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发表于 2004-2-14 23:17:57
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2004爱让我舍得为你放弃(GRE作文全攻略)
2004爱让我舍得为你放弃(GRE作文全攻略)
(引子——silentwings的情人节礼物)
在你决定是否要花上宝贵的几个小时的时间来读这篇文章的时候，你完全可以参考以下5个问题来进行自我对照，然后自己决定：
1、 写作文写来写去总是觉得无话可说，感觉就是在凑字数，GRE作文到底写多少字才算行？
2、 写来写去总是那几种套路，看得自己也厌倦了，而且词汇贫乏，用来用去只是写浅显初级词，GRE词汇记不起，也不会活用。
3、 作文时常常发现论据论证不足，而且常常发现脱离了现成提纲就写不下去，有时还有跑题倾向。
4、 不会写复杂的长句，不知道牛人的复杂精巧的句子结构如何捏成的。
5、 时间紧张，规定考试时间下各方面都较平时练习时相差甚远，如何解决？
本文旨在以上5个主要方面阐述GRE作文的入门修炼和进阶提高思路，不是系统介绍GRE作文方方面面的攻略，也不是如何教你写出“满分”的作文，若你有耐性看完的话，相信你自己就能领悟达到高分作文的途径。本文之谈均系作者个人及其余诸位“顶尖实力”战友的经验总结，仅供参考，勿将本文用于商业用途，转载请注明寄托天下出处，并保持主题及文章内容完整，严禁私自删改，尊重著作权。谢谢大家！
附录：GRE作文参考书大评判
注：下面我对现在市面上普遍的几种作文书作个人分析打分，供广大G友参考选购。
1、 GRE写作（正式版）——孙远，世界知识出版
评注：“千呼万唤始出来”的书，居然最后不过如此，让人大失所望，不但把第一版中经典的“写作工具箱”给砍了，更是将原先颇具成效的“写作基础练习”变为补写什么开头，结尾之类不切实际的东西，使得该书的宗旨“让学子梦想成真”配上45元不斐的价格足以让孙远名誉扫地。唯一可看的亮点还是占到半本书的“孙氏提纲大全”。
推荐程度：★★★
2、 GRE写作宝典（第一版）——孙远，新东方内部资料
评注：第一版尽管粗糙，但是素材全，练习好，而且今天的很多重考题都在该书范围内，尤其是占全书1/3之多的“写作工具箱”是准备写作的一项利器。
推荐程度：★★★★
3、 猴哥满分作文（猴哥作文书）——猴哥，气象出版社
评注：可以说，新东方正式出版的《GRE写作》代表着猴哥时代的瓦解，相近的价格，更杰出全面的品质，让很多考生改去购买东方的书，毕竟可信度高，事实证明也是如此。该书中错误之多，无有出其右，猴哥的作品显然功利心强，根本没有仔细校对，就将网上Scortio的人的范文拿来出版，连起码的字词句错误都置若罔闻，完全不对广大G友负责，更提出之什么“阅读备考法”，让G友去背诵上面的范文，从而以讹传讹，罪过不浅。很多题还残缺提纲，实在是本半成的“次品”。但不可否认，早期资料贫乏之时，它给了考生一些参考，功不可没。
推荐程度：★★★
4、GRE作文（射雕英雄全记录）——管卫东，孙聿峒，中国宇航出版社
评注：同前面的猴哥作文一样，一本看见该书的出版社就能让你“浮想联翩”的书，只是这本书“牛皮”吹得还大，什么“40天搞定GRE作文”，什么“万能模板”，看过之后，你绝对可以相信“管卫东”这个单词早晚可以像“比尔克林顿”那样将自己名字永远作为“谎言欺骗”的代名词。这本书相比较前面的书，除了题库翻译成中文之外，我实在找不出有什么可以为它打分再打得高一点的地方。
推荐程度：★
5、GRE模板作文法——思马得，天津大学出版
评注：作为颇受好评的“思马得”模板作文丛书的又一力作，显然倍受期待，然而这次对于气势汹汹的GRE作文，思马得的算盘打错了地方。如果说4，6级卷可以解考生的燃眉之急的话，TOEFL可以保证及格分的话，这本书可就连合格都无法保证了。呆板的模式，干瘪的辞藻，残缺的题库，让人真是替他难过，同样在上海，比新东方资格还老，但是今天的作品比之于现在的颓势，真应了那句老话——“从来毁誉不由人”。
推荐程度：★
6、GRE作文应试教程——钟良明，湖南人民出版社
评注：最中国化的一本书，最反对模式化的书，最讲究写作素质和实力的书，这三点足以让本书成为一本名副其实的成功之作。然而，可惜的是，作者毕竟只是一位初谙GRE写作的教师，对于范文本身的写作上存在许多严重问题，诸如举特别中国化的例子来示范：文化大革命等，以及公然写支持ARGUMENT观点的范文，完全不顾大量的逻辑漏洞，把黑说成白，有点强词夺理。不可否认的是，其中大部分范文篇幅短小，形式多样，词汇更控制在大学4——6级甚至中学词汇范围内而表现出惊人的魅力，堪称当代一绝！
推荐程度：★★★★
另外我还听说新东方傅顺贤还出了本《GRE写作指导》，由世界知识出版，价钱也是45元，由于到今天我还没看见样本，所以不做评价，留待日后再议。
注：以上纯属个人观点，仅供参考！
———silentwings
2004年2月10日于丹徒
（序曲——Violet迟到的爱情）
一直以来都认为曾经位列中国TOP10前5位的名牌“枪手”Violet是个浑身散发紫罗兰清香的长发女孩，正如我的师傅chimera一样超尘脱俗，让人简直不敢相信这样一个可人的女孩居然是……，但是沉寂了3年后居然让我在上海邂逅。另我吃惊的不仅仅原来“她”原来是个男的，而且其貌不扬，甚至看上去比我（自认为是“甲级残废”）还要“那个”，更另我吃惊的是他会在他“深恶痛绝”的华东出现，而且居然成为了在闵行外企的白领——负责卫生清洁的白领。我愣了，我只是认为普天之下没有比我更会折磨自己的人，想不到他也算上了，这种“前辈”式的人物。与我异曲同工，自从感情波折后，我就把自己献给了钟爱的“拖拉机”专业，整天出入工厂，教室，图书馆，梦想设计建造一台举世无双的“拖拉机”，连型号我都自定义好了——ST120，ST代表SUPER TRACTOR。已不知多少次熟睡中被教室物业管理人员抛出窗户，此刻的他也是有几次差点在高空作业时昏倒。这样，老板怕他有个三长两短，就将他派往内勤。当晚，尽管是初次见面，但很快我们都投机的聊上了，他热情地请我到他家吃饭。没想到的是，喝了点可乐后，他主动跟我说他来上海的原因——为了参加生命中最后的一场GRE考试。我吓了一跳，以为他患了什么“不治之症”，忙劝他想开点。不料他竟然说是因为跟chimera一起要今年退休了，所以才破戒来上海跟她在退休前较量一把，但是结果一个女孩的出现改变了他的全盘计划。
“我看见她的时候，我简直呆住了，我反复问自己，“Is she an angel? ”我从不相信我一见钟情，但我有种预感我爱她已经很多年了，我一直在找，终于从西北找到了华东，找遍了大半个中国找到了她。当时她正在人才市场内的桌旁为她们公司招聘业务员，我情不自禁地上前报名，与她攀谈。结果我被录取，因为我要求低，而且学历一般（西北某不知名大学毕业，本科），有两年以上工作经历（其实是以前做“枪手”的掩饰），还有“基本不会英语”，这样不至于要价高，而且被担心因工作突出挤掉上司的“金饭碗”，现在老板就爱这种吃饭少干活卖力的“牲口”。后来，我找准机会表现自己，上升到负责清洁总务，经常出入她的办公室，在闲暇时与她交谈聊天。我尽量不露出马脚，但是渐渐她发现我的气质有些与常人不同，好像学问很深，于是她经常鼓励我应该出做一番大事业。有一天，她让我去新东方学英语去。我肚子里好笑，老子英语不能算牛，菜你们应该没问题吧！但是表面上严肃的像块“铁板烧”，推脱没时间，工作紧，而且价钱不斐。最后，她说了一句让我差点有股冲上去抱住她亲她一口的冲动——“我来帮你补习吧！”
就这样，她每晚都到我家（我租赁的房子，chimera男朋友的，价格全中国最低）来帮我补课，周末她还让我去她家看原版碟学外语，但是相信我哦，我们什么都没有，只是朋友哦……“是的，我相信”我微笑Violet的天真，想不到他原来感情是这么脆弱，跟我一样，只停滞在孩子阶段。后来，终于有一次周末，她忽然问我，有没有过女朋友过，我支吾说“没有”，后来我们都没有说话。临走时，她只把我送到门口，就停住了，好像有话说，但终于没有说。我不知道她的用意是什么，回去时只想假如她来替ETS出卷，那么我是没活路的。第二天，她告诉我说她要出差一周，不去补课了，让我好好想想今后该如何学下去。一周中，我隐约知道了些什么。她一回来，我就请她到我家来吃饭，那天我已经鼓足勇气向她表白，可是我……
“你无法忘记你初恋女友的影像和话语？”
是的，我的耳边一直在响她歇斯底里的哭叫：“我要的是一个爱我疼我的男人，不是一个只懂得考GRE、LSAT的机器！”我当时真的很乱，完全听不见她对我说话，我怕有一天她突然发现我一直在骗她，我根本是个帮人“作弊”的败类，一个外语考试的杀手，她会怎么看我？临走时，我和她都站在了门外半个小时，她知道我要说给她听，她在以她的耐心等着。最后她终于等不了，撒开我的手，走了……
“你说她，……她走了！你……亏你还算是一代宗师！”
当她的背影消失的一刹那我终于忽然明白我苦苦寻找的是什么，什么才是我的真爱。没有立刻犹豫，我立刻把记下的准考号扔入了垃圾筒，然后门也来不及锁，就穿了拖鞋忘我的跑了3站路才在第四站上截住她，她看到我连忙下车。我抱住她，大声在空旷的“站台”上对她说：“亲爱的，你知道吗，我爱你！我寻找了整整上半生都在找你。我想和你一起分享全新的生活，因你快乐而快乐，因你哀伤而哀伤。我的爱人，你知道吗，爱让我舍得为你放弃………”
“真替你高兴，你终于可以摆脱GRE了，但可惜的是你的独树一帜的‘五步一杀’的作文绝学和应试秘籍从此要成为绝响了。你其实可以写本书啊！”
“绝响的又岂止我一人？何况我背负了这个重担已经太累了，我想“绝响”是再好不过了。毕竟比我出色的高手有的是，他们靠这都出名致富了，我不行，我能告诉别人什么呢？我考过N次GRE，可是这么多的高分一个都不属于自己，出版界会认为我只是疯子而已。“
“有道理！我估计马上您‘女朋友’又要来补课了，我该走了！我真诚地祝福你们！”
“谢谢！我不留你了！你想不想知道那晚她对我说了什么？”
“她……？说了什么？”
“爱我必须把英语学好哦！”
（我晕!@#$%^&*…………）
离开Violet家的时候，刚好在楼外与一长发女子擦肩而过，直觉告诉我她就是他的爱人，因为她身上有股紫罗兰的香味。真的太羡慕他，终于找到了自己迟到的爱情，希望他一路走好。也许有一天，我一直梦想的，能够开上我自己设计的ST——120满世界去环游寻找我自己心中的爱人，那时一定比什么“宝马”，“劳斯来斯”还酷，还要浪漫，当清秀明眸，青丝飘洒的女孩羞涩的上前问我：
“亲爱的，这是什么？”
“超级拖拉机120，世界领先！”（^-^）
“你怎么会来这里？”
“亲爱的，你知道吗，我爱你！我寻找了整整上半生都在找你。我想和你一起分享全新的生活，因你快乐而快乐，因你哀伤而哀伤。我的爱人，你知道吗，爱让我舍得为你放弃………”
…………
(2004华东最后的战役)
一、 GRE作文整体认识（基础）
GRE作文全称叫Analytical Writing Assessment, 我们通常称之为“逻辑写作”，那么首先我们从这里端正一下我们对其的认识，重心把在“逻辑”（Analytical）之上，即这两篇作文的性质是以“逻辑思想”为中心的，换句话说，也就是“思想第一性”！尽管GRE作文对语言方面的要求远远高于其他同类考试，如TOEFL，但是不可否认的是，语言并不能主要影响你的得分，思想才是关键。我见过很多考生，语言能力通过反复练习，借鉴和背诵，达到了相当高的水平，但是写出来的东西是“成人思想婴儿化”的东西，肤浅无深度，最后连qualify的级别都达不到，就是一开始重心把偏的缘故。好，意识到了这点，我们开始具体分析如何操练GRE作文。在以下的分析中，我将重点剖析大家普遍较难掌握的ISSUE类作文大讲特讲，而对ARGUMENT只是在几个关键的须纠正常识错误的地方带一下即可。Are you ready? Let’s go!!!
