原文抄抄抄 之专题 FROM【小法】

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The primacy of practice
The pragmatist proceeds from the basic premise that the human capability of theorizing is integral to intelligent practice. Theory and practice are not separate spheres; rather, theories and distinctions are tools or maps for finding our way in the world. As John Dewey put it, there is no question of theory versus practice but rather of intelligent practice versus uninformed, stupid practice and noted in a conversation with William Pepperell Montague that "[h]is effort had not been to practicalize intelligence but to intellectualize practice". (Quoted in Eldridge 1998, p. 5) Theory is an abstraction from direct experience and ultimately must return to inform experience in turn. Thus an organism navigating his or her environment is the grounds for pragmatist inquiry.
Anti-reification of concepts and theories
Dewey, in The Quest For Certainty, criticized what he called "the philosophical fallacy": philosophers often take categories (such as the mental and the physical) for granted because they don't realize that these are merely nominal concepts that were invented to help solve specific problems. This causes metaphysical and conceptual confusion. Various examples are the "ultimate Being" of Hegelian philosophers, the belief in a "realm of value", the idea that logic, because it is an abstraction from concrete thought, has nothing to do with the act of concrete thinking, and so on. David L. Hildebrand sums up the problem: "Perceptual inattention to the specific functions comprising inquiry led realists and idealists alike to formulate accounts of knowledge that project the products of extensive abstraction back onto experience." (Hildebrand 2003)
Naturalism and anti-Cartesianism
From the outset, pragmatists wanted to reform philosophy and bring it more in line with the scientific method as they understood it. They argued that idealist and realist philosophy had a tendency to present human knowledge as something beyond what science could grasp. These philosophies then resorted either to a phenomenology inspired by Kant or to correspondence theories of knowledge and truth. Pragmatists criticized the former for its a priorism, and the latter because it takes correspondence as an unanalyzable fact. Pragmatism instead tries to explain, psychologically and biologically, how the relation between knower and known 'works' in the world.
In 1868, C.S. Peirce argued there there is no power of intuition in the sense of a cognition unconditioned by inference, and no power of introspection, intuitive or otherwise, and that awareness of an internal world is by hypothetical inference from external facts. Introspection and intuition were staple philosophical tools at least since Descartes. He argued that there is no absolutely first cognition in a cognitive process; such a process has its beginning but can always be analyzed into finer cognitive stages. That which we call introspection does not give privileged access to knowledge about the mind - the self is a concept that is derived from our interaction with the external world and not the other way around (De Waal 2005, pp. 7–10). At the same time he held persistently that pragmatism and epistemology in general could not be derived from principles of psychology understood as a special science[13]: what we do think is too different from what we should think; in his "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" series, Peirce formulated both pragmatism and principles of statistics as aspects of scientific method in general. This is an important point of disagreement with most other pragmatists, who advocate a more thorough naturalism and psychologism.
Richard Rorty expanded on these and other arguments in Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature in which he criticized attempts by many philosophers of science to carve out a space for epistemology that is entirely unrelated to - and sometimes thought of as superior to - the empirical sciences. W.V. Quine, instrumental in bringing naturalized epistemology back into favor with his essay Epistemology Naturalized (Quine 1969), also criticized 'traditional' epistemology and its "Cartesian dream" of absolute certainty. The dream, he argued, was impossible in practice as well as misguided in theory because it separates epistemology from scientific inquiry.

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FROM WIKI Encyclopedia
本想在12点前写好分析的，可是即将断网，这两天无线也上不去了
先文章了 99谅解哈

