【甚解小组】【TASK 1】原文抄抄炒 FROM 周九

周九UID: 2769406

30# 咖啡盐
我也很喜欢这篇，各种调侃，原文2000多字，我就摘了一部分

周九UID: 2769406

第六篇~~~

周九UID: 2769406

Shaping society


Just as it shapes your personal decision-making, scientific knowledge also helps inform regulatory decision-making and policy — and the results of these decisions are everywhere. In fact, they are so ubiquitous that you probably never even stop to think about them. Why is your quart of milk decorated with a nutrition label? Why do schools check students' vaccination records? Why aren't your new kitchen tiles made of asbestos? Why is it illegal to pour your used motor oil down a storm drain? Because of science, of course. Science informs policies that promote our health, safety, and environmental stewardship.

Science doesn't dictate policy, but it does give us a "how-to" manual for reaching the outcomes that we decide we want. For example:

Want to get rid of polio? In the 1940s and 50s, American society got behind efforts to prevent and treat polio by donating to the organization called the March of Dimes. Through the March of Dimes, that societal concern financed research on polio vaccines. Science provided us with the vaccine that made prevention possible, and it also gave us an understanding of polio transmission that shaped our approach to administering the vaccine. If we wanted to truly eradicate the disease, only a massive vaccination effort would do the trick. Today, a polio vaccination is a routine requirement for enrolling in public school in the U.S. In 1988, a set of international health organizations launched a global eradication program based on widespread vaccination — and the battle continues. As of January 2007, polio had been beaten back to just four countries.

Want to get warning of natural disasters? Though we can't yet predict earthquakes, science does have effective ways of predicting when and where hurricanes might strike land. Society has put that knowledge to good use. The National Weather Service continually collects data about meteorological patterns and analyzes those data based on our scientific understanding of weather systems. They may then issue a hurricane warning, which gives citizens time to get to safety and allows community organizers to prepare for evacuations and emergencies.

Want to repair our ozone layer? The ozone layer shields us from damaging ultraviolet rays, but in 1985, we discovered a chink in that armor — a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. If things went unchecked, science predicted dire outcomes: possible increases in DNA damage and skin cancer rates, along with unpredictable changes in the global food web caused by die-off of UV-sensitive plankton. Luckily, science was also ready with an explanation and a potential solution. The culprit seemed to be chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), human-made chemicals used for air conditioning and aerosol propellants, which, chemists showed, could destroy ozone molecules. Society took science to heart, and in 1990, policy makers from 93 countries gathered in London to sign a treaty, agreeing to phase-out CFCs by 2000.

Science doesn't tell us that we ought to prevent disease, provide advanced warning in case of disaster, or protect our planet. People make those decisions based on their own values, but once a decision is made, we can use scientific knowledge to figure out how to accomplish that goal and what its likely ramifications will be.

周九UID: 2769406

红宝单词

ubiq·ui·tous    adj.

Pronunciation:	yü-'bi-kwə-təs
Function:	adjective
Date:	1830

: existing or being everywhere at the same time : constantly encountered : WIDESPREAD <a ubiquitous fashion>
–ubiq·ui·tous·ly adverb
–ubiq·ui·tous·ness noun

1dic·tate 1    n.

Pronunciation:	'dik-ˌtāt, dik-'
Function:	verb
Inflected Form:	dic·tat·ed ; dic·tat·ing
Etymology:	Latin dictatus, past participle of dictare to assert, dictate, frequentative of dicere to say ― more at DICTION
Date:	1581

intransitive verb
1 : to give dictation
2 : to speak or act domineeringly : PRESCRIBE
transitive verb
1 : to speak or read for a person to transcribe or for a machine to record
2 a : to issue as an order b : to impose, pronounce, or specify authoritatively c : to require or determine necessarily <injuries dictated the choice of players>
2dic·tate 2    n.

