【甚解小组】【TASK 1】AW Intro 读后感 FROM 周九

周九UID：2769406

看了好多经验贴，练习册之后猛然发现，AW Intro才是王道，所以要细细读一遍，隔一段时间要重新读一遍，来确保自己依然奔驰在正确的路线上。专业的游泳运动员，每天也依然要进行基础姿势练习，来确保作出最有效的划水动作，只要中间停顿几天，每个人的泳姿都会稍失标准，而多了很多自己的特色小动作。反复阅读AW Intro，希望他是我脑袋的游泳教练~~

一楼一页，挨页分析，蓝色为关键字，绿色是自己的笔记~

Page 1

An Introduction to the Analytical Writing Section of the GRE General Test

Task 1:
Present Your Perspective on an Issue

Task 2:
Analyze an Argument

一个是Present，一个是Analyze~一个是让表明观点，一个是让分析

咖啡盐UID：2973669

Intro reading?

周九UID：2769406

2# 咖啡盐
是哒

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Table of Contents

Overview of the Analytical Writing Section 3

Preparing for the Analytical Writing Section 3

Test-Taking Strategies for the Analytical Writing Section 4

How the Analytical Writing Section is Scored 4

Present Your Perspective on an Issue Task

Understanding the Issue Task 6

Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience 6

Preparing for the Issue Task 6

Deciding Which Topic to Choose 8

The Form of Your Response 8

Sample Issue Topic 8

Strategies for this Topic 8

Essay Responses and Reader Commentary 9

Analysis of an Argument Task

Understanding the Argument Task 15

Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience 15

Preparing for the Argument Task 16

How to Interpret Numbers, Percentages, and Statistics in Argument Topics 17

The Form of Your Response 17

Sample Argument Topic 18

Strategies for this Topic 18

Essay Responses and Reader Commentary 18

Sample Test 23

Scoring Guides 27

Score Level Descriptions 29

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Overview of the Analytical Writing Section

The analytical writing section is a new section of the GRE General Test introduced beginning in October 2002 that tests your critical thinking and analytical writing skills. It assesses your ability to articulate and support complex ideas, analyze an argument, and sustain a focused and coherent discussion. It does not assess specific content knowledge.

考察的内容：
1. articulate and support complex ideas,
能表达一个复杂的观点，并能自圆其说；这让我想起来小时候看动画片，电视剧的时候，我第一句一定是先问老妈，这个人是好人还是坏人，哪个是好人，哪个是坏人。。。当然，长大以后的我也就不再问这种让人头痛的问题了，但写issue的时候，时不时这种问题又会把我带回童年。。。
2. analyze an argument,
分析评估，其实不只是批评，看后面argu的范文例子里，有个文章前面还夸了argu，并得到了rater的表扬。
3. sustain a focused and coherent discussion 条理清楚和有重点，有难度

The analytical writing section consists of two separately-timed analytical writing tasks:
• a 45-minute "Present Your Perspective on an Issue" task
• a 30-minute "Analyze an Argument" task
You will be given a choice between two Issue topics. Each states an opinion on an issue of broad interest and asks you to discuss the issue from any perspective(s) you wish, so long as you provide relevant reasons and examples to explain and support your views.
You will not have a choice of Argument topics. The Argument task presents a different challenge from that of the Issue task: it requires you to critique a given argument by discussing how well reasoned you find it. You will need to consider the logical soundness of the argument rather than to agree or disagree with the position it presents.

是critique，连挑错意义更重点儿的criticize都不是，所以argu不能是一味挑错。
logical soundness of the argument， 一个argu形式上正确了只能叫valid，形式内容都正确才能叫sound，所以评估的时候形式和内容都重要吧。

The two tasks are complementary in that one requires you to construct your own argument by taking a position and providing evidence supporting your views on the issue, whereas the other requires you to critique someone else's argument by assessing its claims and evaluating the evidence it provides.

issue 自选position

argu一点都没问你的position，完全是critique，比如有人声称他看到一只会飞的猪，并完美的证明了这点，你一丁点都不相信猪能飞，但在argu中你只能盛赞他真的很好的证明了猪会飞。

Preparing for the Analytical Writing Section

Everyone—even the most practiced and confident of writers—should spend some time preparing for the analytical writing section before arriving at the test center. It is important to review the skills measured, how the section is scored, scoring guides and score level descriptions, sample topics, scored sample essay responses, and reader commentary.

