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[破题策略] Thinker翻译专栏 贴切表达之借鉴 [复制链接]

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Sagittarius射手座 荣誉版主

楼主
发表于 2003-9-20 09:22:01 |只看该作者

Thinker翻译专栏:词语选择的重要性和可能性

Thinker翻译专栏:词语选择的重要性和可能性  

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Thinker
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  ID: 2835428  posted 2003-8-17 19:36:17                                
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.词语选择的重要性

在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中,编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻:“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion:
it is a courtesy to others,and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world."

显然,说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多,因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国,古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想,因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。

成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔,或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。

2.词语选择的可能性

实际上,我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库,只要我们肯去发掘,往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。

从客观条件广看,我们有各种类型的词典和参考书,只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读,写作时勤查考,就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然,一部好词典也不会毫无缺点,更难以面面俱到,因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话:

Dictionaries are like watches: the worst is better than none, and the best cannot be expected to go quite true.

3.词语选择的三项标准

关于择语标准,人们说法不一,但准确、鲜明、生动三项原则是公认的。当然,某词语用得是否符合要求,不可孤立地从词语本身的含义上着眼,还要看其具体使用场合,包括同其他词语搭配等。

1)择语的准确性

准确性,就是要根据使用场合选用确切的语言形式,正如有句英语俗语所言:

Do not write so that your words may be undetstood, but write so that your words must be understood.

著名美国作家马克·吐温说:“用词准确与用词几乎准确,这两者之间的差异就如闪电与萤火虫之间的差异。”(The difference between the right word and the almost-right word is as great as that between lighting and the lighting bug.)

为了择语准确,必须熟悉词语的多义性。例如depression对心理学家、经济学家或地质学家来说,含义各不相同:

He is in a state of deep depression as a result of his setback latest experiment.

The depression first hit almost all the small and medium-sized enterprises.

Transportation was at a standstill caused by the depressions in the highways after the earthquake in that area.

反之,也常常有几个词语可以表示类似的含义,如心理学上的“depression”也能用melancholia,the blues,the dismal in the dumps,low等词语表示。

要做到准确选择,有必要注意词语的两种意义:“基本意义”(denotation)和"引申意义"(connotation)。前者指该词语的本身,或客观的固有含义,后者指该词语在一定搭配或上下句中出现的其他意义,往往比较含蓄,带有词语使用者的主观态度或感情色彩。如inexpensive和cheap都表示便宜的基本意思,如顾客问营业员:“May I have some thing cheaper?”意思是希望要价钱便宜一点的,当然并不是说质量可以不好,但cheap在其他句式或使用场合可引出“低劣”、“平庸”、“吝啬”、“卑鄙”等多种意思,这类意思正是修辞上的“敏感地带”。

选用词语的准确性还表现在区分表示大体/抽象含义的词语和表示具体/特定含义的词语上,需要根据不同的使用场合做出正确的选择。抽象含义词语和具体含义词语不是两个对立的家族,在一定的条件下可以转化,如
labor一词通常带抽象含义,但并非一成不变。试比较:

A)Honest labor creates wealth for the society.
B)In the GM contract dispute, labor seeks a five-cent per hour wage increase.

上述A句中labor一词为抽象含义,泛指各种社会劳动,B句中labor为具体含义,特指WAW,即美国汽车、飞机、农业机械工人联合会。

2)择语的鲜明度

准确性是鲜明度的前提,也是提高鲜明度的基础。然而,鲜明与简练相关。英国文豪莎士比亚的名言“Brevity is the soul of wit”相当于汉语的“言贵简洁”。我们说话、写文章都要以“言简意赅”四字为目标,为此,应从两个方面加以注意:

A.在可以运用较简短的常见词语表达意思时不要用复杂而少的词语,如:do something for(不用perform,
accomplish),用end/finish a letter (不用terminate,conclude)。

B.多余的或转弯抹角的词语都不利于明白地表达思想,因而下列短语中加括号的部分都应省去:

mutual aid(to each other)(mutual)aid to each other,(an entirely)complete confidence,repeat the
question(again),return(back) from abroad,etc.