二、 GRE作文的要求（根本）
无论是ISSUE还是ARGUMENT在评分标准上都有共同之处，考察之后，不难发现，都要求：第一，观点有深度，例证有说服力；第二，组织有条理；第三，表达清晰准确；第四，语言流利，句式复杂，词汇丰富；第五，语言地道标准；第六，少有轻微错误。可以说，这六条标准就是6个评分段，大家平时在练习时，可以参照这六条给自己大分，同时我们可以看到，关于语言要求的内容都在“末三条”，可见其地位较“思想逻辑及条理性”可退居其次，从而印证了上述结论。第一条说的是“思想性”，第二条说的是“结构性”，第三条说的是“表达性”，从这里入手，我们就分别采取“各个击破”的方法解剖GRE作文的本质。
三、 GRE作文的思想性（第一性）
原则一：准确审题，全面回应
很多考生往往对关乎自己作文命运最关键的部分却不屑一顾，结果往往“下笔数百字，离题十万里”。时间对于考生来说的的确确是个不可不考虑的重要环节，但是审题是一种好的“习惯”，是对应试者最基本素质的考验，马虎不得。后面我们会提到如何作文，就是如何“借题发挥”，如何“点到为止”，不经过这道工序，是不可能“功成身退”的。之所以如此关注强调这点，一方面是因为一旦“跑题”（主要是在ISSUE中），将接受ETS最severe的惩罚，被叛“0”分，同时也是因为这种现象很普遍，比如下面一篇来自网上的ISSUE作文就出现了这种“症状”。
注：病历文章来自猴哥满分网，范文主要就所讨论之处作出示范，并非一定是什么“高分作文”，主要是silentwings的文章，所选话题均来自近半年来笔者等人在华东区考场实战真题。
29."Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."
（病历文）
Everyone has the right to keep his/her privacy, including the public figures. People have the nature to learn others' privacy, especially those of the celebrities for various reasons, such as reverance and curiousness, but it doesn't follow that they are entitled to pry others' private life, and it is really unfair to say that any public figure choose to expose his/her privacy by himself/herself as long as he/she seek a public role.
In the current days, it is a widely spread atmosphere that people take a strong interest in talking about the private life of celebrities, they even rival each other in the fact that who knows more about a common interested celebrity. To cater such a taste, more and more mass media try their best to collect each aspect of a public figure's private life with an interest even exceeding that of making known their work. When we read a entertainment paper or magazine, we are certain to find that most of the content are the private life of singers and stars, such as someone got a divorce with his/her ex-girlfried/ex-boyfriend and is now keeping contract with someone else, etc.
All that exists is not valid, we couldn't say that it is in reason to spy into others' privacy just because most people prefer to do so, and we should not just accept a unfair fact without exert any effort to change the circumstance. To put your own feet in the shoes of the public figures, do you feel comfortable to be watched everywhere you go, and find a lot of affair news about you in the media especially when most of the news are made out by the pressmen? If your answer to this question is no, you should agree that we are obliged to do something to change the current situation about the private lift of public figures. Special laws should be enacted to discipline the prying into privacy of the mass media, sound should be heared arguing again people's interest in celebrities' private life.
Only when the public figures are librated from the harassment of worrying about their privacy’s protection, we can expect a better service from them, and in that case, more capable people will be attract to pursue a public role. Suppose that if a singer is followed everywhere he/she goes, how can he/she lead a normal life as common people, how can he/she gets a relaxation? He/she must be cautious when he/she every words, he/she can't expect a casual and relaxing atmosphere as every common people can enjoy. It is difficult for him/her to concentrate all their energy in working, as a consequence, we would lose some more brilliant performance we can expect otherwise.
In summary, we should call on the public to cease to spy into the celebrities' privacy and pay more attention to their public life, only in that way can the public figure enjoy their life better and can we expect a better service from them. （496 words）
评析：这篇文章的主要失误来自作者未能仔细审题便下笔一蹴而就，题目所讨论的对象明明是Public Figures,从头到尾讨论的主体居然成了Public，说他们如何如何关注明星隐私，说他们如何如何设身处地地为明星们着想，最后总结说是公众应还明星们于自由之躯，把一上来合理的“否定回应”抛之脑后，从而导致文章“答非所问”。考虑到文章一上来合理回应，以及不错的语言表达，仅有几处不起眼的拼写错误，应判为“2分”（有严重错误类文章）。
在出示范文之前，我们就此题谈谈“审题”和“回应”这两个基本问题。
（1） 审题的原则：“字斟句酌，明确对象”，我们读题就是要弄懂题目要让我们干什么，然后才能相应知道该怎么干。GRE作文都是议论文，写议论文就好比“打仗”，知己知彼方能百战不殆。这个题目不难读懂，先翻译如下：
“公众人物，例如演员、政治家和运动员等应该预料到人们对他们私生活的关注。当他们决定成为公众角色时，他们应该料到自己的一些隐私将被供之于众。”
显然，经过审题，我们发现题目探讨的是公众人物“是否应该”预料到自己隐私的暴光。话题将讨论设定在这个范围内，同时给出了一个参考的见解，“他们当然应该知道”，并给出理由，“他们自己决定成为公众人物”。整个话题是个“should”类型的ISSUE（详细分类见后文），前后句呈”因果关系“（执果索因）。这才是完整的审题，才是完整正确把握文章的第一步。
（2）回应的原则：“攻其一点，兼顾其余”。也就是说，回应要找准重点，其余部分只须略微带过，作到“回应重点突出而全面”，这点在ISSUE和“ARGUMENT”中都是普遍适用的大前提原则，也是“高分作文”的要领之一。这里我们已经知道作这篇文章要从“公众人物”自身出发，以他们的角度来看待自己隐私是否该暴光的问题，这样我们就找到中心回应点是“should expect”,对象是“public figures”, 而例证可以充分利用话题的友好提示：列举的三种人，选择熟悉易于表达的来充实论证，免了自己的劳神工夫，这种资源一定要善加利用，一方面可充实论据，另一方面，作到了兼顾其他，全面回应的原则。下面的范文采取AGREE 的态度，采用should类文章的清晰“套路”，作到了合理回应，请读者就这方面仔细分析。
（范文）
A million times I have heard the accident regarding a certain famous star shouted to separate fervid journalists and interviews from various media outside his or her door, which finally results a farce of quarrel and fight. Sometimes I really hate those drab reporters, who surprisingly have the endless power and fresh tricks to snatch almost each shadow of celebrities together with the innate ability to embellish them so "fascinating". At the same time those public figures shriek for their overexposure of privacy I am always pity for their embarrassment, for their career they really have no better choice but to tolerate, for their legitimate rights they had better struggle against the privacy revelation. But most of them, in the end, choose the former despite without any mustered negotiation.
It is obvious to take into mind that being a public cynosure the first thing one has to be even eager to sacrifice is the privacy, in that the quality of public is just the opposite of privacy, in the rim of relationship, either one can only be maintained. The fundamental aim for a celebrity is to stand strong in the sight of public and win over the precious approbation from his or her fans. So packing oneself in his single world can help nothing to add his reputation, what he strives to do is the reverse-anatomize oneself in front of the public stares and acclaim for his names being praised or criticized in the sun-then can he make himself known out of the nonplus of being forgotten and lose his prestige in public. As a result, the condition of privacy being traced and published is no more a paramount incidence but under the prediction of them; after all, no reports, no celebrities.
