainly shape the meaning of any documentary, by combining our own knowledge of and interest in the world with how the filmmaker shows it to us. Audience expectations are also Documentary Film built on prior experience; viewers expect not to be tricked and lied to. We expect to be told things about the real world, things that are true.

We do not demand that these things be portrayed objectively, and they do not have to be the complete truth. The filmmaker may employ poetic license from time to time and refer to reality symbolically (an image of the Colosseum representing, say, a European vacation). But we do expect that a documentary will be a fair and honest representation of somebody’s experience of reality. This is the contract with the viewer that teacher Michael Rabiger meant in his classic text: ‘‘There are no rules in this young art form, only decisions about where to draw the line and how to remain consistent to the contract you will set up with your audience.’’

周九UID: 2769406

红宝单词

ma·nip·u·late  

Pronunciation:	mə-'ni-pyə-ˌlāt
Function:	transitive verb
Inflected Form:	-lat·ed ; -lat·ing
Etymology:	back-formation from manipulation, from French, from manipuler to handle an apparatus in chemistry, ultimately from Latin manipulus
Date:	1834

1 : to treat or operate with or as if with the hands or by mechanical means especially in a skillful manner
2 a : to manage or utilize skillfully b : to control or play upon by artful, unfair, or insidious means especially to one's own advantage
3 : to change by artful or unfair means so as to serve one's purpose : DOCTOR
–ma·nip·u·lat·able \-ˌlā-tə-bəl\ adjective
–ma·nip·u·la·tion \-ˌni-pyə-'lā-shən\ noun
–ma·nip·u·la·tive \-'ni-pyə-ˌlā-tiv, -lə-\ adjective
–ma·nip·u·la·tive·ly adverb
–ma·nip·u·la·tive·ness noun
–ma·nip·u·la·tor \-ˌlā-tər\ noun
–ma·nip·u·la·to·ry \-lə-ˌtōr-ē, -ˌtȯr-\ adjective

wal·rus    n.

Pronunciation:	'wȯl-rəs, 'wäl-
Function:	noun
Inflected Form:	plural walrus or wal·rus·es
Etymology:	Dutch, of Scandinavian origin; akin to Danish &Norwegian hvalros walrus, Old Norse rosmhvalr
Date:	1728

: a large gregarious marine mammal (Odobenus rosmarus of the family Odobenidae) of arctic waters that is related to the seals and has long ivory tusks, a tough wrinkled hide, and stiff whiskers and that feeds mainly on bivalve mollusks

1sav·vy 1    n.

Pronunciation:	'sa-vē
Function:	verb
Inflected Form:	sav·vied ; sav·vy·ing
Etymology:	alteration of sabi know (in English-based creoles and pidgins), from Portuguese sabe he knows, from saber to know, from Latin sapere to be wise ― more at SAGE
Date:	1785

: UNDERSTAND

2savvy 2    n.

Function:	noun
Date:	circa 1785

: practical know-how <political savvy>
–savvy adjective

por·tray    v.

Pronunciation:	pȯr-'trā, pər-
Function:	transitive verb
Etymology:	Middle English portraien, from Anglo-French purtraire, from Latin protrahere to draw forth, reveal, expose ― more at PROTRACT
Date:	14th century

1 : to make a picture of : DEPICT 2 a : to describe in words b : to play the role of : ENACT
–por·tray·er noun

周九UID: 2769406

沾边儿的issue
231. The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records. 摄像机可以通过如此精确而有力的记录手段来再现当代生活，因此它已经代替书面记录成为了一种更重要的记录手段。




这个topic的立足点很好说，但同时就很难从立意上出新，video documentation 和written records各有千秋，想好想，但说不一定好说。眼见都不一定为实，何况又透过了个摄像机。但如何说明白我尝试写过，感觉说得太平平，不是例子想得不好，就是语言无力。但看到这个关于documentary film的小短文，感觉到能找到为文章增色的句子吧。



关于accurate
只要video是人拍的，就会加入很多主观因素，会影响到accurate（there is no way to make a film without manipulating the information. Selection of topic, editing, mixing sound are all manipulations. 赞，manipulate这个词很到位）。



