传说中的一道难题，来自36套E22（已有自我反思内容）

terrylazioUID: 3034443

The transplantation of organs from one individual to another normally involves two major problems: (1) organ rejection is likely unless the transplantation antigens of both individuals are nearly identical, and (2) the introduction of any unmatched transplantation antigens induces the development by the recipient of donor-specific lymphocytes that will produce violent rejection of further transplantations from that donor. However, we have found that, among many strains of rats, liver transplants are never rejected, and that they even induce a state of donor-specific unresponsiveness. Our hypothesis is that (1) many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response (using lymphocytes) to outstrip the liver‘s relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage and that (2) the systemic unresponsiveness observed is due to concentration of the recipient‘s donor-specific lymphocytes at the site of the liver transplant.

Which of the following new findings about strains of rats that do not normally reject liver transplants, if true, would support the authors‘ hypothesis?

I. Stomach transplants are accepted by the
recipients in all cases.

II. Increasing the strength of the recipient‘s
immune-response reaction can induce
liver-transplant rejection.

III. Organs from any other donor can be transplanted
without rejection after liver transplantation.

IV. Preventing lymphocytes from being concentrated
at the liver transplant produces acceptance of skin transplants.

(A) II only
(B) I and III only
(C) II and IV only (D) I, II, and III only (E) I, III, and IV only

我把我自己理解以及综合网上其他人的正确思路整理如下：

1. 为什么II是对的：作者关于小白鼠的两条假说，第一条：many strains of rats simply cannot mount a sufficiently vigorous destructive immune-response (using lymphocytes) to outstrip the liver‘s relatively great capacity to protect itself from immune-response damage.

就是说小白鼠之所以不能排斥liver的移植是因为产生的免疫反应不够强烈，那么要支持作者的假说，一个有效的方法就是讲相反情况是对的。即有足够的免疫反应之后就导致了排斥。

2. 为什么IV是错的：IV对应的是第二条假说：Preventing lymphocytes from being concentrated at the liver transplant produces acceptance of skin（这个选项直接反驳了原文的假说。原文的假说是concentration导致systemic unresponsiveness。如果说preventing导致systemic unresponsiveness那就是反驳了。）

我的问题是：

这道题是逻辑题，I和III之所以被排除是因为和argument core（论证核心）无关吗？

Leon-WangUID: 2772364

I.Stomach如果都没有排异反应，那么肝脏移植没有排异反应不就不特殊了，这个和文章相反。
III. 移植完的肝脏和本身的肝脏没什么区别，所以其他器官移植后还是会出现排异反应。
所以应该都推不出这两个effect或者result。

terrylazioUID: 3034443

Leon-Wang 发表于 2013-9-13 19:21
I.Stomach如果都没有排异反应，那么肝脏移植没有排异反应不就不特殊了，这个和文章相反。
III. 移植完的肝 ...

但是这两个都不属于argument core啊。。。

Leon-WangUID: 2772364

terrylazio 发表于 2013-9-14 20:13
但是这两个都不属于argument core啊。。。

不能说无关吧，这种属于strengthen的题目。文章给出的是假设，题干给的是现象，关键看这个现象能否支持假设。