关于 恒河猴子的一道argument 理不清思路 求指点几个方向

爱达刘UID: 3145522

A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

咖啡盐UID: 2973669

先说说你对这道题的看法呗，然后和版友们探讨探讨，别只贴个题目，等着别人给答案啊

爱达刘UID: 3145522

又看了下，列出四点
a\头胎猴子的hormone增加使其兄弟姐妹的灵活性增加有什么必然联系，即使有联系，这种联系是如何体现调查结果之birth order对个体的影响的。b\调查的是18个恒河猴子，后文关于人类hormone与birth order的关系看似没有客观依据形似推测不足以信服。C、第一句看似要阐述birth order 与hormone水平的关系但是后面阐述的事hormone与刺激的关系。D、最后一句说明母猴子生产次数与hormone的关系也与birth order无关 。各种推测与实验结果并不能推出文中最初给的birth order与hormone水平的必然联系

求补充！！！！！！

CurieUID: 3147449

A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an
individual's levels of stimulation.  
是结论：birth order对individual's levels of stimulation有影响。注意信号词是provides clues




evidence1:The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an
encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings.
证据1：18个猴子的试验，先出生的猴子在 stimulating situations (such as an
encounter with an unfamiliar monkey)环境下分泌两倍的皮质醇，这种醇使身体处于更活跃的状态。

evidence2:The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother
monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
证据2就不翻译了，显然作者认为firstborn猴子的醇来自第一次怀孕的母猴子。

evidence3: Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence).
证据3：firstborn human在刺激环境中也会有相对高的皮质醇分泌。




所以攻击结论是：Firstborn和个体的刺激程度没有必然关系。

0 皮质醇能够代表individual's levels of stimulation吗？ prime the body for increased activity level的因素未必只有一种。即使皮质醇能够代表individual's levels of stimulation，

1 study猴子数目太少，研究样本不够大，同时
firstborn infant monkey不能代表firstborn monkey；猴妈的皮质醇高未必传给新出生的小猴子；猴妈的皮质醇分泌增高原因是什么？

2 对人类来说其他因素解释firstborn human皮质醇增高的原因。比如对于younger siblings，因为有older brothers/sisters陪伴所以家长不在也没那么激动，而firstborn child对家长依赖很高。在其他刺激环境下，firstborn child的皮质醇分泌未必相对较高。


转自Miss Yogurt

爱达刘UID: 3145522

5# Curie 3q！

GRE也有春天UID: 3102427

5# Curie 求解这句话什么意思： “0 皮质醇能够代表individual's levels of stimulation吗？ ”


是说作者错误的将皮质醇的量当成受刺激程度的衡量标准吗？


除了样本小这个错误外，感觉其他的读起来还是没能太明白。


能用更简单的话解释解释吗？


谢谢！！！

love_GRE2011UID: 3159881

I do not think the stimulation of encountering a strange monkey is the same as the stimulation of missing parents for a while, as the former could be very likely related to mating while the latter to emotion.

love_GRE2011UID: 3159881

4# 爱达刘

恒河猴只不过是猴子的一种，不能代表所有猴子；另外猴子的结果未必可以被延伸到所有的物种，题目的研究结果不一定具有普遍生物规律。

zyt3312515UID: 2938982

我想了几点，说一下吧
1、首先人和猴子不能等同，猴子的例子并不能说明人的例子。
2、这里没有显示出生先后的顺序与各年龄段的个体受刺激的差异。头胎生的婴儿时期和成年时期的受刺激影响是否一样？
3、最后一个例子好像跟得出的观点没有太大关系，这里说的是第一次生育的母猴，而不是第一个出生的猴子。
4、cortisol 跟刺激的关系，受到刺激cortisol 量会升高，但是cortisol 量升高并不一定代表受到了刺激。假如猴子或人生病了，cortisol 会不会升高？假如人或猴子怀孕了，cortisol 量会不会升高？

jingbeiUID: 3269808

9# love_GRE2011 但是argument结论的individual 应该就是指人而不是所有生物个体吧，否则单单就把monkey和humane做例子也过于无力了吧　应当是更像类比两个物种

jellysculptureUID: 3456414

我是把individual理解成“人”的。所以基本的攻击点就是人和猴子的类比性。

1.first-born child 未必和头胎猴的反应一样（即使两者都是有higher level of cortisol)；
2.最后一句中第一次生孩子的猴妈妈有更高的cortisol，不代表人也这样。而且，她有更高的cortisol不代表first-born child 也会有更高的cortisol.
3.样本大小（18个）和种类（rhesus)的代表性问题。并且higher level of cortisol不必然是影响他们behave in stimulating situations中的唯一因素（或者根本不是影响因素）

然后三点里面再各自加上其他可能性（题目要提供其他解释嘛）