ETS建议考前做到

1. the skills measured, 各种技巧，写作的，分析的
2. how the section is scored, scoring guides and score level descriptions,
3. sample topics, 题库，连ets都建议考前把题库看一遍
4. scored sample essay responses, and reader commentary 范文和评语

The topics in the analytical writing section relate to a broad range of subjects—from the fine arts and humanities to the social and physical sciences—but no topic requires specific content knowledge. In fact, each topic has been field-tested to ensure that it possesses several important characteristics, including the following:

• GRE test takers, regardless of their field of study or special interests, understood the topic and could easily discuss it.
• The topic elicited the kinds of complex thinking and persuasive writing that university faculty consider important for success in graduate school.
• The responses were varied in content and in the way the writers developed their ideas.

To help you prepare for the analytical writing section of the General Test, the GRE Program has published the entire pool of topics from which your test topics will be selected. You might find it helpful to review the Issue and Argument pools. You can view the published pools on the Web at www.gre.org/pracmats.html or you can obtain a copy by writing to GRE Program, PO Box 6000, Princeton, NJ 08541-6000.

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Test-Taking Strategies for the Analytical Writing Section

It is important to budget your time. Within the 45-minute time limit for the Issue task, you will need to allow sufficient time to choose one of the two topics, think about the issue you've chosen, plan a response, and compose your essay. Within the 30-minute time limit for the Argument task, you will need to allow sufficient time to analyze the argument, plan a critique, and compose your response. Although GRE readers understand the time constraints under which you write and will consider your response a "first draft," you still want it to be the best possible example of your writing that you can produce under the testing circumstances.

Save a few minutes at the end of each timed task to check for obvious errors. Although an occasional spelling or grammatical error will not affect your score, severe and persistent errors will detract from the overall effectiveness of your writing and thus lower your score.

单三之类的总错

Following the analytical writing section, you will have the opportunity to take a 10-minute break. There is a one-minute break between the other test sections. You might want to replenish your supply of scratch paper during each scheduled break.

How the Analytical Writing Section is Scored

Each response is holistically scored on a 6-point scale according to the criteria published in the GRE analytical writing scoring guides (see pages 27 and 28). Holistic scoring means that each response is judged as a whole: readers do not separate the response into component parts and award a certain number of points for a particular criterion or element such as ideas, organization, sentence structure, or language.

Instead, readers assign scores based on the overall quality of the response, considering all of its characteristics in an integrated way. Excellent organization or poor organization, for example, will be part of the readers' overall impression of the response and will therefore contribute to the score, but organization, as a distinct feature, has no specific weight.

In general, GRE readers are college and university faculty experienced in teaching courses in which writing and critical thinking skills are important. All GRE readers have undergone careful training, passed stringent GRE qualifying tests, and demonstrated that they are able to maintain scoring accuracy.

To ensure fairness and objectivity in scoring

• responses are randomly distributed to the readers
• all identifying information about the test takers is concealed from the readers
• each response is scored by two readers
• readers do not know what other scores a response may have received
• the scoring procedure requires that each response receive identical or adjacent scores from two readers; any other score combination is adjudicated by a third GRE reader

The scores given for the two tasks are then averaged for a final reported score. The score level descriptions, presented on page 29, provide information on how to interpret the total score on the analytical writing section. The primary emphasis in scoring the analytical writing section is on critical thinking and analytical writing skills.

critical thinking he analytical skill 是重点

Your essay responses on the analytical writing section will be reviewed by ETS essay-similarity-detection software and by experienced essay readers during the scoring process. In light of the high value placed on independent intellectual activity within United States graduate schools and universities, ETS reserves the right to cancel test scores of any test taker when there is substantial evidence that an essay response includes, but is not limited to, any of the following

不能抄模板，抄现在的出版物，防论文剽窃的软件很强大，一般完全自己写的5千字论文，探测出个4%到5%的相似都是正常，要是直接抄。。。那情况。。。

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• text that is substantially similar to that found in one or more other GRE essay responses;
• quoting or paraphrasing, without attribution, language or ideas that appear in published or unpublished sources;

如果要是paraphrasing的话，还不想被查出来，只能主谓宾，关键词全换。

• unacknowledged use of work that has been produced through collaboration with others without citation of the contribution of others;
• essays that are submitted as work of the examinee when the ideas or words have, in fact, been borrowed from elsewhere or prepared by another person.