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Benjamin Franklin是pragmaticism的典型人物
今天抄抄抄就写一些关于本贾明
富兰克林的一些东西
关于本贾明
富兰克林一篇美文：
Franklin’s life is full of charming stories which all young men should know—how he peddled ballads in Boston, and stood, the guest of kings, in Europe; how he worked his passage as a stowaway to Philadelphia, and rode in the queen's own litter in France; how he walked the streets of Philadelphia, homeless and unknown, with three-penny rolls for his breakfast, and dined at the tables of princess, and received his friends in a palace; how he raised a kite from a cow shed, and was showered with all the high degrees the colleges of the world could give; how he was duped by a false friend as a boy, and became the friend of all humanity as a man; how he was made Major General Franklin, only to resign because, as he said, he was no soldier, and yet helped to organize the army that stood before the trained troops of England and Germany.
This poor Boston boy, with scarcely a day’s schooling, became master of six languages and never stopped studying; this neglected apprentice tamed the lightning, made his name famous, received degrees and diplomas from colleges in both hemispheres, and became forever remembered as “Doctor Franklin”, philosopher, patriot, scientist, philanthropist and statesman.
Self-made, self-taught, self-reared, the candle maker’s son gave light to all the world; the street ballad seller set all men singing of liberty; the runaway apprentice became the most sought-after man of two continents, and brought his native land to praise and honor him.
He built America—for what our Republic is today is largely due to the prudence, the forethought, the statesmanship, the enterprise, the wisdom, and the ability of Benjamin Franklin.
He belongs to the world, but especially does he belong to America, as the nations honored him while living, so the Republic glorifies him when dead, and has enshrined him in the choicest of its niches—the one he regarded as the loftiest—the hearts of the common people, from whom he had sprung and in their hearts Franklin will live forever.


本贾明
富兰克林
名言：

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN QUOTES

Time is money.
时间就是金钱

Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

早睡早起,富裕、聪明、身体好

Laziness travels so slowly that poverty soon overtakes him.

懒惰走得太慢,很快就被贪穷追上。

God helps them that help themselves.

自助者才能得天助

Dost thou love life? Then do not squander time, for that's the stuff life is made of.

你爱自己的生命吗?那么就不要浪费时间,因为时间是构成生命的原料

Little strokes fell great oaks.

水滴石穿
铁杵磨成针

Honesty and diligence should be your eternal mates.
诚实与勤勉,应该成为你永久的伙伴

周九UID: 2769406

两天作业mark~

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今天没有找到合适的英文素材，就写一些自己的中文想法吧：
关于Issue99 "In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options."在生活的各个领域，不管是学术、社交、商业或政治，要想成功，只能靠实际而并非理想化的观点。注重成效的行为确保了生存，而理想化的观点倾向于被更简单、更直接的观点取代。

初看这篇文章，我感觉还真难下手，这是一个很广泛的话题，而且我很容易陷入到了自我矛盾之中。看上去在讨论Pragmatic & idealistic,但是我一时在这些领域中很难立刻发展起自己的观点，特别是idealistic views tend to be superseded by simpler, more immediate options这句话中，idealistic views是哪些views，more simpler, more immediate options又是什么？怎样取代呢？这里的immediate我认为可以翻译成立竿见影的，所以说感觉这里的pragmatic观点又有点投机的含义了。那么，我可以赞同前半段的主张，而后半段的内容则让我不予赞同。

