issue95 高频考题，竞争与合作的关系。欢迎排砖。

happyman2000UID: 136936

Issue 95 "People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."

I fundamentally agree with the speaker on the argument that people work more productively in teams than as individuals. But this productiveness or effectiveness primarily originates from labor division and specialization in teams rather than from the motivating effect of cooperation on people as the speaker argues

The speaker completely ignores such a basic fact that it is not the advantage of teamwork or cooperation to motivate people; instead, due to the problem of moral hazards or free riding, cooperation always witness its deterioration in efficiency rather than the incentive function mentioned above by the speaker. The most prominent problem of cooperation is that individual’s performance and contribution to the teams are very difficult to be measured accurately. As a result, some one may has the motivation to work less hard in order to enjoy some otherwise benefits; on the other hand, those who contribute most can not be paid most and thus they also will lose motivation to work hard. This phenomenon is called free riding or moral hazards in economics, that is to say that the incapability of observing individuals’ actual performance in teams leads to free riding or moral hazards, which is the real reason for why so much cooperation or teamwork ends an exhaustive failure in reality. Obviously, cooperation can never motivate people much more than competition does, and therefore one must seek for another possible explanation for the effectiveness of cooperation.

Several hundred years ago, Adam Smith, the founder of modern economics, profoundly pointed out that labor division and specialization could enhance the efficiency in production. To illustrate his thoughts, he took the manufacture of needle for example. Under the circumstance without labor division, all the processes in producing needles—including purchasing iron, forging iron into iron bar, honing iron bar into needle, and boring needle—must be completed by only one person. Obviously, the efficiency is very low because it is not easy for any individual to be proficient at all these processes. However, when labor division and specialization is introduced, a person takes charge of only one process and thus can attain a high proficiency in a short time. As a result, four persons working in teams can produce much more needles than they work respectively. The increase in production originates from labor division and specialization. In some sense, the modern society is working in this manner. It is just because of labor division and specialization that our human being can advance with a unimaginable speed: not only more products can be manufactured with higher efficiency, but also knowledge is rapidly accumulated for that specialization makes it possible to focus on some certain areas and thus attain a deepening appreciation about these areas.

To sum up, the speaker mistakenly understands the resource of efficiency in cooperation or teamwork. The efficiency of cooperation primarily comes from labor division and specialization, for over from the incentive effect of cooperation. In the nature, it is the advantage of individual competition rather than of cooperation that can motivate people to do their utmost. (506 words)

木耳UID: 123036

观点很新颖，不过第一段只从moral hazards 讲感觉缺乏论证力度，再多举出些负面效应就好了。

imongUID: 140258

I fundamentally agree with the speaker on the argument that people work more productively in teams than as individuals. But this productiveness or effectiveness primarily originates from labor division and specialization in teams rather than from the motivating effect of cooperation on people as the speaker argues

The speaker completely ignores such a basic fact that it is not the advantage of teamwork or cooperation to motivate people; instead, due to the problem of moral hazards or free riding, cooperation always witness its deterioration in efficiency rather than the incentive function mentioned above by the speaker. The most prominent（notorious，褒贬感觉） problem of cooperation is that individual’s performance and contribution to the teams are very difficult to be measured accurately. As a result, some one may has the motivation to work less hard (hard改成什么industrious或者ingen什么ous的一个词，当然hard没有错)in order to enjoy some otherwise（？） benefits; on the other hand, those who contribute most can not be paid most（cannot be最好加上usually之类的） and thus they also will lose motivation to work hard. This phenomenon is called free riding or moral hazards in economics, that is to say that the incapability of observing individuals’ actual performance in teams leads to free riding or moral hazards, which is the real reason for why so much cooperation or teamwork ends （end是这样用的吗？我不知道）an exhaustive failure in reality. Obviously, cooperation can never motivate people much more than competition does, and therefore one must seek for another possible explanation for the effectiveness of cooperation.

Several hundred years ago, Adam Smith, the founder of modern economics, profoundly pointed out that labor division and specialization could enhance the efficiency in production. To illustrate his thoughts, he took the manufacture of needle for example. Under the circumstance without labor division, all the processes in producing needles—including purchasing iron, forging iron into iron bar, honing iron bar into needle, and boring needle—must be completed by only one person. Obviously, the efficiency is very low because it is not easy for any individual to be proficient at all these processes. However, when labor division and specialization is introduced, a person takes charge of only one process and thus can attain a high proficiency in a short time. As a result, four persons working in teams can produce much more needles than they work respectively（respective好像这里不合适，individually?）. (Hence it is clear that) The increase in production originates from labor division and specialization. In some sense, the modern society is working in this manner. It is just because of labor division and specialization that our human being can advance with a unimaginable speed: not only more products can be manufactured with higher efficiency, but also knowledge is rapidly accumulated for that specialization makes it possible to focus on some certain areas and thus attain a deepening appreciation about these areas. (后几句话可以润色一下，比如说without…之类的，语气上的感觉没有到最好)

To sum up, the speaker mistakenly understands the resource of efficiency in cooperation or teamwork. The efficiency of cooperation primarily comes from labor division and specialization, for over from the incentive effect of cooperation. In the nature, it is the advantage of individual competition rather than of cooperation that can motivate people to do their utmost. (506 words)
Very good! 观点非常新颖！好！
充分说完了一边就行了，自圆其说，攻其一点，其他不管
好！

happyman2000UID: 136936

多谢各位的评改！

song123456UID: 133578

In the nature, it is the advantage of individual competition rather than of cooperation that can motivate people to do their utmost.
好象有问题，前面你没有论证individual competition ，而是论证labor division and specialization

jfly2000UID: 42379

文笔很好，问题是感觉说的是teamwork的问题，主要是其来源问题。而题目的重心是不是应该放在which one better motivate people ,teamwork or competition? 应该对照着讲罢，应该讲如何有效，为什么？

happyman2000UID: 136936

这个题目我是这么理解的，因为合作比竞争更能激励人，所以才有效率。所以我的重点放在解释合作的效率的来源。

两位dx提出来的问题，主要是我没有论述competition的作用。我再考虑考虑，多谢！

feier521UID: 109747

问zhuzhu？
free riding 和moral hazard 的中文意思是什么？又把题目和你的专业联系起来了。呵呵
写的很好，思路新颖。
没有论述competition，确实是个问题。

happyman2000UID: 136936

最初由 feier521 发布
[B]问zhuzhu？
free riding 和moral hazard 的中文意思是什么？又把题目和你的专业联系起来了。呵呵
写的很好，思路新颖。
没有论述competition，确实是个问题。 [/B]

搭便车和道德风险的意思。

feier521UID: 109747

thanks zhuzhu :)

genie05UID: 30358

很有新意，我觉得够了！没有必要全不是吗！
free driving &moral hazard,---wonderful

木耳UID: 123036

又把题目和你的专业联系起来了

敢问happypig是什么专业？

feier521UID: 109747

好像zhuzhu是学什么鸟经济方面的，呵呵

木耳UID: 123036

我的major是CS，嘿嘿。

imongUID: 140258

木耳major in Counter Strike?
不会吧~