Hence, if a public figure intends to preserve his title, no grouch he ought to hang at lips, on the contrary, he might be thankful to these indefatigable journalists and reporters for their free propaganda of his talk and behavior pattern. Take the teenage star-backstreet boys for instance; with the sales of their albums skyrocket, their reputation is more and more stentorian, following the trend of their ordinary life becoming an incandescent focus attracting public eyes. Then as we all know, backstreet clothes have been prevalent, backstreet sneakers also is in heat sale, and personal parlance begins to appear some exotic features commonly shared by teenagers just because backstreet boys ever talked like that. A five-boy chorus can influence so many groups of people by what they said and what they did, the feeling of satisfaction and proud could be no better to describe their elation of success than for the byproducts of the privacy publicized, this time they probably even couldn't help to rush up to the media reporters and proffer their kisses.
Oh, well, to the scandals mostly reported in any entertainment channel, these figures ultimately reaches a top limitation of inured tolerance, especially those survive by their shingles of excellent prestige, such as those politicians. In the period of election of presidents or senators, the most headache those participants suffer is the side report, which has the overwhelming clout to remove his precious stake to his adversary's side. Then the only thing they must remember is the discretion of their words and behaviors either in public case or merely in private room. There is no absolute stalwart wall that can resist the strong blast, and the unique paper that can wrap the burning flame. According to this principle, the expectation for their privacy no longer staying for himself is no doubt fathomable to them, astonishment is just an effete struggle.
To sum up, being an illustrious man have to pay his privacy for the undertaking brilliance, and he should understand without the public desire to delve their everyday life instead of merely relying on their limited published works, they convincingly cannot earn such a lot from their maniac supporters, who also need them to care for and give enough regards as feedback. Once this complex relationship being disentangled, I think, the public figures and populace will make a balance on the scale of privacy revelation. (690 words)
在切实掌握好这些技巧之后，后续的问题也会接踵而来，很多考生在认识到问题的严重性之后，不知道如何从开始回应起就把握好文章的走向而不跑题，作好条理性的框架是必须的，但是最简便的方法就是（千万注意啊！！！）——将话题的内容编成问句，自己的每段回应编成回答，如果作到有问必答，那么你就没有跑题，否则就要重新构思回到正轨上来。这个方法在备考初期研究题库预先构思时尤为重要，他能检验你提纲的合理性，否则一旦到了考场，你来不及重新构思而盲目照搬，后果不堪设想。希望这里的这点提醒能够引起各位考生足够的重视，不要白白无谓牺牲。
而这个问题对于ARGUMENT来说，情况要好得多，一方面由于ARGUMENT回应方式比较固定且其较ISSUE来说约定俗成的高度模式化，另一方面是由于ARGUMENT的易于操作性和熟悉性，利用的资源都来自题干本身，因而考生在这篇作文上很少看走眼。但是也有些题目，由于脱胎于ETS惯常的逻辑单题模式，本身语言饶口，且容易将论据与结论混淆，从而导致一定程度的攻击失误，虽然不至于像ISSUE那样导致全盘失误，但是毕竟在最好拿分的项目上失分无疑是给原本脆弱的分数雪上加霜。下面我们看一道在去年年末左右华东考场遇到的一道少见的ARGUMENT难题，难就难在对于论据和结论的辩识和推理上，还有就是逻辑谬误不是像其他题目那样明显地向你挥手——“向我开炮！！！”
142.The article entitled 'Eating Iron' in last month's issue of Eating for Health reported that a recent study found a correlation between high levels of iron in the diet and an increased risk of heart disease. Further, it is well established that there is a link between large amounts of red meat in the diet and heart disease, and red meat is high in iron. On the basis of the study and the well-established link between red meat and heart disease, we can conclude that the correlation between high iron levels and heart disease, then, is most probably a function of the correlation between red meat and heart disease.
析题：仔细读过，发现这道题有点绕，很多考生曾经有过这样的困惑：“我没有理解最后一句话的意思 is most probably a function of the correlation between red meat and heart disease.是说 high iron level 于 heart disease之间的关系 是 red meat 与 heart disease之间有关的结果 那作者到底是认为 high iron level 和 heart disease之间有没有关系阿？” 再读之下，我们会发现作者其实做了一个顺接推论：red meat引起心脏病------------> red meat 里面还有大量的铁 ------------------> 高铁引起心脏病，就是这么一个简单的推论过程，关键认清谁推出谁，就要在审题时注意到关键的这么看似不经意却被友好的ETS“重复两次”的短语“well established”，也就是说“大量红肉与心脏病之间一定有联系”是不容质疑的论据，即本题论据是不容批驳的，关键问题在于由论据推导出结论的时候犯了“Implicit causal claims”和“gratuitous assumptions”（详细逻辑谬误分类见后文 “七宗罪”），因而我们就可以以次展开攻击。很多来自网上的文章和提纲在本题上颠倒了推导对象，把“高铁引起心脏病”作为论据来推出“red meat引起心脏病”，结果导致文章失误。下面读者可通过以下范文检验一下该论证过程和思路：
（范文）
The correlation of the high irons level and heart disease the arguer trying to prove is not as perfect as he assumes. Although at first glance, his cause-and-effect analysis seems quite cogent, yet it can't stand much reexamination.
I agree to the well-established theory concerning the necessary relation between the large amount of red meat in people's diet and heart disease, but no other possibilities can be ruled out except for one of the ingredients-iron. It is obvious that the arguer constructs his building of conclusion on the basis of the conviction of the deleterious function stems from the iron. While not only a single iron does red meat contain, as we all know, many other components also have the influential role once being indigested into human body. For instance, some type of particular protein it might include, instead of the iron, is the substantial root of heart attack. So the arguer's peroration has no convincing power for this gratuitous assumption.
Moreover, even though his deduction does really derive from some passage of authoritative researches he has no opportunity to list below, the assertion about the high levels of iron related to the possibility of heart disease cannot be got through by merely so qualified the evidence exhibited here. According to the arguer's elicitation, we believe the red meat does contain large amount of iron, however, we might ask ourselves such questions enlightened by our common sense, "Does the amount of iron involved in red meat reach the dangerous level enough to lead to heart disease?" The answer we can't obtain through this short argument, thus directly make us doubt the whole fruits the arguer attained.
As it stands, the study reported on the published media Eating for Health is inevitable filled with some lethal logic fallacies, which finally weakens the cogency of the whole claims. To such a paramount and sensitive issue relative to people's health and life, scrutiny is not allowed to be neglected; and it is just for this point, I'm afraid, no people could ultimately abjure for eating red meat as a result of reading this ridiculous article. (352 words)
原则二：“大胆创新，敢于说‘不’”。这个原则是就思想内容本身而提出的，主要就ISSUE而言。之所以如此，是因为现在的题库中有太多显而易见的明显带有“常识偏见性”的话题，比如下面我们要举例说明的这一题：
33."Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image."
我想大部分考生在现场一定会不约而同地对这道题说“DISAGREE”，因为传统的教育和是非观很容易让我们接受这样的一个观点——“人不可貌像，海水不可斗量”。这样，ETS胆敢认为“表面的虚浮外表比实质的东西重要”，充分暴露了它资本主义没落腐朽的罪恶本质和虚伪贪婪的丑恶嘴脸，于是打笔一挥，打他个鼻青脸肿再说。不可否认，这个话题写“否定”符合正常价值观和正常思维，比较容易找到地方下手，但是平常我们在训练准备作文时，应该在遇到这类“难于从反面论证”的题目尽量摈弃这种正常思维，而锻炼自己的“创新思维”，即敢于对自己的“陈规思维”说“不”！大家可以发现，ETS找来的每道话题都是经过严格的筛选和试验的，以保证其客观性和公正性，从而无论你对该话题持什么态度，都不会影响你在现实中的表现，从而每个观点阐述就是一种思维逻辑的“游戏”，ETS不是要看你的思想观点到底出不出格，而是看你将任何一个你所持有的观点论证的天衣无缝。因为在ISSUE中，你完全可以将一个漏洞百出的话题包装成真理，同样也可将真理辩驳成天大的谬误，这没有关系，对于一个特别注重“新思维”开发的美国人来说，创新思维无疑是他们最钟爱的东西，这也就是高分作文的一个捷径——求新求异！我始终相信，只要肯往这方面想，思维的马达很容易就开动起来，通过不断练习，你真的会发现你的一手“铜齿铁牙”已经足以让你在GRE作文的考场上称雄称霸，“满分”是意料中的事。下面我提供两篇范文，第一篇是正常思维论辩，第二篇则是从AGREE的角度来论证，读者可以从中参详一二。
（范文一，反对）
As a prevalent proverb saying " the mentality for pulchritude is applicable to any one", from the time of primitive age, people have started to pick up some natural raw materials, most of which have chromatic colors or exotic configurations, to embellish their simple furniture, hunting tools, also the clothes people dress themselves, so on and so forth. The tradition has been handed down until today, but great difference has been appeared to the major use of decoration for appealing image, instead of the mainstream for beauty, it now turns to the recommendation to any other else under the circumstance of covering the real face behind the image, which is actually important than the former creativity.
It is not unfathomable that the ballooning civilization incites the residents of our community to behavior more and more graceful and decorous, which if reflects onto the side of ordinary life the appearance of a person together with his ornamentation is the predominant embodiment. To show respect to your friends the moment to display your polished civility, you should dress neatly, and prepare an elaborated wrapped gift to realize the goal mentioned above, thus taking the use of the creation of an appealing image. And the importance in personal relationship and communication is too ponderous to be neglected.
However, when we put so much attention on the process of constructing an attractive image, do we ever think about what takes major effect is just the object itself rather than the elaborated appearance? Take the merchandise for instance, the more dazzling the image is, the more the price it is, the difference between a wrapped one and an original one is paid on these seemly futile except for some silly placation individually. Everything should have a deserved value, which is regarded as the fundamental principle of the market operation, tells us that the price should as near as possible to adhere to the real value of the commodity consumers really intend to have instead of the illicit extortion by adopting some alluring tricks such as these meretricious skins. Hence, from the perspective of vast consumers, who care most is the actual quality of the things they want to purchase, the creation of appealing image aggravates the benefits belong to customers, meanwhile gives a disguising shield to help some profiteers to snatch extra bonus originally not merited.
Besides for these side effects it can produce, when applied to the mask of human nature, what is more important directly determines the destiny of humanistic mentality. A charismatic man only can rely on his wisdom and disposition to appeal others, in that any material things all cannot stand the erosion of time elapsing, while the intrinsic spirit cannot extinguish with the ascendance of ages, only altered with human's own intellectual quality. From the skit of "Hypocritical gentleman" we clearly learns that even if how perfect a man dissembles himself and how much approbation he at first win over from the public, ultimately falsehood will be penetrated and he still can go back nowhere but the initiative himself. Thereby, the lasting attractiveness stems from the unique face veiled under the cover of the superficial mask.