（Nanook of the North is considered one of the first great documentaries, but its subjects, the Inuit, assumed roles at filmmaker Robert Flaherty’s direction, much like actors in a fiction film. Flaherty asked them to do things they no longer did, such as hunt for walrus with a spear, and he showed them as ignorant about things they understood. In the film, ‘‘Nanook’’—not his real name—bites a gramophone record in cheerful puzzlement, but in fact the man was quite savvy about modern equipment and even helped Flaherty disassemble and reassemble his camera equipment regularly. At the same time, Flaherty built his story from his own experience of years living with the Inuit, who happily participated in his project and gave him plenty of ideas for the plot.）这个讲到拍纪录片的例子，说大家看到的video之外，镜中人和境外都大有文章，也许能更convincing，但不一定比written record更accurate，它们展示的很大程度上都是希望audience见到的东西。



Watching 和 Reading 其实都是一个互动的过程，到底哪个convincing，audience也起到了相当大的作用。
Documentary is defined and redefined over the course of time, both by makers and by viewers. Viewers certainly shape the meaning of any documentary, by combining our own knowledge of and interest in the world with how the filmmaker shows it to us. Audience expectations are also Documentary Film built on prior experience; viewers expect not to be tricked and lied to. We expect to be told things about the real world, things that are true.




这个issue，是那种看到了以为很好写，写起来却很不满意的一个，纠结~~~~

周九UID: 2769406

第三篇文章啦~


Raymond Wacks

The law is rarely out of the news. It frequently stimulates controversy. While lawyers and politicians celebrate the virtues of the rule of law, reformers lament its shortcomings, and cynics question its professed equivalence with justice. Yet all recognize the law as a vehicle for social change. And few doubt the central role of law in our social, political, moral, and economic life.

One aspect of Aquinas’s theory has attracted particular attention and controversy. He states that a ‘law’ that fails to conform to natural or divine law is not a law at all. This is usually expressed as lex iniusta non est lex (an unjust law is not law). But modern scholars maintain that Aquinas himself never made this assertion, but merely quoted St Augustine. Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero also uttered comparable sentiments, yet it is a proposition that is most closely associated with Aquinas who seems to have meant that laws which conflict with the requirements of natural law lose their power to bind morally. A government, in other words, that abuses its authority by enacting laws which are unjust (unreasonable or against the common good) forfeits its right to be obeyed because it lacks moral authority. Such a law Aquinas calls a ‘corruption of law’. But he does not appear to support the view that one is always justified in disobeying an unjust law, for though he does declare that if a ruler enacts unjust laws ‘their subjects are not obliged to obey them’, he adds guardedly,‘except, perhaps, in certain special cases when it is a matter of avoiding scandal’ (i.e. a corrupting example to others) or civil disorder. This is a far cry from the radical claims sometimes made in the name of Aquinas, which seek to justify disobedience to law.



八卦下，作者那种具有很强人文情怀滴追问，真让我想内牛满面~~

周九UID: 2769406

红宝单词
1la·ment 1    n.

Pronunciation:	lə-'ment
Function:	verb
Etymology:	Middle English lementen, from Middle French &Latin; Middle French lamenter, from Latin lamentari, from lamentum, noun, lament
Date:	15th century

intransitive verb : to mourn aloud : WAIL
transitive verb
1 : to express sorrow, mourning, or regret for often demonstratively : MOURN
2 : to regret strongly
synonyms see DEPLORE

2lament 2    n.

Function:	noun
Date:	1591

1 : a crying out in grief : WAILING
2 : DIRGE, ELEGY
3 : COMPLAINT

1abuse 1    n.

Pronunciation:	ə-'byüs
Function:	noun
Etymology:	Middle English, from Middle French abus, from Latin abusus, from abuti to consume, from ab- + uti to use
Date:	15th century

1 : a corrupt practice or custom
2 : improper or excessive use or treatment : MISUSE <drug abuse> <abuse of tranquilizers>
3 obsolete : a deceitful act : DECEPTION
4 : language that condemns or vilifies usually unjustly, intemperately, and angrily
5 : physical maltreatment
synonyms ABUSE, VITUPERATION, INVECTIVE, OBLOQUY, BILLINGSGATE mean vehemently expressed condemnation or disapproval. ABUSE the most general term, usually implies the anger of the speaker and stresses the harshness of the language <scathing verbal abuse>. VITUPERATION implies fluent and sustained abuse <a torrent of vituperation>. INVECTIVE implies a comparable vehemence but suggests greater verbal and rhetorical skill and may apply to a public denunciation <blistering political invective>. OBLOQUY suggests defamation and consequent shame and disgrace <subjected to obloquy and derision>. BILLINGSGATE implies practiced fluency and variety of profane or obscene abuse <directed a stream of billingsgate at the cabdriver>.

