TPO16第一篇阅读，谁能给我讲讲？

jeffrey0321UID: 3149062

这篇阅读讲的大概是个什么意思？还有几个题目很不解
Paragraph 2 Reliance on trade had several important consequences.
Production was generally in the hands of skilled individual artisans doing piecework under the tutelage of a master who was also the shop owner.
In these shops differences of rank were blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often had assumed (or real) kinship relationships.
The worker was bound to the master by a mutual contract that either one could repudiate, and the relationship was conceptualized as one of partnership.

3. According to paragraph 2, how did Middle Eastern shop owners treat their workers?
A.
Workers were ranked according to their skill level, with the most-experienced Artisans becoming partial owners of the shop
B.
Shop owners treated different workers differently depending on how much the workers had in common with their masters.
C.
Workers were bound to their masters by unbreakable contracts that strictly defined the terms of their partnership.
D.
The shop owner worked alongside the workers and often considered them partners and members of the family.



This mode of craft production favored the growth of self-governing and ideologically egalitarian craft guilds everywhere in the Middle Eastern city. These were essentially professional associations that provided for the mutual aid and protection of their members, and allowed for the maintenance of professional standards. The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading; the government left working people to govern themselves, much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders. In the multiplicity of small-scale local egalitarian or quasi-egalitarian organizations for fellowship, worship, and production that flourished in this laissez-faire environment, individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality, following their own popularly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing distinctions of wealth and power.
4. 4.The author includes the information that“surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading”in order to
A.
Support the claim that the mode of production made possible by the craft guilds was very good for trade
B.
Contrast the economic base of the city government with that of the tribal confederacies
C.
Provide a reason why the government allowed the guilds to be self-controlled
D.
Suggest that the government was missing out on a valuable opportunity to tax the guilds

3选d，4选c   不明白啊
平时做阅读一般19分钟就做完了这篇20分钟根本不够还错好多，是不是难度增加了啊？

jeffrey0321UID: 3149062

不好意思还有第十题
Paragraph 4 The mercantile economy was also characterized by a peculiar moral stance that is typical of people who live by trade—an attitude that is individualistic, calculating, risk taking, and adaptive to circumstances. As among tribespeople, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character have always been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one's word is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together an international trade network. Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic professions of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of one's fellows, and entrepreneurial skill make all the difference. And, like the pastoralists, Middle Eastern merchants and artisans unhappy with their environment could simply pack up and leave for greener pastures—an act of self-assertion wholly impossible in most other civilizations throughout history.
10. According to paragraph 4,what choice did Middle Eastern merchants and artisans have that many other people have not had?
A.        If they were unhappy in the mercantile environment , they could draw on personal connections to find a different kind of work.
B.        They were allowed to assert their opinions without having to listen to aristocratic professions of moral superiority.
C.        Following the example of the pastoralists ,they could demand, and receive, better working conditions
D.        If they didn’t like environment, they could move somewhere else.

jeffrey0321UID: 3149062

不好意思还有第十题
Paragraph 4 The mercantile economy was also characterized by a peculiar moral stance that is typical of people who live by trade—an attitude that is individualistic, calculating, risk taking, and adaptive to circumstances. As among tribespeople, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character have always been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one's word is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together an international trade network. Nor have merchants and artisans ever had much tolerance for aristocratic professions of moral superiority, favoring instead an egalitarian ethic of the open market, where steady hard work, the loyalty of one's fellows, and entrepreneurial skill make all the difference. And, like the pastoralists, Middle Eastern merchants and artisans unhappy with their environment could simply pack up and leave for greener pastures—an act of self-assertion wholly impossible in most other civilizations throughout history.
10. According to paragraph 4,what choice did Middle Eastern merchants and artisans have that many other people have not had?
A.        If they were unhappy in the mercantile environment , they could draw on personal connections to find a different kind of work.
B.        They were allowed to assert their opinions without having to listen to aristocratic professions of moral superiority.
C.        Following the example of the pastoralists ,they could demand, and receive, better working conditions
D.        If they didn’t like environment, they could move somewhere else.

咖啡盐UID: 2973669

第三题：In these shops differences of rank were blurred as artisans and masters labored side by side in the same modest establishment, were usually members of the same guild and religious sect, lived in the same neighborhoods, and often had assumed (or real) kinship relationships.

第四题：The growth of independent guilds was furthered by the fact that surplus was not a result of domestic craft production but resulted primarily from international trading; the government left working people to govern themselves, much as shepherds of tribal confederacies were left alone by their leaders.

咖啡盐UID: 2973669

第十题：And, like the pastoralists, Middle Eastern merchants and artisans unhappy with their environment could simply pack up and leave for greener pastures—an act of self-assertion wholly impossible in most other civilizations throughout history.

jeffrey0321UID: 3149062

5# 咖啡盐
亲爱的你是怎么一眼就看出来的啊，这篇我都快做崩溃了。。。。

咖啡盐UID: 2973669

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