Pronunciation:	'dik-ˌtāt
Function:	noun
Date:	1594

1 a : an authoritative rule, prescription, or injunction b : a ruling principle <according to the dictates of your conscience>
2 : a command by one in authority

vac·cine    n.

Pronunciation:	vak-'sēn, 'vak-ˌ
Function:	noun
Etymology:	French vaccin, from vaccine cowpox, from New Latin vaccina (in variolae vaccinae cowpox), from Latin, feminine of vaccinus, adjective, of or from cows, from vacca cow; akin to Sanskrit vaśa cow
Date:	1813

: a preparation of killed microorganisms, living attenuated organisms, or living fully virulent organisms that is administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease
–vaccine adjective

1shield 1    n.

Pronunciation:	'shēld
Function:	noun
Etymology:	Middle English sheld, from Old English scield; akin to Old High German scilt shield and probably to Old English sciell shell
Date:	before 12th century

1 : a broad piece of defensive armor carried on the arm
2 : one that protects or defends : DEFENSE
3 : DRESS SHIELD
4 a : a device or part that serves as a protective cover or barrier b : a protective structure (as a carapace, scale, or plate) of some animals
5 : ESCUTCHEON especially : one that is wide at the top and rounds to a point at the bottom
6 : the Precambrian nuclear mass of a continent that is surrounded and sometimes covered by sedimentary rocks
7 : something resembling a shield: as a : APOTHECIUM b : a police officer's badge c : a decorative or identifying emblem

2shield 2    n.

Function:	transitive verb
Date:	before 12th century

1 a : to protect with or as if with a shield : provide with a protective cover or shelter b : to cut off from observation : HIDE
2 obsolete : FORBID
synonyms see DEFEND
–shield·er noun
shield (as used in expressions) 3    n.
dress shield
embryonic shield
heat shield
shield law
shield volcano
water shield
Canadian Shield
South Shields

dire 1    adj.

Pronunciation:	'dī(-ə)r
Function:	adjective
Inflected Form:	dir·er ; dir·est
Etymology:	Latin dirus; akin to Greek deinos terrifying, Sanskrit dveșṭi he hates
Date:	1565

1 a : exciting horror <dire suffering> b : DISMAL, OPPRESSIVE <dire days>
2 : warning of disaster <a dire forecast>
3 a : desperately urgent <dire need> b : EXTREME<dire poverty>
–dire·ly adverb
–dire·ness noun
dire (as used in expressions) 2    adj.
dire wolf
voir dire
ca va sans dire
&ccedil;a va sans dire
c'est a dire
c'est à dire
Dire Dawa

cul·prit    n.

Pronunciation:	'kəl-prət, -ˌprit
Function:	noun
Etymology:	Anglo-French cul. (abbr. of culpable guilty) + prest, prit ready (i.e., to prove it), from Latin praestus ― more at PRESTO
Date:	1678

1 : one accused of or charged with a crime
2 : one guilty of a crime or a fault
3 : the source or cause of a problem

周九UID: 2769406

46. As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate. 当人们变得越来越依赖技术解决问题的时候，人类独立思考的能力将肯定会江河日下。


科技解决问题，但是人类做出决定，科技只是之后，帮助我们达成目的的手段而已。
Science doesn't tell us that we ought to prevent disease, provide advanced warning in case of disaster, or protect our planet. People make those decisions based on their own values, but once a decision is made, we can use scientific knowledge to figure out how to accomplish that goal and what its likely ramifications will be.

