【甚解小组】【TASK 1】 原文抄抄抄 From 142857

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The formation【formation 1组织，形成，2编队】 of the AEC reflected America's postwar optimism, with Congress declaring that atomic energy should be employed not in the form of nuclear weapons for the nation's defense, but also to promote world private enterprise. At the same time, the McMahon Act which created the AEC also gave it unprecedented 【unprecedented 前所未有的， precedent 先例 precede 早于，在。。。之前】 powers of regulation over the entire field of nuclear science and technology. It furthermore explicitly 【explicit 1清楚明确的 2 成熟的，成形的】 prevented technology transfer between the United States and other countries, and required FBI investigations 【investigate 调查】 for all scientists or industrial contractor who wished to have access 【access 1通道 2 途径】 to any AEC controlled nuclear information. The signing was the culmination 【culmination 顶点，结果】 of long months of intensive debate among politicians, military planners and atomic scientists over the fate of this new energy source and the means by which it would be regulated. President Truman appointed 【appoint 1任命，指定 2 约会】 David Lilienthal as the first Chairman of the AEC.



Congress gave the new civilian 【civilian 平民 civil 1 国内的 2 公民的 3 文明的】 Commission extraordinary power and considerable independence to carry out its mission. To provide the Commission exceptional freedom in hiring scientists and professionals, Commission employee were exempt 【exempt 1 adj 被免除的 2使免除】from the Civil Service system. Because of the need for great security, all production facilities 【facilities 设备，工具】 and nuclear reactors 【reactant 反应物 reactionary 保守的，反动的】 would be government-owned, while all technical information and research results would be under Commission control. The National Laboratory System was established from the facilities created under the Manhattan Project. Argonne National Laboratory was one of the first laboratories authorized under this legislation 【legislate 指定法律】as one of contractor-operated facility dedicated 【dedication 对某事业或目的的忠诚】 to fulfilling the new Commission's mission.



The AEC was furthermore in charge of developing the United States nuclear arsenal 【arsenal 军械库】, taking over these responsibilities from the wartime Manhattan Project. Over the course of its first decade, the AEC oversaw 【oversee 监督】 the operation of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, devoted primarily to weapons development, and, in 1952, the establishment of a second weapons laboratory in California (the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory). It also implemented 【implement 1 工具，器具 2 实现，实施】 the "crash" program to develop the hydrogen bomb, and played key roles in the prosecution 【prosecution 1起诉 2 实行，经营】 of the Rosenberg for espionage 【espionage
间谍活动】. It began a program of regular nuclear testing both in the Pacific Proving Grounds and at the continental 【continent 1自制的 2 大陆】 Nevada Test Site. While it also supported much basic research, the vast majority of its early budget 【budget 预算】 was devoted to atomic weapons development and production.



Within the AEC, high-level scientific and technical advice was provided by the General Advisory Committee, originally headed by J. Robert Oppenheimer. In its early years, the GAC provided a number of controversial 【controversial 引起或可能引起争论的】 decisions, notably 【notable 明显的，出众的，重要的】 its decision against building the hydrogen bomb in 1949. The AEC's connections with the armed services was facilitated by a Military Liaison Committee. Congressional oversight over the AEC was exercised by the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, which had considerable power in influencing AEC decisions and policy.



The AEC's far-reaching powers and control over subject matter which had far-reaching social, public health, and military implications【implication 暗示 implicate 1牵连 2 暗示】 made it an extremely controversial organization. One of the drafts of the McMahon Act, James R. Newman, family concluded that the bill made "the field of atomic energy [an] island of socialism in the midst of a free-enterprise economy".