2abuse 2    n.

Pronunciation:	ə-'byüz
Function:	transitive verb
Inflected Form:	abused ; abus·ing
Date:	15th century

1 a : to put to a wrong or improper use <abuse a privilege> b : to use excessively <abuse alcohol> also : to use without medical justification <abuseing painkillers>
2 obsolete : DECEIVE
3 : to use so as to injure or damage : MALTREAT
4 : to attack in words : REVILE
–abus·able \-'byü-zə-bəl\ adjective
–abus·er noun

en·act    v.

Pronunciation:	i-'nakt
Function:	transitive verb
Date:	15th century

1 : to establish by legal and authoritative act specifically : to make (as a bill) into law
2 : ACT OUT <enact a role>
–en·ac·tor \-'nak-tər\ noun


1cor·rupt 1  

Pronunciation:	kə-'rəpt
Function:	verb
Etymology:	Middle English, from Latin corruptus, past participle of corrumpere, from com- + rumpere to break ― more at REAVE
Date:	14th century

transitive verb
1 a : to change from good to bad in morals, manners, or actions also : BRIBE b : to degrade with unsound principles or moral values
2 : ROT, SPOIL
3 : to subject (a person) to corruption of blood
4 : to alter from the original or correct form or version <the file was corrupted>
intransitive verb
1 a : to become tainted or rotten b : to become morally debased
2 : to cause disintegration or ruin
synonyms see DEBASE
–cor·rupt·er also cor·rup·tor \-'rəp-tər\ noun
–cor·rupt·ibil·i·ty \-ˌrəp-tə-'bi-lə-tē\ noun
–cor·rupt·ible \-'rəp-tə-bəl\ adjective
–cor·rupt·ibly \-blē\ adverb

2corrupt 2    adj.

Function:	adjective
Etymology:	Middle English, from Anglo-French or Latin; Anglo-French, from Latin corruptus
Date:	14th century

1 a : morally degenerate and perverted : DEPRAVED b : characterized by improper conduct (as bribery or the selling of favors) <corrupt judges>
2 : PUTRID, TAINTED
3 : adulterated or debased by change from an original or correct condition <a corrupt version of the text>
synonyms see VICIOUS
–cor·rupt·ly \-'rəp(t)-lē\ adverb
–cor·rupt·ness \-'rəp(t)-nəs\ noun

周九UID: 2769406

241. There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws. 有两种法律：公正和不公正的。每个社会成员都有责任遵守公正的法律，但是更重要的是，更应该不遵守和反抗不公正的法律。




关于law有没有just和unjust之分，以前看经验贴，很多前辈们意见分歧很大，那些历史书上的名人们分歧更大。。。这选了一段支持‘lex iniusta non est lex (an unjust law is not law).’要是谁论述语言够水准滴话，再加上句，lex iniusta non est lex想来要比那些namedropping要更帅气吧。Aquinas, St Augustine, Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero一串闪亮亮的名字，也可以为argument找点材料。

While lawyers and politicians celebrate the virtues of the rule of law, reformers lament its shortcomings, and cynics question its professed equivalence with justice. Yet all recognize the law as a vehicle for social change. And few doubt the central role of law in our social, political, moral, and economic life.
另外，觉得这个句子写的工整又好看，好看的句子很多，但英文句子写得工整得感觉不那么常见，看来研究law的人不知不觉就带着严谨，后面的yet 和and也用得很好看。最近读到的和诸位同学发现的文章，里面连接词多是简洁有力，yet，but，thus之类，没有见那种 at the same time, 这种风格不错，要好好研究下。

周九UID: 2769406

第四篇~~

NASA Technology Could Aid in Interpretation of Mammograms, Ultrasound, Other Medical Imagery

NASA software used to enhance Earth Science Imagery could one day aid in the interpretation of mammograms, ultrasounds and other medical imagery.
The new MED-SEG system, developed by Bartron Medical Imaging, Inc., a Connecticut-based small company, with satellite offices in Maryland, relies on an innovative software program developed at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., to help doctors analyze mammograms, ultrasounds, digital X-rays, and other medical imaging tests.