Overall, despite the beautiful appearance always can gamble the first-eyed excellent impression, either for things or for humans, no better ideas to be taken than to consider more about the decorum and quality of itself, only through this can we make out the real value needed for enamor and evaluation, which teaches us the virtue of sticking to truth, the most important things for ever. (577 words)
（范文二，赞成）
I support enthusiastically the idea that in contemporary society "creating an appealing image" is much more important than the reality or truth behind it. What I stick to this preference for is based on large amount of personal experiences and reported statistics.
From the childhood we are encouraged to study industriously as to find a well-paid occupation, and to attain this hankering, endless sweats and bloods have been exhausted from our revere parents. When the day finally comes for graduation, we really have been ready to welcome a new life. But, do you ever think of this question, "Are you actually shape yourself as what you intend to be during the long-range learning life?" Obviously, until your first earned single penny arriving at your hands nothing can be illustrated. Similarly, an elaborate product equipped with most advanced technology after tens of years' research, could be approbated by public, no words might be more convincing if it is enabled to be successfully pushed to the top sales in the commercial market.
Then, the problem is be disinterred from the surface of reality, what is functioning as the major role in the "sale", either the commodity is "yourself" or some "product". A recent survey reported on an official journal reveals that this year almost 50% of the graduates cannot find favorable job, among which more than half of them even have relatively wonderful resume and education background. How can they fail to sell themselves out at an ideal price? In the process of survey, the surveyor also surprisingly found that many famous companies would rather like to pick up the interviewers whose image is fashionable and characteristic than those who are deprived of this disposition, in spite of their diplomas are much brilliant than the former ones. The survey does evoke my deepest thoughts in my mind.
Why those companies who are famous for their practical strategies have established such standards to choose their recruits? Well, finally, according to my field research, the answer is too obvious to believe. In the employing market, what you can do is to display yourself like a piece of artwork and then wait for your connoisseur. Then how can you expect your ideal employer will exclaim to you, "I'll take this!, absolutely!" ? Instead of examining your practical capability to fit in the particular work of his apartment, which in fact is not qualified to the real conditions at that moment, he merely justifies your ability through the image appeared in front of him, as the principles tightly held for him that an appealing image is a crucial reflection of the actual substance. Till now, you can easily distinguish the importance of the image, and the reality or truth, before being uncovered under the sun, leave it where it is; it's his destiny. As to the commodity, more facile understanding can be digested in that a taking skin outside the material body is a good propaganda and appealing incentive to lure people's desire for acquisition.
Hence, it is for quite a simple reason that such appealing image has been becoming more and more momentous: without it, no matter how perfect the reality or truth behind it, no opportunity can they be rendered as their real value escaping the tragedy criticized as zero, just as the end of the survey report saying, many interviewers sadly curses themselves with tears to prefer to never have it. (568 words)
总结：新思想的形成的确需要不断的积累和思考，并非“一朝一夕之功”，但是对于实现GRE作文之“思维争辩”目的是极其有益的，正是由于这个原因，笔者希望考生能够在准备阶段按下列三个步骤仔细思考一下“创新思维”的养成：
（1） 想别人之未曾想，即对每个话题挖掘出意想不到的点子和深度，可借助上文说的“反向思维”。
（2） 说别人之所遗漏，即别人未点到的方面，你可以用顺承的方法继续下去，挖掘出全新的立意。
（3） 言别人之所未言，即别人已对该话题的方方面面已有涉及，但是可以有全新的语言和视角来重新表达。
四、 GRE作文的结构性（第二性）
很多考生都有这样的深刻体会，从开始写作文到最后基本入门，总是被一条条无形的“规则”或“套路”把持着，写得多了之后自己看着也难受，苍白无力。而且，要突破这些往往变得不现实，因为有太多的东西失去了她的维系之后，便恍然像断了线的风筝，越飘越远。现在市面上包括广大考生手里视为“至宝”的书（主要是我刚才一开始品评过的那些），其实都是把大家的思路框在一个狭窄的笼子里，题目一来，就鸡、鸭、兔分分类，关到特定的笼子里，然后塞点修饰，就算完成。无可否认，对于很多考生来说，靠这些能够保证一定程度的“高分”无可厚非，但是就写作宗旨而言是极其“反动”的，许多培训机构讲义及书籍上列出的提纲，“闪光句”，模板，都是导致今天许许多多考生作文雷同的根源，且直接需为他们思维的“僵化”负全责。大量的不经过仔细思索和推敲便背诵大量模式化的开头，正文及结尾套路既费时又收效不尽人意，是时候该丢掉那些所谓的“权威”论断，重新思索一下作文的“结构性”对策了。那么，我们先解决这样一个前提：作文要不要套路？要，一定要！所谓“不成规矩，无以成方圆”，作文的章法套路是一篇文章成功的保障。与前面论述的不同，我这里要提出的“章法”不在于“形”，而在于“神”。说的挺玄，是不？看下去就明白了。
1．ISSUE结构性指导
ISSUE是种开放性话题，涉及的题材多样及覆盖面广是GRE作文的一个特色，而正是这点使得整体的“万能套路”往往穿戴得极其勉强，于是我们可以分类处之。分类流行的有两种，一种是按题材分，可以分为11大类（作者主张“飞跃”分类）：学习，科技，历史，传媒，文化，国际，教育，社会，政治，行为，艺术。这种分类旨在让你按照题材去阅读背诵相应的文章或资料来扩充论据，严密论证过程，但是就这里要谈的套路结构而言，没有任何实质性的帮助。于是我推崇第二种分类，话题拟制类型分类，可以分为极其简单粗糙的3类：should, which one, single。我着重要分析入手的就是这三类题型的写作“套路”。在这之前，首先提出两个前提：第一，本文完全赞成“五段式”作文，即正文保持“3段”，故模式也是“3段论法”；第二，开头结尾统一自由化。开头的作用就是点题和正确回应，是告诉阅卷人切题的宣言，所以保险的开头往往比较固定，有三种常见模式：
（1） 开门见山：直接回应话题观点，表明态度
（2） 谈古论今：从古代到现代来引出话题内容
（3） 故做深沉：间接涉及相关话题内容，一步一步引出自己的观点态度。这种开头往往被诸多考生所采用，但是由于一上来就没有直接回应，使得写到后来，原来的话题内容很容易被遗忘而陶醉在自我新构建的话题之中，造成“跑题”。因此，议论文中，开门见山永远是“首选”，最忌讳的就是许多考生自以为要“推陈出新”，而盲目创新，结果表现出连基本的写作常识都没有，只有从基本练起，才能逐步创新，切记！
而结尾的任务与模式也基本有两条：
（1） 总结上文自己与话题的观点，勾勒全文论证概貌。
（2） 提出尚待履行的措施，建议等，并点描这样的后果。
但是，结尾的失误也不在少数，主要是大多数考生有结尾的“意识”，却没有结尾的认识，为作结论而作结论，勉强地作结论，即将重点内容重复一遍就算做结论。我们说，结论在精神、内容和观点上应该与前文论述一致，然而不能是简单的重复，应该至少有以下两点区别：
（1） 结论部分提出的内容比前面的主体论述更具体、实在。
（2） 为了给读者留下深刻的印象，应将最精辟、美妙的词汇、句段等留到结论处。
如此，开头与结尾可以有意识地往这些思路靠去，渐渐就会形成自己独特的模式而使自己的“首尾”部分变得有“个性”。下面我们重点分类探讨上面3种正文模式：
（1） SHOULD类：题干中明确出示标志词“should”或意为“应该”如何如何的话题。比如：
214."Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped."
Should类话题一般都是采取“赞成”或“反对”，很少要“中和”的，因而基本的“套路”相当简单：1、阐述自己如此认为的基本理由；2、如果自己的观点正确，那么有什么良好的后果；3、这样做同时要注意的某些问题（或者可能带来的副作用）。下面就以上题附以范文说明：
（范文）
There are some children do indeed have some gift perhaps cannot be made sense properly by scientists and educators aggregating around ourselves and needing some special care especially for their cultivation regarding the education process. Some experts ever declared against separating the talented children from the ordinary group after quite a substantial cogitation involving the impact of such seclusion, the influence exerted on their germinal heart, and the probable arrogance may it produce lacerate their later lives. However, weighing the benefits of the special care, I am apt to support the idea of providing special education to those who embrace great potentials on some subjects like arts, music, and natural science, in moral principles.
What impels and shocks me most onto such suggestion is the great waste reported thousands of times on journals and television media, which almost every time took place under the background of the innate special children performing exceptionally the first year staying with the ordinary packs but when came the graduation ceremony as far as the rear of the arrangement of transcripts he may stands, who, somebody ultimately scorned as, was a “mediocre” man. That should be, in my thought, the greatest blasphemy to these gifted children, who ought to be showed adequate respect and attention far different from other scanty of these brilliance. Most of them would surely be aggrieved just in that they step by step follow what the teacher told and instructed they lost the precious self-probity opportunities and make themselves awash under the surface of the ordinary and the banal. On the contrary, another report recently seen from yesterday’s evening paper now come into my memory is an elated story about a poor boy who was imbued with the supernal talent of playing violin was disinterred from the poor district by an experienced professor and then he was taken to the college for free and given the special face-to-face personally instruction from the best maestro group. With the auspicious chance, finally he now has grown up as a shining star above the music territory. All of these, albeit may still not enough to make any authoritative assertion, can to some extent reflect the fresh fact that the potential covered under the soul stone of our cherubic talented children are somewhat like the natural fuel source, once exhumed in the sun, it can produce astounding power but while keeping it dormant, no good but a dead wish of the god.
Taken some experiment schools adopting such children for instance, the splendid records elucidate nothing but the beneficial recommendation. In China, the famous “teenage class” constituted inside the eminent Chinese Scientific Technology University founded in Anhui province have cultivated hundreds of prodigies to be the pundits of what they excel in. As well known to the world, most of the gold medals of the Mathematic Olympic Games and other similar scientific tournaments are obtained by our Chinese teenage prodigies derived from this class. Also, quit a few top academician of the national scientific institution are the graduates of it, the immense function can be evinced from this academician’s speech,” I gained what I am looking for and the priceless courage of fumbling in the dark here, the tribute complemented to my talent and the honor paid off back to my gift refinery.”