这样，我就想这样写我的主体段：
生活工作中确实需要务实求是的精神，政治上只有事实求是才能赢得民众的信任；而空谈政治主张，不落实到实处，只能让民众认为你是一个liar。在学术上，脚踏实地，认真刻苦能让人们牢记知识，学有所用，循序渐进；而如果在研究课题上只停留在空想的阶段，那么人们就不能在新的领域有所进展，使科技、社会日新月异。同样在社交和商业上，合理的定位，认清自身的价值，无论对于人格的发展亦或是品牌的成长都是有所裨益的。
以上这些务实的特质都是人们形成已久的正确价值观，然而，现在，人们为了达到目的，似乎这些价值观有些变了味。人们急功近利，以求立竿见影的成效，以至于颠倒了正确的观念。正如题目的后半句所说的那样，他们认为理想化的观点往往都会被更简单更直接的观点取代。我不予苟同，我非常钟爱一家足球俱乐部，俱乐部以量入为出的运作方式，行云流水的配合吸引我。在这个投资疯狂，主张功利的年代，做到这些点实属不易。然而，虽然年年能去的稳定的好成绩和良好的财政收入，但是连续6年未能获得锦标，让人诟病。似乎一时大家都认为大肆的招兵买马，扩大知名度，可以以更简便快捷的方式获得认可，取得成功，主流媒体也乐于赞颂。相比之下，我喜爱的这只球队总是被嘲笑为理想世界中的苦行曾。当然，无论他再多少年无冠，我依然会支持下去，因为我觉得通过这种方式才能真正的体现一个事物的价值，现在的一些人过于浮躁，而颠倒了是非。我们还是应该遵循世上本质的规律，在这个当前second means none的时代，同样是为了成功，我们需要的是坚守而不是仅为了结果的投机。保持一个积极的信仰是必要的，它的力量是不容小觑的，也是构成了伟大的一个因素。
可见，求真务实对于社会的发展是一剂良药，但是成功并不是我们评判一个人的全部标准，所以说，人们一些理想观点总要被简单易行、立竿见影的观点所取代，为了生存选择投机这样的想法是难以被接受的。在物质、荣誉、金钱面前，我们的抉择往往能体现一个人的操守。这就像堂吉诃德的双重形象，天天臆想的骑士精神是要摒弃的，但是对正义、公平的向往，是不能丢弃的。
99 这样OK吧

周九UID: 2769406

3rd mark

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世界范围的金融危机 是不是也是人们不务实 渴求虚荣 享受的后果呢
看看务实的德国人的做法：
Cheap labor on the doorstep has also helped to hold down costs at home. The ease with which jobs can be shifted has given German employers extra power in pay negotiations. This goes a long way to explaining why real wages in Germany have remained essentially flat in the past decade while they have climbed in most other countries that use the euro. Employers and unions have also made agreements to establish flexible working hours: workers put in extra shifts at busy times and have time off when things are slack. “We had to learn to breathe with the cycle,” says Ralph Wiechers, the chief economist of the VDMA, an industry group.
German industry’s steely ability to hold down costs was also helped by the Hartz reforms, introduced when Gerhard Schroder, a Social Democrat, was chancellor between 1998 and 2005. Many in business credit the economy’s rebound to these reforms, which freed up labor markets and made work more attractive than life on unemployment benefits.
For workers, who conceded flexibility and agreed to wage restraint, the bargain has meant they have kept their jobs, even during the depths of the downturn when most German firms cut working hours instead of firing people. This was especially true in the Mittelstand. Engineering firms, which saw orders collapse by almost a quarter during the recession, cut employment by about 8%. About 10% of smaller firms had to reject orders because they could not get credit, says Mario Ohoven, president of the German Association of Small and Medium-sized Businesses. Only a small fraction of these shed workers.
The costs, and risks, of keeping people on the payroll were partly shouldered by the state. Nevertheless, they represented a belief that demand for German products would rebound quickly. It did, and firms were in a strong position to speed up production. Now that German unemployment is shrinking again—at 7.4%, seasonally adjusted, the rate is at its lowest since 1992—many firms are fretting about a shortage of skilled employees.
But costs are only part of the equation. Bain, a management-consulting firm, reckons that German companies have come out of the West’s economic crisis nimbler than ever. Many would have planned capital spending once a year, for instance. Now they do so every few months. “The latest recession went so deep that it finally unlocked some real change,” says Oliver Strahle, a partner at Bain.
As important has been the bloodhound-like ability of Germany’s firms to sniff out niches where competition is the least fierce. From the Mittelstand up, German firms have found a blend of engineering, technology and service that has allowed them to increase their share of world markets. They have done this by excelling in areas that demand constant, incremental innovation. The purchase price of a specialized machine may be less important than its reliability and the support and services that are sold with it.
The state has helped with research support as well as with the Hartz reforms, doling out cash in support of industries that it thinks are important areas of growth such as green energy, security or biotechnology. It supports an extensive research infrastructure that small and medium-sized firms can tap into when they need help, lowering the barriers to innovation. The Fraunhofer research centers’ spend about