“The use of this computer-based technology could minimize human error that occurs when evaluating radiologic films and might allow for earlier detection of abnormalities within the tissues being imaged,” said Dr. Thomas Rutherford, a medical doctor and director of gynecologic oncology at Yale University.
Tilton began working on his algorithm more than 25 years ago. His goal was to advance a totally new approach for analyzing digital images, which are made up of thousands of pixels. Like a single piece of a jigsaw puzzle, a pixel often does not provide enough information about where it fits into the overall scene. To overcome the deficiency, Tilton focused on an approach called image segmentation, which organizes and groups an image’s pixels together at different levels of detail. But Tilton’s approach to image segmentation was different than other approaches in that it not only finds region objects, but also groups spatially separated region objects together into region classes.

For example, an Earth satellite image may contain several lakes of different depths. Deep lakes appear dark blue, while shallow lakes are a lighter shade of blue. HSEG first finds each individual lake; then it groups together all shallow lakes into one class and the deeper lakes into another. Because lakes are more similar than they are to trees, grass, roads, buildings, and other objects, the software then groups all lakes together, regardless of their varying colors. As a result, HSEG allows the user to distinguish important features in the scene accurately and quickly.
“My original concept was geared to Earth science,” Tilton said. “I never thought it would be used for medical imaging.” In fact, he initially was skeptical; that is, until he processed cell images and was able to see details not visible in unprocessed displays of the image. “The cell features stood out real clearly and this made me realize that Barton was onto to something.”

In the future, Dr. Molly Brewer, a professor with the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Connecticut Health Center, would like to do clinical trials with the MED-SEG system. The goal, she said, would be improving mammography as a diagnostic tool for detecting breast cancer. "One problem with mammograms is they often give a false negative for detecting abnormalities in women's breasts. Women who either have high breast density or a strong family history of breast cancer are often sent for MRIs, which are costly, very uncomfortable and have a high false positive rate resulting in many unnecessary biopsies. Neither imaging modality can detect cancers without a significant number of inaccuracies either missing cancer or overcalling cancer. In addition, reading these tests relies on detecting differences in density which is highly subjective. The MED-SEG processes the image allowing a doctor to see a lot more detail in a more quantitative way. This new software could save patients a lot of money by reducing the number of costly and unnecessary tests."

Tilton’s technology is not limited to medical imaging, said Enidia Santiago-Arce, the IPP technology manager for HSEG. “It can be applied to many types of image processing for a wide variety of fields, from monitoring crops to facial recognition to image data mining. HSEG is available for licensing beyond the field of medical imaging.”


http://www.nasa.gov/topics/nasalife/features/medical-imagery.html

周九UID: 2769406

补发昨天的。。。这是从NASA网站上节选的一则新闻

周九UID: 2769406

红宝单词

de·fi·cien·cy
1
n.

Pronunciation:	di-'fi-shən-sē
Function:	noun
Inflected Form:	plural -cies
Date:	1603

1 : the quality or state of being deficient : INADEQUACY
2 : an amount that is lacking or inadequate : SHORTAGE: as a : a shortage of substances necessary to health b : DELETION 2B(1)

deficiency (as used in expressions)
2
n.
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
deficiency disease
mental deficiency
severe combined immune deficiency

周九UID: 2769406

228. No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study. 在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。


一直想为它找个不太common得例子，这个就不错，本来他的研究是为了enhance Earth Science Imagery，没有想到为the interpretation of mammograms，带来了重大突破。

11. Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial. 花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。



“My original concept was geared to Earth science,” Tilton said. “I never thought it would be used for medical imaging.” 投资在研究上结果总是不错，因为你不知道它能带来什么，往往研究者本人也不知道，最后究竟发生什么，无心插柳的事情不也常常发生。

周九UID: 2769406

NO。5



Let’s face it, science is boring

ASTONISHING discoveries in space, revelations about human nature, frightening news on the environment, medical advances that will banish life-threatening diseases: an inexhaustible stream of wonders runs through the pages of New Scientist. All tell the same tale. Science is exciting. Science is cutting-edge. Science is fun.