Meanwhile, we should take care of the well-rounded education towards those gifted children avoiding the formation of the ill and biased personality. Special educations do mean some extent to distinguish from the ordinary routine but do not necessarily cut down the communication with the ordinary world we confront with every breath. Even the best technicians should also be the good civilian of the community, no exclusive person can survive longer and normally no matter how intelligent he or she is, the reason is so simple that once deprived of the opportunity of communication no exchange of emotional feels and academic ideas will consequently take place, which is essential for the sense of alive. Hence, possibly more important to appeal people’s approbation, the normal channel for communication should not be barricaded by human’s deliberately benevolent actions.
In sum, the phenomenon of the treatments to these gifted children is such a controversial one that certainly some of us, of course, might still cast some doubt on my analysis, but at least what I discussed above to some degree shake the adamantly held reverse belief, which is one of my main purposes writing such a frank issue. The other one is something naïve that I hope more and more experts should excise to discern the talented ones and emancipate them out of the tragic drop, just because every one should share the same sense that they are no doubt the unique resources the God bestowed to us and once missed no measure can be compensated for the huge loss, left only silent cries. (809 words)
评析：范文采用“故做深沉”的开头方式，从社会上某些专家的争议引出话题，并在首段末作出明确回应，从而确保切题，值得考生引以为鉴。紧接着作者按上述“三段论”模式一一就“理由”、“后果”与“问题”采取不同方式的论证来实现，从而使文章在结构上呈现出多元化和周到性，给阅卷人一种“坚不可摧”的震慑力，保证了论证的严密和条理。同时，本文的“因果论证”和“事例论证”也是堪称一绝的，读者可以反复体会一下如何实现多方位，多角度的论证手段来加固自己的长城。
（2） WHICH ONE 类：题干中明确要求考生做“二选一”的选择，比如：
99."In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options."
由于是“二选一”，因而作文者有三种回应倾向：选A，选B或A，B中和。那么我们可以提炼出两种基本模式：
1、 单选：1、选A（或B）的基本理由；2、选A的好处；3、相较之A，选B有什么坏处。
2、 双选：1、选A的基本理由和好处；2、选B的基本理由和好处；3、A和B同时兼备的好处。
由于GRE作文开放式的话题，很少有东西“全坏”或“全好”，所以奉劝考生尽量学会使用“双选”模式，但是有志于“创新”的同学可以尝试用“单选”，它往往让你的作文“另类而出彩”，前面已有范文作过示范，请予以参照。下面的范文选用重点掌握的“双选”模式，读者注意其论证构思的过程。
（范文）
As one of the famous philosophers ever writes, “the dream leads our sights toward the future, and the practice make our sense recognize how far away we still have to strive for.” During the recent decades, experts gradually have been divided into two opposite cults respectively holds their own belief of idealism and empiricism, and through thousands of fervid controversies the latter seems having dominated the optimal status after showing the corroborative evidence stems from the practical exemplar in the process of society constructions. But, in my point of view, in this practical and competitive world, being practical is essential to one’s survival, yet ideals give us a direction in our pursuit of success.
We can with no difficulty to find out the obvious fact that any human undertaking irrespective of the hard facts and rules of reality is destined to failure. Under the nib of Cervantes，the well known Spanish fiction writer, we clearly see the antic portrait of an eccentric man named Don Quixote equipped with mid-aged sword and lance just like a cavalier following by his allegiant servant. Severe fantasy of warfare separated from the bucolic reality drives him to the desirous aspiration to shape himself to be a hero, which ultimately catalyzes his ingenuous thoughts into the abysmal hallucination that cannot be dispelled by anything directly results in his tragedy. The similar case also can be found in the early time of last century, when the efficient use of energy has been evolved to the most popular issue and its immense profits prospect incites thousands of top scientists devoted their life-long research into the study of “permanent mobile machine”, something that once being given even a minor ignorable energy can it operate eternally to produce endless energy as feedback, which at last after a long-range frustrated trials scientists find immediately contradicts the energy-permanence law, the natural principles applied to any existence in the world. Having realized the source of the failure, more attention should be threw onto the disciplines of action that focus on the conditional reality.
However, ideals give us hope and enthusiasm, lifting us to new heights and helping us to overcome self-imposed limitations. Today, most of the nations who embrace the world’s most sophisticated scientific technology ought to, in a sense, thank for the scientifically idealistic writers’ sharing their affluent wisdom and imagination with the vast populace. The super-acoustic airplanes, the man-seated spaceship, and the artificial intelligence now all steps out of the exotic episodes of fictions into our everyday life, in that inspirations themselves cannot automatically drop off from the empyrean but be quarried from the deep soul of everyone, not just only the scientists because that’s the common obligation for all members of community who are equal to them at this point of exploration. Scientists’ contribution lies with the gift that using those descriptive originally materials in their efforts in trying to put them into actuality. Without the idealistic raw materials given by our writers or even ordinary citizens, I believe that even though we had much more experienced scientists no break-neck innovations would be worked out abruptly change every facets of human life.
Since the both paths surely in certain directions overlap, the theory castle filled with a person or a nation can be both idealistic and pragmatic at the same time is thus surrounded by the untenable fosse. As a student, as soon as the beginning day of the semester my tutor always inculcate the pedagogy to me that any successful student should establish a further progress goal according to his or her own actual situation then you will know where you are intended to go and how much you have to go through for this attainment, as a typical case in point.
In sum, idealism and pragmatism cannot be arbitrarily secluded as absolute contrary but indeed the seemly explicit boundary between them is somewhat flexible rather than unutterably rigid. The most effective measure we should take in our practical action is then taking the former as the fundamental blueprint while the latter as the conditional base on which the former design can fulfill. (685 words)
（3） SINGLE类：单一结论类，或者顶多后面附加背景或原因，让考生自己定夺的话题。这类是ISSUE最多最难的题，而且在这里没有上述那么简单可行的模式可以“僵硬”的套用，可以说这类文章才是考验你思辩能力的东西。那么，是不是对于这种类型就无计可施，只能死背提纲？不绝对是，笔者自己潜心领悟练笔及与参详诸“前辈”的真经，发现尽管到了最高境界，是“无招胜有招”，但是容易上手的潜在规律还是有的，总结下来，有以下三种：
1、 方方面面式：分别就时空，地域或文明领域选3个不同性质的方面配合事例论证来实现。具体如何实现笔者提供一篇范文供读者参考：
4."No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."
（范文）
Nowadays quite a lot colleges and universities have designed some humanistic curriculum providing as something compulsory to the scientific major students while to the literary major also a modest quantity of scientific courses have been given in order to balance the proportion of both knowledge ken. It certainly symbols a sign that different academic disciplines are gradually coming to across and the billow of the information currents is now blushing the explicit boundaries separating the major confluence, making them more and more ambiguous and impel them into the position of interrelated in that the knowledge of one field can sometimes shed beams of twilight on the studies of other fields.
As what is now more popular and acceptable by many successful entrepreneurs, the fresh idea of borrowing the dealing methods from mathematics to compensate the drawbacks of the traditional evaluation approaches used in the field of economy is displaying a unique glamorous charisma. For instance, ancient merchants nearly always had the headache to cope with the data treatment, which can help them to make clearly the trend of the offer-need relationship instructing them to adjust the weight of this relationship into approximately balanced avoiding the loss of the largely instilled investment. Obviously primitive arithmetical approaches like simple counting, enumerating, or assorted fundamental calculation including the plus, minus, multiply and divide must be far not enough, they were eager to conduce to a new convenient weapon specially trenchant to tamp this gap, so the quantitative methods accordingly born to dislodge the stranded commercial ship owing to generations of endless trials. Today’s shrewd businessmen can easily deal with these problems just constitute a data repository in their own computers installed with the powerful exploited quantitative procedure software, no sooner do they enter the fluctuated data into the storehouse than a mobile accurate diagram immediately folded out in front of your sight, transforming with the change pace of the economy heart, surely the glamour of the collaboration of the two fields is.
If literary critics intend to put up a bulletin filled with some abstruse theory with their own unique clairvoyance, the principles of philosophy accumulated through several centuries are the best things they should consider to resort to further their study domain. As a famous American literary critic ever wrote in his latest book “ Literature against Philosophy”, that both the subjects here concerned acts the roles of the brothers share in some common like the features of genes and attitudes towards outer evaluations, yet fight each other for the predominance of his own thinking rules in that the existence of the common and concordance mentioned above. Many literary works inevitable dips into the field of philosophy in the form of further exploring the deep ground of the hero or heroine’s heart by depicting the countenance or the behavior deriving from his or her natural revelation, one of the eminent examples is the Mary Shelley’s appealing fiction “Frankenstein”, the adept almost near the surface of perfect description and metaphorical expression fixed thousands of reader’s eyes and souls onto the monster’s fate and the hero’s imminent manic psyche, the philosophical analysis told us how it produces so hallucinating effect and weird atmosphere.
By the way, when biology and chemistry met, biochemistry came into being as a strong hybrid of the two independent parents. One of my best friends happens to be an excellent graduates major in bio-pharmacology, who once told me before entering the total systematic study of this newborn popular course, he must prepare the rationales of chemistry indispensable and necessary in later research assignments. After the collection of the blood samples, we should certainly not directly put them under the micro-instruments to observe and then make out the papers about analysis of the results, as a prerequisite our researchers have to import some chemical reagents as an additive instilling into the specimens to function with the blood ingredients, only after the process can we take them into analysis. Without the chemistry, biology is just a pond of backwater and vice versa, any bio-chemical scholar ought to taste the exceptional favor.
So much have been discussed in details covering three particular domains, in a sense, illustrates the interrelationship is the guarantee of the breakthrough of some certain academic topics, possibly in some special circumstances can also be generalized to a more broaden range. No field after all, I believe, can survive well surrounded by the asphyxiating academic buttress; the only escape is breaking it from outside. (744 words)
点评：范文分别就经济、文学及自然科学3个不同领域展开论证，实现了有效而全面的论证。
2、 层层深入式：首先树立起自己论证的对象，然后通过论证手段披露对象的特点，最后进行全面进攻。请参考以下范文：
161."In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished."
（范文）
Hero, the elites of our human groups, are all time alive in any level of social stages. But, following the break-neck development of various fields of technology, a serial of problems accordingly come to bog us, one of them is the exclamation of the phenomenon-dilution of the concept "hero". As what is asserted at top line, heroes are not vacant at any time, so what's the root of this dramatic fact? Media, the media; just as a result of this modern product exorcises the long inherited convention of hero idolization.