周九UID: 2769406

昨天的补完。。。。

周九UID: 2769406

更新第七篇，等下补前两天的~~~

周九UID: 2769406

作者 Andrew Ballantyne


We like to think that the canonic buildings have timeless value, that sails serenely across the vagaries of human histories, but on closer examination this view cannot be sustained. There is no doubt that some buildings have always been valued, but they are valued in different ways at different times. It would be idiotic to argue that the Parthenon, for example, had no great value, but it has been valued at different times because it seemed to express different things, such as the triumph of Athens over her adversaries, or as a symbol of the roots of democracy. The value remains high, but it is volatile. Buildings are solid things, and the properties that they have are inherent in them. Architecture is produced when a building and a culture come into contact, and connect in such a way that something valuable happens. We might be thrilled by it, or calmed, feel challenged or charmed, but if we do not pay attention to those responses and cultivate them, then architecture dies in us, and the built world is an arid place. But once knows something about architecture then buildings come alive, and it is possible to see unconscious expression of skill and intelligence at work wherever one goes, possibly set alongside expression of vanity, greed, and incompetence. We like to see the great buildings around the world as the clearest expressions of one lofty ideal or another. We see them as something imperishable that embodies a fleeting glimpse of eternity, and we will travel across the world to encounter them. But there are also pleasures closer to home, which may be no less intense, involving a feeling of rapport with a place, which may involve a surprising range of the contradictory emotions involved in any long-term relationship.

周九UID: 2769406

红宝单词

va·ga·ry    n.

Pronunciation:	'vā-gə-rē; və-'ger-ē, vā-; also 'va-gə-rē
Function:	noun
Inflected Form:	plural -ries
Etymology:	probably from Latin vagari to wander, from vagus wandering
Date:	1579

: an erratic, unpredictable, or extravagant manifestation, action, or notion
synonyms see CAPRICE

1vol·a·tile 1    n.

Pronunciation:	'vä-lə-təl, esp Brit -ˌtī(-ə)l
Function:	adjective
Etymology:	French, from Latin volatilis, from volare to fly
Date:	1605

1 : readily vaporizable at a relatively low temperature
2 : flying or having the power to fly
3 a : LIGHTHEARTED, LIVELY b : easily aroused <volatile suspicions> c : tending to erupt into violence : EXPLOSIVE <a volatile temper>
4 a : unable to hold the attention fixed because of an inherent lightness or fickleness of disposition b : characterized by or subject to rapid or unexpected change <a volatile market>
5 : difficult to capture or hold permanently : EVANESCENT, TRANSITORY
–vol·a·tile·ness noun
–vol·a·til·i·ty \ˌv&auml;-lə-'ti-lə-tē\ noun

2volatile 2    n.

Function:	noun
Date:	1686

: a volatile substance

ar·id    adj.

Pronunciation:	'a-rəd, 'er-əd
Function:	adjective
Etymology:	French or Latin; French aride, from Latin aridus, from arēre to be dry; akin to Sanskrit āsa ash, Old English asce
Date:	1652

1 : excessively dry specifically : having insufficient rainfall to support agriculture
2 : lacking in interest and life : JEJUNE
–arid·i·ty \ə-'ri-də-tē, a-\ noun
–ar·id·ness \'a-rəd-nəs, 'er-əd-\ noun

lofty    adj.

Pronunciation:	'lȯf-tē
Function:	adjective
Inflected Form:	loft·i·er ; -est
Date:	15th century

1 a : elevated in character and spirit : NOBLE <lofty ideals> b : elevated in status : SUPERIOR
2 : having a haughty overbearing manner : SUPERCILIOUS
3 a : rising to a great height : impressively high <lofty mountains> b : REMOTE, ESOTERIC
4 : having full-bodied, firm, and resilient textile fibers <lofty flannel>
synonyms see HIGH
–loft·i·ly \-tə-lē\ adverb
–loft·i·ness \-tē-nəs\ noun

rap·port    n.