When one or more of the above circumstances occurs, your essay text, in ETS’s professional judgment, does not reflect the independent, analytical writing skills that this test seeks to measure. Therefore, ETS must cancel the essay score as invalid and cannot report the GRE General Test scores of which the essay score is an indispensable part.

Test takers whose scores are cancelled will forfeit their test fees and must pay to take the entire GRE General Test again at a future administration. No record of the score cancellations, or the reason for cancellation, will appear on their future score reports sent to colleges and universities.

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Present Your Perspective on an Issue Task

Understanding the Issue Task

The "Present Your Perspective on an Issue" task assesses your ability to think critically about a topic of general interest and to clearly express your thoughts about it in writing. Each topic, presented in quotation marks, makes a claim about an issue that test takers can discuss from various perspectives and apply to many different situations or conditions. Your task is to present a compelling case for your own position on the issue. Be sure to read the claim carefully and think about it from several points of view, considering the complexity of ideas associated with those perspectives. Then, make notes about the position you want to develop and list the main reasons and examples that you could use to support that position.

对于issue task 中的各种claim, 要从various的角度考虑，开始的时候我认为是从多种情况讨论，是否成立，现在通过看范文和再读intro，感觉是从多种角度中选取一个对于自己，最能有力论证的角度，即使只有一个，也是可以的，就像范文里那个4分特教的作文，只从一个方面考虑，但这种例举也得到了rater的赞赏。

The Issue task allows considerable latitude in the way you respond to the claim. Although it is important that you address the central issue, you are free to take any approach you wish. For example, you might

下面说了如何写作文，估计是北美作文列出来的写作模式的来源吧

• agree absolutely with the claim, disagree completely, or agree with some parts and not others

同意，不同意，部分同意部分不同意

• question the assumptions the statement seems to be making

if之后是否就then了呢

• qualify any of its terms, especially if the way you define or apply a term is important to developing your perspective on the issue

define the term，以保证后来论证过程中讨论的东西是自己前面提到的东西，不要自己偷换概念了还不知道，比如research，最好能限定在一定范围内，这样在五六百字的论证过程中才能更有效的推理。

• point out why the claim is valid in some situations but not in others

issue task里面的claim没有公理，真理，所以都能讨论下合时成立不成立

• evaluate points of view that contrast with your own perspective

通常模板式的作文都建议来这么一段，我觉得凑字数的功效远远大于对于逻辑论证完整性的贡献

• develop your position with reasons that are supported by several relevant examples or by a single extended example

例子举多了，怕都没说透， 就一个例子，又担心自己没能力分析透

The GRE readers scoring your response are not looking for a "right" answer—in fact, there is no correct position to take. Instead, the readers are evaluating the skill with which you articulate and develop an argument to support your position on the issue.

Understanding the Context for Writing: Purpose and Audience

The Issue task is an exercise in critical thinking and persuasive writing. The purpose of this task is to determine how well you can develop a compelling argument supporting your own perspective on an issue and to effectively communicate that argument in writing to an academic audience. Your audience consists of college and university faculty who are trained as GRE readers to apply the scoring criteria identified in the scoring guide for “Present Your Perspective on an Issue" (see page 27).

文体

To get a clearer idea of how GRE readers apply the Issue scoring criteria to actual responses, you should review scored sample Issue essay responses and readers' commentaries. The sample responses, particularly at the 5 and 6 score levels, will show you a variety of successful strategies for organizing, developing, and communicating a persuasive argument. The readers' commentaries discuss specific aspects of analysis and writing, such as the use of examples, development and support, organization, language fluency, and word choice. For each response, the commentary points out aspects that are particularly persuasive as well as any that detract from the overall effectiveness of the essay.