In our childhood, what we most like to hear about is the splendid experiences of our famous predecessors, like George Washington, the primary president of United States, who also contributes large amount out of assessment to the final independence of the nation. Almost hardly to remember how many times having acclaimed for this or that miracle in his war life, and the ambition illuminated from his encouraging stories, we still, however, remain the tepid admiration even until today. While, let us have a look at today's conditions, heroes have been drawn by huge piles of information garbage, and the real ones deserved our fervid accolade even finally loses his favor by the collision of fashionable value-evaluate trend, such as the currents of idolization towards those film stars.
No deniably, the unique price of hero is now decrying, which never can be evaluated at the same scale as ever before, owing to the overwhelming power to concoct crowds of meretricious "heroes" by media. Information, the fundamental source of people have to every day rely on, is the major products like other commodities of the media corporation; then as a result, the quality and reality extent is wholly mastered under the control of the media propaganda, so long as the publication is strong enough, even sun can someday legitimately rise from the west horizon. How can citizens tolerate such rules of operation to be compliant to these absurd tricks and consequently become their allegiant followers?
And taking the instance of those who really could be responsible for the entitled appellation of "hero", due to the overexposure of nearly each dimension of their lives (such as privacy, ordinary schedule, the sum of his property, so on and so forth), no singularity can he or she gives to us to enable us to respect them at all. Most of our primordial respects stems from the presumption of their particularity or characteristics, which always occluded to public as an abstruse mystery, but once the born of media and the authorization for it to freely reveal every corner of everything, the mysterious ages are destined to not drive back again. Just like awakening from a sweet dream, people will find the hero idolized so many years is merely a person too ordinary to be absolutely discriminated from we these similarly ordinary ones. And with the disappearance of these veiled dreams, "hero" eternally eludes into the history of past.
From the principles of natural laws, not a single type of species can be originated as personal will, nor with the extinction of certain phylum, while the media is trying their best to challenge against these "gold laws" to evince his revolutionary magic. Nevertheless, real hero will never miss his merited title of hero if he equips the quality, I always believe, no matter what is he under the embellishment of the magical media and how lonely he might taste. (572 words)
点评：该模式关键在于有心逐步深入的披露，从表及里，一波强过一波，在“反对”中用的比较普遍。
(3)因果论证式：首先说明对象造成的一个原因，然后引出对于现实生活中的影响和作用，最后对上述论证进行加固或者补充（对于论证中的可能漏洞进行弥补）。同样我们用范文向大家示范：
235."Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force."
（范文）
Once I participated a speech given by a famous local entrepreneur, who rose from exactly bare hands. The word brands me most is-“loyalty”, the very one we hardly dabble and almost reaches the edge of oblivion but instead no negligence is deserve. How can this concept bridge the relation with the huge lope of his life? Loyalty makes one stick to a goal without any fickleness until achievement, which has won a lot much for him including friendship, dependability and love. Ironically, today’s people is becoming more and more “sagacious” to plan for themselves better, holding the principles of choosing best, moving fastest, and snatching most; in other words, loyalty is degenerated into a totem of stubborn stereotype inadaptable for the society of profits first.
Is that modern theory “true”? And what about the success of that admiring entrepreneur? Something people primarily should understand is the indispensability of credence active among human community for the perpetuity of humanistic relationship, which to a large extent stems from this loyalty. No exaggeration I have made to emphasize its paramount function to personal survival, either from the fable or history we can learn the lesson. But now I would like to continue to elicit the example of that manager upstairs. When he is still an employee working for this consult company (before he climbed up to the top rung of the company committee), there was a huge recession leading to a total profits declination in this operating domain, in the end results almost all elites of the company to make a job exchange except him. His persistent determination was for nothing but loyalty, of his indebtedness form his boss, of his enamored undertaking tolerating for no intermittence, of his adherence to goal successful for sure. And fact tells us everything, as each audience can see, he did.
Not only to individual the quality of loyalty can push one into the acme of his career following with winsome reputation, but also to community the crucial pillar to support the sculpture of serenity goddess. Once separated from the loyalty, credence also accordingly right away being crushed under the wheels of history cart, and then the concomitant condition can be imagined as this: various associations would be certainly collapsed under the circumstance deprived of dependability, each one discredits the motive of action from anyone else, talking is evolved into a serial of satirical assaults, compassion sounds more like a snicker, and ultimately ineluctably the human society is degraded into a state of depravity. Is this the community we each of us want to live in? Is this the situation we each of us want to make realized? If your answer is negative-just like mine-then please retrospect your conscience to retrieve this precious virtue of “loyalty”.
While the merits of loyalty have been corroborated here so strongly, admittedly, however, loyalty applied only to the legitimate partner or purpose, not involves the malign ones, somehow or other the effect will surely arrive at the surprising reverse. For instance, from the point of penal law, excluding the major miscreants who abet the underlings to commit guilt, the adherent to follow his felony, even if he never directly join in the crime doing on the spot, but as a result of his ancillary work, he should also assume a certain quantity of the great responsibility, which might mean him a ferocity of being disenfranchised, or at the same time to enjoy his later few years’ prime time in the jail. The tragedy is so natural for most of us that admonishing clock is being struck; the high time for us to wake up from the sequacious loyalty is coming.
Overall, the virtue of loyalty is one of the fundamental factor heading for our prosperous tomorrow, despite its contain of some potential stygian side effect turning to the malicious dimension, yet no doubt it deserves to be advocated to learn for the brace of the beneficial development of both single person and gross society. Like the rationale of any medicine we take normally, no one of us will stop to ingest pills of penicillin just because its possible allergy to some particular patients, after all its application and efficacy is indelible. (700 words)
点评：这篇文章二段直接阐述原因，三段论述必要性，四段对其中的例外进行弥补，客观地指出非通用性，从而保证了全文强大的说服力。
2．ARGUMENT结构性指导
ARGUMENT的结构性比较固定，易于掌握，用过新东方书的考生出手都能写出个标准的“经典5段（4段）式”，可以说这种模式是完全可以采用，同时也是最好的，最有效的。相比较其余什么“老管写作模式”，“思马得模板作文”，这种模式是上乘的首选，而且条理清晰，可读性好，容易方便阅卷人给分。这里由于从网上海量作文习作看来，几乎所有考生都对ARGUMENT的这种写作模式相当熟悉，因此仅对其中出现的普遍问题强调和纠正一下：
（1） 开头和结尾：由于ARGUMENT时间的紧迫性，开头和结尾应该尽量简短而明确，其篇幅总量应不超过正文部分的1/3。很多考生一上来就花了5，6分钟把题干中的论据结论用复杂的长句子转述，在象征性地于结尾来一句诸如“经过我反复检查，其中论据模糊，逻辑错误横生”之类的套话。然后在正文又要分条攻击阐述。这是极不科学的“凑字数”的模式，相信老外阅卷人一天看个百来篇的这类文章，很容易产生“恶意”和“过敏”，一怒之下有种判为“类同卷”的冲动。正确的做法永远只有，用1——2句话明明白白告诉阅卷人基本的结论和你的态度，作到简短而有力，让阅卷人一眼就看到你的观点，并且知道你已经读懂题目并且作了基本的准确回应。罗列证据是留给正文的事。另外对于结尾，不要总是要告戒出题者要如何如何加强自己的论证，我们往往可以反其道而行，用上点“讽刺”，“黑色幽默”等手法让枯燥的文章在末尾展示出良好的可读性，博得阅卷人的“好感”。
（2） 正文：尽管这是逻辑作文，题干给的像以前的逻辑单题，但是她是一种作文，不是客观题。大量的使用刻板的逻辑句式对于文章的生动性“百害而无一利”。很多考生背会了什么“孙氏逻辑句法”就在正文处大打出手，用些看上去极能唬人的分析句式，像逻辑专业出身的人那样，左一句“the arguer commits a fallacy of “false analogy”,右一句“the arguer rests his conclusion on the classic logic fallacy of “post hoc, ergo propter hoc”.连拉丁文都用上了，你说老美做何感想。按中国人的话说，叫“掉书袋”，当诸位考生还在自我为这种呆板的句式乐此不疲的时候，你是否留意过GRE作文在你的手下是不是有些散发出像死尸一样的苍白来。作文者，就是要以“能说明问题”为先，而不是在这里“装神弄鬼”，尽管逻辑方面的论证我们需要逻辑知识的支撑，但是我们要作好的是只是“借题发挥”，“点到即止”。正确的做法应该是掌握住“错误”，揪住对方的小辫，然后适当搭配着证据的罗列称述，合理选用逻辑句式，一说明问题立刻回来，尽量用例证不要去做逻辑上的因果论证。具体请参看对比以下范文：
4.The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site.
"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams."
（病历文）
In this argument, the arguer recommends us to use Adams, one of the two leading real estate firms in our town, to sell our homes if you want to instead of Fitch, the other leading one. To justify his conclusion, the arguer provides the clear evidence that Adams has 40 real estate agents in contrast to the number 25 of Fitch, and even many of which are only part-time. In addition, he cited the fresh statistics of revenues of both Adams and Fitch, which respectively are $168,000 and $144,000. To make it more conceivable, the arguer even lists out a self-experienced case to exhibit the superior sell speed of Adams to Fitch. Although all the evidences above seem reasonable, a careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless it is.
In the first place, the arguer unfairly assumes Adams’ service is better than Fitch’s with the assumption that more agents, more satisfaction. The 40 agents in Adams might be poorly trained and unqualified with an extremely low work efficiency, thus enlarging the number of the agents is the only feasible compensation. While Fitch’s 25 agents may be well trained and be rich in experience, although many of them work only part-time, under the present work condition it is enough. And also the quality of the service can’t be oversimplified to only a factor of the number of employees, which, in our common sense, has no necessary correlation. It is some other things should be taken into consideration, such as social reputation, the feedbacks of customers and the company’s culture and spiritual, to avoid making the assertion too unwarranted.
In the second place, the statistics offered by the arguer can’t elucidate anything. It seems true that Adams’ achievement is greater than Fitch’s through the comparison of revenues, but the data itself is too vague to be informative. Taking into account the service charge, which can’t be omitted in this case, we absolutely have adequate reasons to doubt the charge from Adams is far larger than Fitch, which eventually leads to such a gap. Another possibility of the result is contributing to the types of house they are entrusted to sell, since no evidence showed that Adams can afford to sell the lower-price estates while Fitch can assume the opposite ones, thus the phenomenon arises.
