求助gre36套第二套里的两道题

樱桃陈丸子UID: 3304102

The evolution of intelligence among early large
mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to
the interaction between two ecologically synchronized
groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the
herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting
from  the differences between predator and prey led to a
general improvement in brain functions; however, certain
components of intelligence were improved far more than
others.
  The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of
increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener
escapers is defined by  attention—that aspect of mind
carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the
next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to
a highly focused, active fixation.  The range through these
states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of
tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating
centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the
more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased.
The organism is more awake, more  vigilant; this
increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever
more subtle signals as the organism becomes more
sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and
concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at
first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem;
then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins
concentration, the holding of consistent images. One
meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images
and other alertly searched information are used in the
context of previous experience. Consciousness links past
attention to the present and permits the integration of
details with perceived ends and purposes.
The elements of intelligence and consciousness come
together marvelously to produce different styles in
predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop
different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing.
Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the
production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the
adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear,
whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.
For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead.
Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it,
but the animal does experience something like it. The
predator is searchingly aggressive, inner-directed, tuned
by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but
aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say,
a hungry lizard‘ s instinctive snap at a passing beetle.
Using past events as a framework, the large mammal
predator is working out a relationship between
50  movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold
trails and distant sounds—and yesterday‘ s unforgotten
lessons. The herbivore prey is of a different  mind. Its
mood of wariness rather than searching  and its attitude
of general expectancy instead of anticipating are
55  silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine
system.
9. The author provides information that would
answer which of the following questions?
□ A   Why is an aroused herbivore usually fearful?
□ B   What are some of the degrees of attention in large
mammals?
□ C   What occurs when the stimulus that causes arousal of
a mammal is removed?
10. According to the passage, as the process of
arousal in an organism continues, all of the
following may occur EXCEPT
(A) the production of adrenaline
(B) the production of norepinephrine
(C) a heightening of sensitivity to stimuli
(D) an increase in selectivity with respect to stimuli
(E) an expansion of the range of states mediated
by the brain stem
第九题的A选项对应文中的那句话呢（我看陈虎平笔记给的是Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in
herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily
aggression.这句是说在两种动物都产生那两种激素还是分别产生啊？）？第十题的D选项为什么是对的呢？