It is now time to come clean. This glittering depiction of the quest for knowledge is… well, perhaps not an outright lie, but certainly a highly edited version of the truth. Science is not a whirlwind dance of excitement, illuminated by the brilliant strobe light of insight. It is a long, plodding journey through a dim maze of dead ends. It is painstaking data collection followed by repetitious calculation. It is revision, confusion, frustration, bureaucracy and bad coffee. In a word, science can be boring.



Brain drain

That’s a pretty huge outcome. Such reward is by no means guaranteed. For every researcher who has ridden to triumph on the back of scientific perseverance, many have been carried away into obscurity.

All that pointless butchery must have been draining for poor Ungar, but even his efforts were trifling compared with science’s most famous Herculean labours. To confirm the existence of their suspected new element, radium, Marie and Pierre Curie took tonnes of residue from uranium ore and processed it by hand. Fitting the pattern of women getting the really grim jobs in science, Marie did most of the hard graft. She describes how she worked in "a wooden shed with a bituminous floor and a glass roof which did not keep the rain out… It was exhausting work to move the containers about, to transfer the liquids, and to stir for hours at a time, with an iron bar, the boiling material in the cast-iron basin." Over a span of four years, she turned a tonne of ore into 100 milligrams of radium chloride.
But here’s the surprise. The Curies actually enjoyed their work. "We were very happy," Marie wrote. "We lived in a preoccupation as complete as that of a dream."
They are not the only ones. One of the great staring feats of modern times – a Nobel-garlanded staring feat, no less – belongs to John Sulston of the University of Cambridge. During one 18-month stretch he spent every available hour gazing down a microscope at growing nematode worms, eventually tracking the fate of every single cell from egg to adult. Squinting at grey blobs for a year and a half may sound dull to you and me – but it wasn’t to Sulston. "It was fun. I love looking down a microscope," he says.

Boredom, it seems, is very much in the eye of the beholder. Scientists at the top of their game rarely become jaded, possibly because it is only the most tenacious individuals who ever succeed in research. Those with shorter attention spans – and you may pass your own judgement on the New Scientist staff mentioned earlier – are soon weeded out.


It’s not all natural obsessiveness, though; there’s an element of nurture too. Sulston points out that the most repetitious stuff happens only after years of working around a problem, trying to find a way in. By the time you are "strictly turning the handle", as he puts it, you may be the most skilled person at your chosen technique. Sulston ranked among the best in the world at keeping a close eye on slimy, grey microscopic worms, so using this skill became a pleasure.
We have every reason to be grateful for scientists’ exceptional stamina. But if by now you have had enough of the tedious details, you can turn the page or click on the next story. Normal service will then resume as more glittering baubles of science are brought forth for your amusement.
Stephen Battersby is a writer based in London

周九UID: 2769406

[小红猪]让我们直面无趣的科学



宇宙空间有新奇发现，人类本性得到剖析，环境科学传出骇人新闻，医学进展有望攻克致命疾病：翻翻《新科学家》杂志，会看到源源不断、层出不穷的科学奇迹。这一切说着同样的神话。科学激动人心，科学翻天覆地，科学好玩有趣。

现在来讲点大实话吧。追求知识，这说法多迷人。好吧，也许不算是彻头彻尾的胡话，但绝对是化了浓妆的真理。科学，不是令人神醉的劲爆快舞，以洞见为闪光灯打出眩目光芒。科学，是单调沉闷的长途跋涉，穿越晦暗、复杂、混乱的死胡同。科学，是刻苦的数据收集与反反复复的计算。科学，是修正、混乱、挫折、官僚政府，是一杯苦而无香的咖啡。一言以蔽之，科学会是无趣的。

消耗脑力


这是相当巨大的成果，但这种回报根本没有保证。在每个坚定不移走科学道路终于凯旋的研究人员背后，都有许多面目模糊的垫背。George Ungar在这一点上尤有发言权。

可怜的Ungar肯定被那些未有任何意义的大屠杀搞惨了，但他花费的功夫比起科学界最著名的艰巨任务来说又不算什么了。居里夫妇为了证实他们发现的新元素镭，搞了几吨铀矿，还都是手工处理。一如女性承担着科学中真正严苛的工作的模式，居里夫人完成了大部分费力的苦差。她描述自己是如何在“一间沥青地、玻璃顶、漏着雨的木棚子里工作……把容器搬来搬去，将液体倒来倒去，用一根铁棒搅生铁盆里沸腾的东西一搅就搅上个把小时，精疲力尽。”前前后后忙了四年，她从一吨矿物中得到了100毫克氯化镭。