3)择语的生动感

生动感也可以叫做优美感(gracefulness),它是建筑在准确性和鲜明度的基础上的,否则,单纯追求生动或优雅,就会出现辞藻华丽(flowery)而内容空洞的文风,这是应当避免的。

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Sagittarius射手座 荣誉版主

沙发
发表于 2003-9-20 09:22:18 |只看该作者

Thinker翻译专栏:书信中的“谢谢”

Thinker翻译专栏:书信中的“谢谢”  

Tigtag滴答出国资讯论坛


Thinker
版主

  ID: 2835381  posted 2003-8-17 19:26:53                                
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As soon as I opened your package, I felt that I must sit right down and tell you...
一打开您寄来的包裹,就觉得应该立即写信致谢。

I just wish you could have seen ...
我愿您知道……

You were kind to send a gift ...
承蒙好意,送来礼品……

Your lovely gift came this morning(was waiting for us when)...
厚礼于今早收到(当……,厚礼正等我们去拿)

Expected gifts are a pleasure to receive, but unexpected remembrances are an even greater joy.
意中之礼物果然可喜,而意外中之礼物更使人喜出望外。

You couldn't have given me anything that I wanted (would enjoy) more.
再没有比您的礼物更为我所想要的了。(更能使我喜欢了)

You must be a mindreader.
您一定很会摸透别人的心思。

Alice is in seventh heaven.
艾里丝极其幸福。

The wedding gift you sent to us is one of the most beautiful we received. It now occupies the most prominent place on our mantel.
惠赠结婚礼物是我们收到的最佳的礼物之一,现陈设在壁炉架上最显眼的地位。

I find an ordinary "thank you" entirely inadequate to tell you how much ...
我觉得用“感谢您”这种老生常谈的话,远不能表达我对您是多么……

I don't know when I have had such a delightful(pleasant)(memorable)(enjoyable)weekend as the one...
我不记得曾否有另外的一次像那次高兴的(愉快的)(难忘的)(快乐的)度过周末。

This is to thank you again for your wonderful hospitality and to tell you how much I enjoyed seeing you again.
再次感谢您的盛情款待,并希望再见到您。

Thank you for one of the most enjoyable visits we have had in many months.
在您处的参观访问,是我们几个月中最愉快的一次。谨向您表示感谢。

Thank you for one of the most memorable days of my trip.
为了旅途中最值得留念的一天,谨向您表示感谢。

Thank you for one of the most enjoyable visits we have had in many months.
在您处的参观访问,是我们几个月中最愉快的一次。谨向您表示感谢。

Thank you for one of the most memorable days of my trip.
为了旅途中最值得留念的一天,谨向您表示感谢。

Thank you for doing so much to make my trip to New York interesting (pleasant)(resultful).
为了使我去纽约的旅游有趣(愉快)(大有收获),您做了许多事,特此致谢.

Thank you for contributing so much to the pleasure of our stay in ...
感谢您为使我们在……的停留期间的愉快所作的许多努力。

Thank you so much for your generous hospitality.
非常感谢您慷慨的款待。

I hope something will bring you to New York soon so that I can reciprocate your kindness.
希望不久您能有机会到纽约来,使我能答谢您的盛情。

You must give me the chance to return your kindness when you visit here.
希望您光临我处,使我能答谢您的盛情。

Thank you very much ( very, very much) (ever so much) (most sincerely) (indeed) (from the bottom of my heart).
很(非常)(非常非常)(最真诚地)(确实)(衷心)感谢您。

Many thanks for your kind and warm letter.
感谢您友好而热情的来信。

Thanks a million (ever so much).
万分(非常)感谢。

Please accept ( I wish to express )my sincere (grateful) (profound) appreciation for ...
请接受(致以)真挚的(衷心的)(深切的)感谢……

I sincerely (deeply) (warmly) appreciate ...
我真挚的(深深的)(热情的)感谢……

I am very sincerely (most) (truly) grateful to you for ...
为了……,我非常真挚的(深深的)(真诚的)感谢您。

There is nothing more important (satisfying) (gratifying) to me than to receive one of your letters.
再也没有比收到您的来信更使我觉得重要(快慰)(感激)了。

Your letters are so much fun (comfort) (entertainment) (company).
您的来信充满了乐趣(给了很大安慰)(带来了欢乐)(使我不感寂寞)。

Your most courteous (considerate)(delightful)letter...
您那彬彬有礼(体贴入微)(令人欣慰)的来信……

I cannot tell you how much your letter delighted(relieved)(amused)(enchanted)me.
我无法告诉您,您的来信使我多么高兴(宽慰)(觉得有趣)(陶醉)。

I love the way you say (put) things in your letters. You make even the smallest incident seem so interesting(important)(charming)(mysterious).
我很欣赏您在信中描述各种事物的手法。您的妙笔使细小的事情都显得很有趣(重要)(动人)(神秘)。

It was good (fine)(charming)(thoughtful)of you...
承蒙好意(美意)(盛情)(关心)……

It was nice(characteristically thoughtful) (more than kind) of you...
承蒙好意(特别关心)(十二分好意)……