这段信息量很大~，介绍了rater会关注的几项内容，如
1. the use of examples, 例子的运用，一个好例子能加好多分，那个特教的例子让我记忆深刻呀，连rater都说文章define the terms也不成功，语言也就算还行，但一个好的例子就把文章一下提高到了4分。 鉴于人家task pools已经给我们了，考前完全可以给每类issue好好几个例子。对于找例子，我觉得应该从native speaker的文章中去寻觅，因为不同的文化背景，会让同一个例子，有不同程度的persuasive效果。

2. development and support, organization, 我理解是development and support主要针对每个小argument内的论证过程是不是合理， organization应该是指文章结构

3. language fluency, and word choice. language fluency，行文是否流畅，能不能把话说明白；word choice，我觉得可以看下GRE优势词汇，美国人写给美国研究生，提高词汇水平的，估计五六百字里面有3-5个那里面的词汇，就可以给word choice加分不少，当然要使用恰当。


从sparknote里抄的
Compelling Word Choice. Here’s a suggested list of some words that you may want to use as you write your GRE essays. These words can be effective and impressive-sounding synonyms for words you probably already know.

Use . . .	Instead of . . .
albeit (adv.)	even if
connote (v.)	mean
conversely (adv.)	but
corroborate (v.)	support or strengthen
depict (v.)	show
dire (adj.)	urgent
emblematic (adj.)	an example of, symbolic
hence (adv.)	so
heretofore (adv.)	until now
highlight (v.)	show
implication (n.)	suggestion
majestic (adj.)	great
paramount (adj.)	important
symbolize (v.)	demonstrate

Preparing for the Issue Task

Because the Issue task is meant to assess the persuasive writing skills that you have developed throughout your education, it has been designed neither to require any particular course of study nor to advantage students with a particular type of training.

我们和美国people就不在一个education背景下。。。所以，a particular type of training是必须的。。。

Many college textbooks on composition offer advice on persuasive writing that you might find useful, but even this advice might be more technical and specialized than you need for the Issue task. You will not be expected to know specific critical thinking or writing terms or strategies; instead, you should be able to use reasons, evidence, and examples to support your position on an issue. Suppose, for instance, that an Issue

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topic asks you to consider whether it is important for government to provide financial support for art museums. If your position is that government should fund art museums, you might support your position by discussing the reasons art is important and explain that museums are public places where art is available to anyone. On the other hand, if your position is that government should not support museums, you might point out that, given limited governmental funds, art museums are not as deserving of governmental funding as are other, more socially important, institutions. Or, if you are in favor of government funding for art museums only under certain conditions, you might focus on the artistic criteria, cultural concerns, or political conditions that you think should determine how—or whether—art museums receive government funds. It is not your position that matters so much as the critical thinking skills you display in developing your position.

解释了思考过程：

情况1：If your position is -------------, you might support your position by discussing the reasons --------------------explain that----------------.
if your position is that ---------------------, you might point out that, given-------------, ----------are -------------.

同意，不同意，都可以采取如上思考，先表明立场，英语文章很少会出现立场不明的情况，可能和事老型的文章不符合他们的性格习惯，之后，by 和 given引导出了你之所以选择这样立场的原因，我觉得很多文章（我自己的和好多其他同学的）都止于提供原因，而且写了很多很有说服力，(有的时候都有柯南的感觉，一下子感觉发现了真相)，但这样的response是不符合ets的期望哒，思考提示中，原因只用介词短短引导下，重头戏是explain that，和 are，就是为什么这个原因导致了这个结果，也就是柯南每次在找到凶手之后，解释的那番话，如果只是说凶手就是xxx，然后都没说怎木就是他呢，估计再也不会有人看柯南了，这个过程，就是ets所说的development and support。无论多好的原因没有合理的development和support，都无法达到issue 要求的critically thinking。
但感觉这种方式不太符合我们的写作习惯，至少不符合我的写作习惯。。。如此完美的原因已经呈现在眼前，其他多余的话都是画蛇添足，只可意会不可言传。。。改正这种习惯需要注意再注意，5分的那篇issue，我觉得立足点普通，文章语言也只能算流畅，但却得到5分，原因应该在于它中规中矩的进行了development和support，非常符合critically thinking的要求。

情况2： if you are in favor of ---------------only under certain conditions, you might focus on the ------------conditions that you think should determine how—or whether-----.