Last but not least, in short of legitimacy is that Fitch really sells homes slower than Adams does. According to the arguer’s narrative, he entrusted his home to Fitch ten years ago when the balance of offer-request heavily outweighed the left side and Fitch selling it in more than four months is nothing but a miracle. Adams, instead, sold his another home in one month last year during which the request for house might be booming as a result of influx of the foreign immigrants. Under this circumstance, Adams’ success, however, is merely ordinary. Besides, the two houses sold out no doubt have natural differences, which tightly related to the smooth process of selling, such as location, structure, areas, and materials. The arguer thus makes so hasty a generalization regardless of these crucial points.
As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned in lack of some indispensable evidence. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would demonstrate that the superior quality of Adams’ agents and the relatively lower charge comparable to Fitch’s. Additionally, more details should be evinced, concerning the actual estate situation in those periods of time and fundamental instructions of the two sold houses, to rule out the above-mentioned possibilities. (587 words)
点评：该范文充斥着上面讨论的各种毛病，仅开头就131字，加上结尾超过200字，已经远远超过正文1/3篇幅，是不可取的。许多模式句型充斥，结尾老套，不值得学习借鉴。另外很多考生关心这样一来字数就不合“要求”。ETS从来没有对作文字数有要求，尽管网上流行说法认为阅卷者将字数列为打分项目之一，但是在ETS公布的评分标准中是觅不着踪迹的，况且ETS极讲究科学性，不会以貌取人，但求“以理服人”，这从他考试的设计可以看出来。所以正常的ARGUMENT作文可以在“350——500”字之间，而ISSUE可在“450——600”之间，这是按正常打字速度与思维速度指定的标准。很多网上作文包括我这里的某些范文都有远远超过500，600字的，很少是在真正全封闭作业下，45分钟或30分钟内完成的，在考试时间内，按上述标准的字数作文拿“满分”是绰绰有余的，事实说明一切，我的诸多战友，包括前面提及的Violet，从来都是靠“5步一杀”，“3步一枪”，（500字左右ISSUE，300字左右ARGUMENT），在4，6级词汇范围内稳拿5分——6分，可见一斑。不相信的考生应该自己在PP2、PP3的作文模考中亲身体验，我会在最后推荐大家一个行之有效的快速练习作文速度和质量“枪手作文速成训练法”，我们这一辈称为“替身杀手”的人都是这样练出来的。
17. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper.
“Walnut Grove’s town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC’s fee is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once. Moreover, EZ--which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks--has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year’s town survey agreed that they were ‘satisfied’ with EZ’ s performance.”
（范文）
The argument is not well reasoned at all, and it might be wise for Walnut Grove’s town council to turn to ABC Disposal.
To begin with, despite EZ’ s weekly working frequency is as twice as ABC’ s, yet no sign has been displayed to prove that the “advantage” is necessary and fictional. For instance, if the town’s garbage amount is under a particularly lower scale, which merely reaches the quantity of once disposal from ABC and hence the relatively once more from EZ is just a futile plethora. Also, even if twice disposal is applicable, it still deserves to doubt whether most citizens would like usual to choose EZ when taking into account the price of its service has been increased by $500 a month. Most citizens is highly possible to pick up a company that can offer best services while calling for relatively little money, for saving the extra $500, which to some extent is dispensable, I think, most citizens can cope with some easily handled trash with their own methods instead of singly relying on the disposal company.
And another crucial point I cast great discretion on is whether the survey made last year is the persuasive reflection of the whole citizen’s actual attitudes. The major deniable spot is the survey’s sampling size and accordingly the ultimate respondents echoing the questions. Visualize the citizens of Walnut town are no less than 500 thousands, but ironically only the 5 hundred ones have the fortune to be asked the question and in the end the real available records making some senses are less than the 10% of the interviewers, namely the upper limit is only 50 people. Let alone whether these answers have the widely applicable representative, just judging about the number of respondents we can have justifiable rights to disregard the validity of this survey.
Almost to forget to point out, that the freshly ordered 20 trucks of EZ cannot add another ponderous stake onto the balance, on the contrary, it might exacerbate the impressions of EZ in people’s mind. Buying new trucks would ineluctably consume the company’s property, and to take this disburse back the company must put some additional measures for compensation, thereby increasing the fees can lead the citizens to obtain the most strong conviction of loading the economic debt onto their shoulders, which finally ruins the tiny fantasy prone to the EZ.
So the arguer’s recommendation is just nothing but a cheap propaganda to throw to the vast residents a deceptive illusion. I believe, in general, any one having look through these vulgar tricks full of vague information and implicit causal claims like me would be likely to accept the town council’s decision, after all it is more sensible than the arguer suggests. (458 words)
点评：这篇文章彻底纠正了上述病历文的缺点，开头简短有力，准确回应，中间正文论述过度自然，值得借鉴，另外结尾也摆脱了原先的“改错建议”，用“讽刺”的口吻深化了主题。大家一定要重视这个问题，因为这实在是个“吃力不讨好”的事，而且这样的人还真不少，下面再看一例来自满分网的习作，将这种“毛病”升华到了极至。
145.A new study collected data that shows that people who snore are more likely to gain weight than are people who do not snore. It is well known that many people who snore also stop breathing frequently during the night for a few seconds, a condition called sleep apnea. The interruption of breathing wakes the person—often so briefly that the waking goes unnoticed—and can leave the person too tired during the day to exercise. Anyone who snores, therefore, should try to eat less than the average person and to exercise more.
（病历文）
In this argument, the arguer make a proposal that anyone who snores should try to eat less than the average person and to exercise more. In order to prove his claims, a new study collected data has been quoted that people who snore are more likely to gain weight than are people who do not snore. in addition, the arguer also shows a common sense to support the conclusion, which says that sleep apnea, a condition caused by snore, can wakes the sleeping person often and leave him too tired to exercise during the day.
The explanation of the conclusion sounds quite plausible at the first glance, but after pondering deeply upon the matter, we may find that the arguer fails to build up a causal relationship between the sentific study and the the conclusion as presented above, furthermore, this argument also suffers from critical logical confusion, How can the person who is too tired to exercise join even more aerobic activities during the day? To reveal the flaws of the argument more clearly, let us detail the examination.
To begin with, one major assumption in short of legitimacy is the relationship claimsed between the propensity of weight-gaining among the snores and the method to handle this problem, which is simply described as "eating less". However, why those people who snore are more likely to gain weight still remain unknown, how can the arguer gratuitously give the recommendation that the anyone who snores should try to eat less? there may be other ways to give the explanation of this problem, the most persuasive one is that the fat might cause by the hormone secreted by a kind of glands. When people are snoring, means, under the condition called sleep apnea, the amount of hormone being secreted may exceed or less than, the normal one, which keeps the metabolism speed of the human body. Therefore, it is reasonable to imagine that the problem would even get worse after adopting the arger's suggestion that anyone who snores should eat less than the average person.
In addition, the arguer's conclusion that more excercises should be taken by the those who snore is seriously undermined by the common sense given in the argument, which points out the sleep apnea caused by snore results in the tiredness of the snorer during the day. Can such a tired person take a lot of exercisers besides his work or study? the answer is obviously seem. anyone who has basic logical-deducing ability would see the critical flaw in the argument.
In sum, unless the reslut of a further scientific study can demonstrate that the weight-gaining propensity among the snorers is caused by lacking of excercise and can be solved by eating less, the arguer's conclusion about this medical issue is unfounded.（463 words）
评注：开头两段作者什么都没谈，就归纳了论据结论用了一段耗去100多字，居然还不过瘾，又独劈一段就为了说明它有问题，又是几十字，加上结尾，非主体共耗去200多字，接近全文一半，这样的谋篇布局实在让人“心寒”。可见作者没有丝毫写作“结构性”的知识，完全凭借自己的“一相情愿”在“抖包袱”。而下面的范文尽管开头也作了概括，但是“点到即止”，将文章的中心全部扑在批驳论证上，并且“主次分明”，从而保证了良好的“结构协调性”，请读者品品。
（范文）
The argument astonishingly deduces a conclusion of the easiness to get fatter for the particular group of people who snore at sleep, and accordingly recommends eating less and strengthening the intense of exercises to avoid such trend. While the arguer established his demonstration on the tenable basis of a well-known discovery accepted by public, this argument, however, seems to me a wholly ramshackle one needed to scrutiny.
To begin with, what I cannot make clear since now is the leap from the mere fact of lacking exercise to the aptness for gaining weight, which sounds no necessary cause-and-effect relationship between them. It might be true of the evidence the arguer takes out to show that sleep apnea can interrupt the normal sleeping tempo and hence results the over exhaustion at diurnal work, which obliquely influence the exercises necessarily for these people. The extent of the arguer's inference can only reach this level, to further exploit the aftermath concerning the putting on weight still waits for more information, such as the authoritative report proving such potential nexus, or otherwise, the arguer is only resting the assertion on a gratuitous assumption.
Another obvious cynosure we facilely notice is the recommendation of eating less to relieve the inevitable current for weight growing, which is more unsubstantial. In the whole article, the arguer's claim range only spread to the layer of lacking exercises, referring to the habits of diets is a sudden idea out of any sign predicted, thus acts the role of invalid deduction. Also, the arguer presumptuously holds the conviction of "any" person who snores, ought to take the measure for stint eating, which works against commonsensical knowledge of treating different people by choosing different remedies, at all no two individuals are totally equivalent. Once escaping the condition of eluding such confusion, we are able to, too, recognize the suggestion of recommending those people's joining more exercises are, on the contrary, counterproductive. Even if the prerequisites of people's weight problem actually stems from this very case of fatigue, then more activities mean more fatigue at daily time enjoyed by them, and the circulation undeniably switches to the opposite side.