但叫人惊讶的就是，居里夫妇的的确确从他们的工作中得享乐趣。“我们非常开心，”玛丽写道，“我们专心致志地，完全像在梦幻之中。”
不光是他们。就凝视而言，现代最杰出的一项丰功伟绩——不负荣获诺贝尔奖——属于剑桥大学的约翰·萨尔斯顿（John Sulston）。18个月，他利用一切可以利用的时间在显微镜下观察生长中的线虫，追踪每一个细胞在从卵到成体的过程中的来龙去脉。眯着眼睛对小灰点看上一年半载，估计在你我看来十分枯燥——可对萨尔斯顿来说却不是。“好玩。我喜欢对着显微镜看。”他是这么说的。

枯燥无趣，在旁人看来会是这样。在领域内游刃有余的科学家很少会觉得厌腻，也许是因为只有最坚韧不拔的人才会在研究中最终成功。那些不够专注的人——前面提到的《新科学家》的例子你可以自行判定——很快就会出局。

但也不全是天生就一门心思，还有教育培训的因素在内。萨尔斯顿指出，只有在针对一个难题花费了几年功夫后才会得着窍门开始做需要一遍又一遍重复的工作。到了那个境界，用他的话说就是“机械化的动作”，可能你就已经成为了该技术领域的高手。好比盯着显微镜下黏糊糊的灰色小虫看这事儿，萨尔斯顿就是其中数一数二的好手，因此做这么份工作就成了乐趣。

我们完全有理由感谢科学家不凡的毅力。但你要是已经受够了冗长的细节，关闭页面或点开其它文章都行。你又会看到我们提供的正常资讯，那些比较眩目有趣的科学逸闻还会来逗你高兴。

从松鼠上节选的，下面是原文链接
原文：http://songshuhui.net/archives/32051
翻译：http://songshuhui.net/archives/35794

周九UID: 2769406

红宝单词

1glit·ter 1    n.

Pronunciation:	'gli-tər
Function:	intransitive verb
Etymology:	Middle English gliteren, perhaps from Old Norse glitra; akin to Old English geolu yellow
Date:	14th century

1 a : to shine by reflection with many small flashes of brilliant light : SPARKLE <sequins glittered in the spotlight> b : to shine with strong emotion : FLASH <eyes glittering in anger>
2 : to be brilliantly attractive, lavish, or spectacular also : to be superficially attractive or exciting
synonyms see FLASH
–glit·ter·ing·ly \-tə-riŋ-lē\ adverb
2glitter 2    n.

Function:	noun
Date:	1593

1 a : sparkling brilliance of something that glitters b : a bright usually superficial attractiveness c : the quality of being spectacular
2 : small glittering objects used for ornamentation
–glit·tery \'gli-tə-rē\ adjective

plod    n.

Pronunciation:	'pläd
Function:	verb
Inflected Form:	plod·ded ; plod·ding
Etymology:	origin unknown
Date:	1562

intransitive verb
1 : to work laboriously and monotonously : DRUDGE
2 a : to walk heavily or slowly : TRUDGE b : to proceed slowly or tediously <the movie just plods along>
transitive verb : to tread slowly or heavily along or over
–plod noun
–plod·der noun
–plod·ding·ly \'pl&auml;-diŋ-lē\ adverb

1dim 1    adj.

Pronunciation:	'dim
Function:	adjective
Inflected Form:	dim·mer ; dim·mest
Etymology:	Middle English, from Old English dimm; akin to Old High German timber dark
Date:	before 12th century

1 a : emitting or having a limited or insufficient amount of light <dim stars> <a dim lamp> <a dim hallway> b : DULL, LUSTERLESS <dim colors> c : lacking pronounced, clear-cut, or vigorous quality or character <a dim echo of the past>
2 a : seen indistinctly <a dim outline> b : perceived by the senses or mind indistinctly or weakly : FAINT <had only a dim notion of what was going on> c : having little prospect of favorable result or outcome <a dim future> d : characterized by an unfavorable, skeptical, or pessimistic attitude ― usually used in the phrase take a diminutive view of
3 : not perceiving clearly and distinctly <dim eyes>
4 : DIM-WITTED
–dim·ly adverb
–dim·ma·ble \'di-mə-bəl\ adjective
–dim·ness noun

2dim 2    adj.