这种思考过程，就是部分同意部分不同意，所以在表面如此立场后，就要说明什么情况下是同意的，什么情况下市不同意，据此例，在分情况后，具体论述了下此情况下该事件的面目。

An excellent way to prepare for the Issue task is to practice writing on some of the published topics. There is no "best" approach: some people prefer to start practicing without regard to the 45-minute time limit; others prefer to take a "timed test" first and practice within the time limit. No matter which approach you take when you practice the Issue task, you should review the task directions, then
• carefully read the claim made in the topic and make sure you understand the issue involved; if it seems unclear, discuss it with a friend or teacher

审题，题不明白，还写个什么劲儿呀
（这两天看到了几篇经验贴，感觉很大一部分功夫都在审题这儿）


• think about the issue in relation to your own ideas and experiences, to events you have read about or observed, and to people you have known; this is the knowledge base from which you will develop compelling reasons and examples in your argument that reinforce, negate, or qualify the claim in some way

时时刻刻都在说reasons and examples, 不仅要有reason还要有解释reason的examples，切记切记~~~
reinforce, negate or qualify,同意不同意，分情况，这三个词用得真好哇

• decide what position on the issue you want to take and defend—remember you are free to agree or disagree completely or to agree with some parts or some applications but not others

• decide what compelling evidence (reasons and examples) you can use to support your position

evidence是什么，reasons和examples

Remember that this is a task in critical thinking and persuasive writing. Therefore, you might find it helpful to explore the complexity of a claim in one of the topics by asking yourself the following questions:

• What, precisely, is the central issue?

现在还是弄不清抓住的到底是不是central issue。。。

• Do I agree with all or with any part of the claim? Why or why not?

• Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable?

assumption，if 之后的then到底合理不

• Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they?

ets很钟情于对情况的描述哇

• Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim?

narrow down general words，防偷换概念

• If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position?

• What examples—either real or hypothetical—could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance my point of view? Which examples are most compelling?

上下内容不仅对issue有指导意义，对argu也是指路明灯哇！

上面说的是如何建立自己的argument，下面将的是如何捍卫，感觉对analyze ets 的argu也很有帮助嘛，比如，ets的argu说了什么事儿（central issue）,它同意不同意，它做了if then了吗（通常argu都在这儿给提供了好几天挑错的素材），它的论述在各个情况下都成立吗（当然不，要不怎木找茬呀），它在讨论中有没有偷换概念呢（通常都有），支持论据的理由充分吗（不充分），举例compelling吗（一般都是调查研究，一律被打成不 compelling at all）。

下面说我们审视argu的时候，有原因可以去攻击题目的position吗（当然有）， 它本该如何acknowledge or defend自己的argu呢，这不就是作文书里说的可实行的合理化建议。

Once you have decided on a position to defend, consider the perspective of others who might not agree with your position. Ask yourself:

• What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine my position?

• How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in my essay?

To plan your response, you might want to summarize your position and make brief notes about how you will support the position you're going to take. When you've done this, look over your notes and decide how you will organize your response. Then write a response developing your position on the issue. Even if you don't write a full response, you should find it helpful to practice with a few of the Issue topics and to sketch out your possible responses. After you have practiced with some of the topics, try writing responses to some of the topics within the 45-minute time limit so that you have a good idea of how to use your time in the actual test.

It would probably be helpful to get some feedback on your response from an instructor who teaches critical thinking or writing or to trade papers on the same topic with other students and discuss one another's responses in relation to the scoring guide. Try to determine how each paper meets or misses the criteria for

咖啡盐UID：2973669

同LS，一直以为九已经脱离苦海...

紫陌纤尘o0UID：2745492

终于出现个觉悟的，加油啊！
PS.我记得你之前在酒香组的，解散了？

周九UID：2769406

10# lasselore
现在还在弄gre图片，有1000个啦，哈哈哈哈

周九UID：2769406

11# 咖啡盐
这才方显我闲人本色嘛，无数人认为我是个很米有考试气氛的人

周九UID：2769406

12# 紫陌纤尘o0
估计是其他只多啦美，我以前没有加过小组，如今竟然自己还建了个组，弄得我坐立不安的，天天劝组员再多加个其他组。。。。