To sum up, starting from the ridiculous basement to the final fallacious recommendation, the arguer cursorily treat the gross deduction process, and add additional vulnerable announcement in the brittle body of the argument, which ultimately results the further discretion directly leads to its destiny of rebuff. (403 words)
五、 GRE作文的表达性（第三性）
1．ISSUE作文的表达性：表达就是要学会“展开”，如何展开论证是个复杂不定的问题，所谓“文无定法”，说的就是这个问题，因而在这里完全靠的就是两个字——“实力”。我很抱歉的对大家提出这两个不中用的字，但是作文的确并非我以前论述的“GRE阅读”那样熟悉了套路就往上钻，在前面的十字路口悠闲地逮他，这里我们要做的只有两条来提高：
（1）掌握展开表达的常见6种武器：例证（illustration），因果（cause-and-effect），对比（contrast），对照（comparison），定义（definition），分类（classification）。这里注意，对比说的是找出不同点，对照是找共同点。掌握好这六种武器对于GRE的ISSUE论证也就足已。
（2）熟读背诵美国作家的这种论证题材的社科类论文，潜移默化的接受美国西方式的论证思维。这里实在时间紧，强力推荐孙远著《GRE写作宝典》（第一版）中末尾的写作工具箱，凡是黑体字部分，没得商量，全背！这是最小量的负担了，我还背过《西方哲学史》，《西方文明史》呢（尽管背了又忘得差不多了），但是背完后，你的作文再也不是从前的那种“婴儿式”了，你一定不会后悔的。背，是免不了的！！！
2．ARGUMENT作文的表达性：掌握逻辑谬误“七宗罪”（这比掌握繁杂无聊的“孙氏兵法”要简单有效，推荐考生选用！）
（1） Implicit causal claim:假性因果，另有他因
（2） False analogy：错误类比
（3） All things are equal:过去推将来，局部推广域
（4） Survey is doubtful：无效调查（规模，数量，方式，时间，等）
（5） Either-or choice：非此即彼（二选一，忽略其他同类）
（6） Gratuitous assumption:空泛假设（无前提证据的假设）
（7） Insufficient samples: 例证不足（比如说明一个培训班很好，但是只举了两个很好的例子，参加者却有上百人）
具体表达这些错误不要死板套用什么“摸板句式”，前面已多次强调，并有范文示范，若读者在读完本文后认为笔者在教授大家又一模板时，笔者将无颜面对广大GRE考生。创造性的用自己逐步积累的感觉去表达永远是上策，作文是折射自己严谨和独特个性的镜子，不要让别人阴沉的背影遮住自己光辉的形象，只有“个性”的文章才是好文章。
六、 GRE作文的语言（第四、五、六性）
由于后面3条评分标准都是在语言上的大分，我就把她放在一起说。相信刚开始作文大部分考生最担忧和关心的就是这一点，具体表现在就是：长期监禁于国内有限的英语考试作文模式和要求，在词汇、句式、字数上都达不到要求，一下子从6级作文到GRE，飞跃度之大可想而知。由于中国大学英语教育和各类同等教育的腐朽没落，高校内外缺乏大量的有丰富经验的作文执教讲师，多数年轻教师本着应试教育的心态重复着他们学生时代学来的“八股文”，结果一面“不好好教”，一面又“不好好学”，从而作文一直是英语教育的一个“盲区”。事实既然是如此，我们的多数考生就只好靠自己了。笔者也是艰难的在学校里一点一点榨出时间来背，记，逐步有了一些体会，后来有幸拜高手为师，学得一招半式，才有了今天的这点领悟。好，废话不说了，笔者就自己与同Violet那儿借鉴来的经验毫无保留的列在下面仅供参考：
1． 词汇：前提是熟练活用6级以内6000词汇，前面已经列举了Violet这一牛人的辉煌史，证明了不用GRE词汇能写好作文的可能性，网上也有类似的文章，这里由于版权原因，恕不能转贴。另外，能用上GRE词汇的尽量要用可靠的词汇，不要生搬硬套，吃不准的在考场上永远别用，得不偿失，特别要在熟背《红宝书》的基础上注意单词一定要拼写正确，很多考生在用诸如：connoisseur, scenario, renaissance, shibboleth, juggernaut等时犯下大量拼写错误，导致作文级别下降，要特别注意。同时，大家对于常用的GRE替换同义词多多总结，比如描述影响等巨大的可以用：prodigious, colossal, enormous, extraordinary, immense, huge, gigantic, mammoth, vast, tremendous, far-reaching, overpowering, overwhelming, etc. 这类词主要靠自己总结，看到别人的文章勾些自己想不到的词，然后记录在小本上，日积月累，工作累的时候翻开来想想记记，什么情况下可能会用这类词，如此反复作文词汇问题就能解决。笔者就是在修装拖拉机的时候这么一步步过来的。同时纠正大家一个普遍错误观念，那就是自己发觉文章中用来用去常就是那么几个词，不要感到绝望，这是个好兆头，说明你已经逐步建立起自己的风格和个性，之所以你觉得厌倦，是因为你将它操练的太熟的缘故，因而看看别人的好象比自己用词新颖别致，其实别人也说不准在为自己的文章词汇枯竭而烦恼着呢！到了考场上，ETS的阅卷人又没看过你以前的文章，完全不会有你的这种感觉，相反好些你觉得已经用的“太烂”的词汇反而对他有一种“眼睛一亮”的感觉，因为你用的是如此富有“个性”。这也就是我所提倡的“最高境界”的宗旨，也是我花了那么多力气想说清楚的最本质的东西。
2． 句法：我要告诉大家句法的练习是语法的深化和实践，GRE中复杂句式种类不多，在GRE阅读中可见一斑，因而我们“以其人之道还制其人之身”，熟读扬鹏130难句，总结书中总论中的难句类型，自己学会有意识的应用，另外加上前面我强调的“写作工具箱”（孙远的书最大的价值也许就在这里，偏偏在新版中给cut了，真是老糊涂了！！！）。另外给大家提出常见的几种特别注意使用的技巧：多加修饰成分；有意识通过插入成分将句子写的起伏跌荡；多用倒装和省略；少用被动结构；多用修辞（比喻，拟人，排比，设问，反问和对比）。这些要点读者可进一步参考前面范文体会。
3． 谋篇：GRE两种作文由于都在千字内，因而没有什么特殊的谋篇技巧，主要参考前面我提出的那些注意点就可以了。
七、 GRE作文修炼方法：
1、 背诵素材：不多说了，主要是“工具箱”，然后可以参考新东方老师“傅顺贤”等人的资料，同样由于他们有的已经出书，版权原因，这里不列了，请大家自己从网上或书店索取。
2、 借鉴习作：前面在评判猴哥书的时候已经一针见血地指出网上的习作错误很多，背诵是完全不可靠的方法，因此借鉴仅局限于：结构、论证手法、观点和词汇本身（不是用法，用法要靠自己查用法字典！！）。
3、 练习写作：这才是根本，有句老掉牙的话对于写作永远是真理：“量变必然带来质变”。下面重点探讨这一环节的执行：
（1） 如何练习：强烈推荐“枪手速成训练法”。很简单（但是最有效），最好选用PP2光盘（注意不是新版的PP3），选择Timed Writing Assessment，然后把选择任意一个测试，别管他的题目，在下面写自己练习的那个作文，ISSUE对ISSUE，ARGUMENT对ARGUMENT，一次75分钟连续练习两篇，写完后，系统会让你浏览自己的习作，用鼠标拖下自己的习作，先选择一篇然后右击鼠标，选择“复制”，然后回word文档检查拼写语法，然后回来点击刚才的试题重新进入选择review（NO选项）,将另一篇也依法拖下来即可。如此训练必然可以养成一身在规定时间内写作的过硬本领。为什么要用PP2，不用PP3呢？因为PP3中取消了单独的作文计时测试，只有在计算机模考中与Verbal, Quantitative一起进行，这样必须在写好每篇作文收卷之前先复制好，然后中间退出粘贴，再进入选择Resume继续下一篇，再在收卷之前复制粘贴，否则你必须将另外其后的两个Verbal, Quantitative部分全搞定了才能看到自己习作的样本，中间又不能退出这两个部分，费时不必要，所以尽量用PP2保证“模考式写作”，实在不行，就委屈用PP3按上述步骤麻烦一下操作了！
（2） 练习频率：每天至少一套（1篇ISSUE，1篇ARGUMENT），风雨无阻，牢记上面的“真理”。
（3） 练习题库：根据我们近年来在华东地区应试数十场及Violet等人在西北战场的应试经验来看，题目大多都出自老题库，即孙远《GRE写作宝典》（第一版）中的题库，ISSUE二选一几乎肯定有一题出自其中，而ARGUMENT更是几乎就是在原来的122题中抽取。给读者我们在华东考场近半年来的应试数据：我们中兄弟共参加考试23场，遇到ISSUE考题46题，有41题是老题库题（包括重复碰到的题算做不同的题，以下同），只有5题是新题，而且没有同时出现在两个选择项中；ARGUMENT共23题，出现老题库题22题，只有1题是新题，而且题目比较“友善”。这样读者应该都知道往什么方向努力了！本数据仅供参考，由于ETS题库更替频繁，没有绝对的规律，大家只有加固“实力”才是根本，不要盲目相信任何数据，这里我只是“个人”觉得相对新题，老题仍然是练习的重点。
（4） 讨教机经：不是什么考试频率，而是有条件在生活中、网络上向有经验的考生探讨考试注意事项等，避免盲目上阵。
（尾声——爱你胜过爱我自己）
GRE作文是个需要持之以恒训练的项目，而切“创新”永远是其生命的活力和动力，读者必须要亲身尝试在实践中实现质的飞跃。这里笔者提供的范文同样有着大大小小的问题，旨在给大家一个切合实际的参考，不像某些书上的范文那样难于操作和不切实际。作为《2003爱一个美女好难》（在寄托天下阅读版中）的姐妹篇，不断推出最上乘的作品是我孜孜以求的目标，欢迎读者与我联系探讨，共同切磋，诚恳对本文提出批评意见，也希望大家与我为友，经常可以聊聊天，侃侃大山，享受人生。我的联系方式：
QQ：247374145
E-mail: silentwings@etang.com
最后感谢一直支持鼓励我的师傅chimera，师兄，我的同学朋友，尤其是即将奔赴澳洲留学的“little cow”,是他给了我第一手的资料，还有南京气象学院的表妹赵倩，以及扬州大学的杨欣荣，上海交大的“大哥”，重庆大学的袁源，清华大学的yaya等人，他们在我最困难的时候鼓舞支持我，使我成功走到了今天，谢谢！祝全体GGMM情人节快乐！
感谢寄托天下，猴哥满分网，水妖的岛，太傻在线的网络平台，祝你们越办越好！
——silentwings
2004年2月13日于镇江农业机械职业技术培训学校 |
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发表于 2004-2-15 00:21:16
发表于 2004-2-15 22:59:56
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