Function:	verb
Inflected Form:	dimmed ; dim·ming
Date:	before 12th century

transitive verb
1 : to make dim or lusterless
2 : to reduce the light from
intransitive verb : to become dim

3dim 3    adj.

Function:	noun
Date:	14th century

1 archaic : DUSK, DIMNESS
2 : LOW BEAM

4dim 4    adj.

Function:

abbreviation

1 dimension
2 diminished
3 diminuendo
4 diminutive

dim (as used in expressions) 5    adj.
dim bulb
dim sum
dim sums
dim witted
dim wittedness
dim wittedly

1tri·fle 1    n.

Pronunciation:	'trī-fəl
Function:	noun
Etymology:	Middle English trufle, trifle, from Anglo-French trufle, triffle fraud, trick, nonsense
Date:	14th century

1 : something of little value, substance, or importance
2 : a dessert typically consisting of plain or sponge cake often soaked with wine or spirits (as brandy or rum) and topped with layers of preserves, custard, and cream
–a trifle : to some small degree : SLIGHTLY <a trifle annoyed>

2trifle 2    n.

Function:	verb
Inflected Form:	tri·fled ; tri·fling \-f(ə-)liŋ\
Etymology:	Middle English truflen, triflen, from Anglo-French trufler to trick, talk nonsense
Date:	14th century

intransitive verb
1 a : to talk in a jesting or mocking manner or with intent to delude or mislead b : to treat someone or something as unimportant
2 : to handle something idly
transitive verb : to spend or waste in trifling or on trifles
–tri·fler \-f(ə-)lər\ noun
synonyms TRIFLE, TOY, DALLY, FLIRT, COQUET mean to deal with or act toward without serious purpose. TRIFLE may imply playfulness, unconcern, indulgent contempt <to trifle with a lover's feelings>. TOY implies acting without full attention or serious exertion of one's powers <a political novice toying with great issues>. DALLY suggests indulging in thoughts or plans merely as an amusement <dallying with the idea of building a boat someday>. FLIRT implies an interest or attention that soon passes to another object <flirted with one fashionable ism after another>. COQUET implies attracting interest or admiration without serious intention <companies that coquet with environmentalism solely for public relations>.

周九UID: 2769406

20. Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem. 我们不应该仅仅关注学者和研究者的著作能否对社会做出贡献。更重要的是关注他们如何追求实现自己的兴趣，无论那些兴趣显得是多么的非同寻常。


“剑桥大学的约翰·萨尔斯顿（John Sulston）。18个月，他利用一切可以利用的时间在显微镜下观察生长中的线虫，追踪每一个细胞在从卵到成体的过程中的来龙去脉。眯着眼睛对小灰点看上一年半载，估计在你我看来十分枯燥——可对萨尔斯顿来说却不是。“好玩。我喜欢对着显微镜看。”
在开始一项研究的时候，往往没有人知道，最后这项科学会给人类带来什么。而且，科学研究需要极大的耐心和兴趣，否则很难坚持下去。
One of the great staring feats of modern times – a Nobel-garlanded staring feat, no less – belongs to John Sulston of the University of Cambridge. During one 18-month stretch he spent every available hour gazing down a microscope at growing nematode worms, eventually tracking the fate of every single cell from egg to adult. Squinting at grey blobs for a year and a half may sound dull to you and me – but it wasn’t to Sulston. "It was fun. I love looking down a microscope," he says.

151. People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good. 能够造福社会的是那些纯粹出于个人原因而追求自己兴趣知识的人，而不是那些打算为大众谋福利的人。
20=151

99. When research priorities are being set for science, education, or any other area, the most important question to consider is: How many people’s lives will be improved if the results are successful? 当研究的重点被置于科学、教育或者其他领域中时，最重要的问题就是要考虑如果研究获得成功会有多少人的生活得以改善。
很难在研究开始前，就能确定研究成果会带来什么，如这篇里的居里夫人，上篇本来是为卫星提供更好成像技术的兄弟。

11. Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial. 花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。
49. Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development. 政府应该少限制科学研究和发展。

咖啡盐UID: 2973669

辛苦鸟~