Pronunciation:	ra-'pȯr, rə-
Function:	noun
Etymology:	French, from rapporter to bring back, refer, from Old French raporter to bring back, from re- + aporter to bring, from Latin apportare, from ad- ad- + portare to carry ― more at FARE
Date:	circa 1661

: RELATION especially : relation marked by harmony, conformity, accord, or affinity

周九UID: 2769406

6. Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society’s past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purpose. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served. 大多数人都同意一个社会的建筑物代表了它有价值的历史纪录，但是当现代规划者们觉得这些以前的建筑物所占据的土地可以被更有价值的使用于新目的时，就产生了争议，现代发展应该比保留历史建筑物更受重视以便于满足眼下的需求。

选的那段讲了些 buildings的value，感觉很有启发，而且讲到value各个时期是不一样的。

周九UID: 2769406

No.8




From Scientific American


World Changing Ideas

Technology is all around us, expanding the limits of what is possible. but every once in a while, some invention or insight has an outsize effect; it creates a large discontinuity, dividing history into “before” and “after.” The steam engine, the transistor, the World Wide Web—each of these ideas seemed to emerge from nowhere to change our world in fundamental ways. Which key technology will arise from today’s vast cauldron of innovation to become tomorrow’s world changing idea? It’s impossible to know, of course, but we know it will come. Here are 10 candidates—10 new ideas and technologies that could rewrite the rules. What if we could build robots that turn waste into fuel? Or harness the power of video games (yes, video games) to make ourselves do the right thing? What if the “junk” in our DNA is actually as important as our genes? What if insects hold the secret to fending off cyberattacks? Welcome to the World Changing Ideas 2010 edition. —The Editors

The Importance of Junk DNA
Biologists continue to be surprised by what was once dismissed as wasted space
by Melinda Wenner Moyer

Genes make up only about 2 percent of the human genome. The rest was for many years ignored as “junk DNA .” But over the past decade biologists have come to understand that this space is an incredibly important part of the genetic code, home to a vast unexamined treasure trove of information that controls how genes behave. A more thorough investigation of junk DNA could upend our understanding of the delicate interplay between genes and the environment and could lead to entirely new strategies in medicine’s endless struggle against disease.

New examples of junk DNA’s importance seem to emerge every few months. Researchers publishing in the September issue of Nature Medicine reported that the rare nervous system cancer neuroblastoma may in part have junk DNA to blame; a small piece of RNA made from junk DNA disables a cancer-inhibiting gene in people suffering from the disease. Similarly, those afflicted with a rare form of muscular dystrophy have between one and 10 copies of a particular slice of junk DNA on the end of the fourth chromosome. Junk DNA isn’t just relevant for rare diseases, either: this past February a paper in Nature linked a region of junk DNA on the ninth chromosome to heart disease risk.

Junk DNA may also help organisms adapt to changing environments. In May 2009 scientists at the University of Leuven in Belgium reported that gene activity on a yeast chromosome is directly controlled by the number of repeats in a section of junk DNA. Because the number of repeats changes more frequently than other stretches of DNA do, this setup allows the organism to evolve more quickly.

So does junk DNA deserve a new, more respectful name? Scientists disagree. Some junk DNA may be obviously useful, but the potential benefits of the rest “may be much more subtle and hard to trace,” says Kevin Verstrepen, a co-author of the yeast study. In time, though, one biologist’s junk may turn out to be another’s jewel.

周九UID: 2769406

没发现红宝单词，贴几个专业词汇吧


neuroblastoma n. 成神经细胞瘤
muscular dystrophy n. 肌肉萎缩症
chromosome n. <生>染色体

周九UID: 2769406

11. Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial.花在研究上的资金基本上都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是有争议的。



研究结果是有争议的，并不代表是不正确的，而且随着时间推移，很多结果会改变，比如 junk DNA，
But over the past decade biologists have come to understand that this space is an incredibly important part of the genetic code, home to a vast unexamined treasure trove of information that controls how genes behave.


24. Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear. 政府不应该资助任何后果不明的科学研究，无论是医学方面还是伦理方面的。

我觉得医学总是在争议中进步，比如junk DNA，我们自己的身体，看起来却是最不了解的东西。

周九UID: 2769406

From Scientific American 选了文章的一半

A Political Wish List

As a new Congress takes office, Washington will face urgent issues in science, health and the environment. Here are a few good places to start

Throughout U.S. history there have been leaders, both Republicans and Democrats, who have supported the advancement of science and the protection of health and the environment and who have taken care to inform their policy decisions with the best scientific advice. After the midterm elections in November, it looked as though this tradition might take a backseat in the new Congress. For example, Representative-elect Jon Runyan, Republican of New Jersey, said in the aftermath of the election that to balance the federal budget one could cut “all the money we spend on frivolous research projects . . . studying mating tendencies of fruit flies, stuff like that—is that really necessary?”

It is. The study of disease (for which fruit flies are essential tools), and scientific research in general, boosts economic growth, creates jobs and often ends up saving taxpayers money, as do improving infrastructure, supporting small farmers and promoting green energy. These are issues on which both parties could and should find common ground. Here is what we think should be top priorities of Congress and the Obama administration during the next two years.

Farm subsidies. The nation’s agricultural policy is due for an update in 2012. This gives Congress an opportunity both to cut spending and to help the environment. Federal subsidies now mostly reward large farms for planting monocultures of corn, soybeans, wheat and rice. Much of that food goes to factory farms, where tightly packed animals provide a breeding ground for infectious diseases and produce vast quantities of waste that poses an environmental hazard. The current system devours fossil fuels, depletes the soil and pollutes waterways. It also makes high-sugar foods and beef artificially cheap, contributing to the obesity and diabetes epidemic. Through a transition in the way subsidies are allocated, the government should encourage a progressive return to sustainable, integrated farming, which alternates commodity crops with legumes and with grass for pasture.

周九UID: 2769406

红宝单词

in·fec·tious    adj.

Pronunciation:	-shəs
Function:	adjective
Date:	1542

1 a : capable of causing infection <viruses and other infectious agents> b : communicable by infection <an infectious disease> ― compare CONTAGIOUS2 : that corrupts or contaminates
3 : spreading or capable of spreading rapidly to others <their enthusiasm was infectious> <an infectious grin>
–in·fec·tious·ly adverb
–in·fec·tious·ness noun

de·vour    v.

Pronunciation:	di-'vau̇(-ə)r, dē-
Function:	transitive verb
Etymology:	Middle English, from Anglo-French devour-, stem of devorer, from Latin devorare, from de- + vorare to devour ― more at VORACIOUS
Date:	14th century

1 : to eat up greedily or ravenously
2 : to use up or destroy as if by eating <we are devouring the world's resources>
3 : to prey upon <devoured by guilt>
4 : to enjoy avidly <devours books>
–de·vour·er noun

de·plete    v.

Pronunciation:	di-'plēt
Function:	transitive verb
Inflected Form:	de·plet·ed ; de·plet·ing
Etymology:	Latin depletus, past participle of deplēre, from de- + plēre to fill ― more at FULL
Date:	1807

1 : to empty of a principal substance
2 : to lessen markedly in quantity, content, power, or value
–de·plet·able \-'plē-tə-bəl\ adjective
–de·plet·er \-'plē-tər\ noun
–de·ple·tion \-'plē-shən\ noun
–de·ple·tive \-'plē-tiv\ adjective
synonyms DEPLETE, DRAIN, EXHAUST, IMPOVERISH, BANKRUPT mean to deprive of something essential to existence or potency. DEPLETE implies a reduction in number or quantity so as to endanger the ability to function <depleting our natural resources>. DRAIN implies a gradual withdrawal and ultimate deprivation of what is necessary to an existence <personal tragedy had drained him of all spirit>. EXHAUST stresses a complete emptying <her lecture exhausted the subject>. IMPOVERISH suggests a deprivation of something essential to richness or productiveness <impoverished soil>. BANKRUPT suggests impoverishment to the point of imminent collapse <war had bankrupted the nation of resources>.