At the outset, I want to thank you for your kindness to me and for your compliments.
首先,我要感谢您对我的友爱和问候。

Believe me, I am truly grateful for...
我确实真诚地感谢你……

We were deeply touched by ...
……使我们深受感动。

It is a hopeless(definite)(positive)understatement to say that I am deeply (sincerely)(truly)grateful.
这就是说“我深深的(真挚的)(真诚的)感谢”远不足以(不能确切)(不能明确)表达我的谢意。

It's generous of you to take so much interest in my work( to give me so much of your time) (to show me so much consideration).
承蒙对我的工作如此操心(为我花费这么多时间)(对我如此关怀)。

We are indebted to you...
我们感谢你……

I regret very much that I did not have an opportunity to thank you personally for ...
未能面谢,深表遗憾。

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Sagittarius射手座 荣誉版主

板凳
发表于 2003-9-20 09:22:34 |只看该作者

Thinker翻译专栏:英语中的基本句式

Thinker翻译专栏:英语中的基本句式  

Tigtag滴答出国资讯论坛


Thinker
版主

  ID: 2835400  posted 2003-8-17 19:32:13                                
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下:

S十V主谓结构
S十V十F主系表结构
S十V十O主谓宾结构
S十V十O1十O2 主谓双宾结构
S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构
说明:S=主语;V=谓语;P=表语;O=宾
语;O1=间接宾语;O2=直接宾语;C=宾
语补足语五个基本句式详细解释如下:

1.S十V句式

在此句式中,V是不及物动词,又叫自动词(vi.)。例如:

He runs quickly.
他跑得快。
They listened carefully.
他们听得很仔细。
He suffered from cold and hunger.
他挨冻受饿。
China belongs to the third world country.
中国属于第三世界国家。
The gas has given out.
煤气用完了。
My ink has run out.
我的钢笔水用完了。

2.S十V十P句式

在此句式中,V是系动词(link v.),常见的系动词有:look,seem,appear,sound,feel,taste,smell,grow,get,fall ill/asleep,stand/sit still,become,turn等。例如:

He is older than he looks.
他比看上去要老。

He seen interested in the book.
他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
The story sounds interesting.
这个故事听起来有趣。
The desk feels hard.
书桌摸起来很硬。
The cake tastes nice.
饼尝起来很香。
The flowers smell sweet and nicc.
花闻起来香甜。
You have grown taller than before.
你长得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen ill.
他突然病倒了。
He stood quite still.
他静静地站看。
He becomes a teacher when he grew up.
他长大后当了教师。
He could never turn traitor to his country.
他永远不会背叛他的祖国。

注意:有些动词同时也是及物动词,可构成SVO句式,例如:

He looked me up and down.
他上下打量我。
He reached his hand to feel the elephant.
他伸出手来摸象。
They are tasting the fish.
他们在品尝鱼。
They grow rice in their home town.
他们在家乡种水稻。
He's got a chair to sit on.
他有椅子坐。
Please turn the sentence into English.
请把这个句于泽成英语。

3.S十V十O句式

在此句式中,V是及物动词(vt.),因此有宾语。例如:

I saw a film yesterday.
我昨天看了一部电影。 Have you read the story?
你读过这个故事吗?
They found their home easily.
他们很容易找到他们的家。
They built a house last year.
他们去年建了一所房子。
They've put up a factory in the village.
他们在村里建了一座工厂。
They have taken good care of the children.
这些孩子他们照看得很好。
You should look after your children well.
你应该好好照看你的孩子。

4.S十V十O1十O2句式

在此句式中,V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give,ask,bring,offer,send,pay,lend,show,tell,buy,get;rob,warn等。例如:

He gave me a book/a book to me.
他给我一本书。
He brought me a pen/a pen to me.
他带给我一枝钢笔。
He offered me his seat/his seat to me.
他把座位让给我。

注意下边动词改写后介词的变化:
Mother bought me a book/a book for me.
妈妈给我买了一本书。
He got me a chair/a chair for me.
他给我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for me.
请帮我一下。
He asked me a question/a question of me.
他问我个问题。

注意,下边动词只有一种说法:

They robbed the old man of his money.
他们抢了老人的钱。
He's warned me of the danger.
他警告我注意危险。
The doctor has cured him of his disease.
医生治好了他的病。
We must rid the house of th erats.
我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。
They deprived him of his right to speak.
他们剥夺了他说话的权利。

5.S十V十O十C句式

在此句式中,V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多,哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补,须根据动词的惯用法而定,不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。

They made the girl angry.
他们使这个女孩生气了。
They found her happy that day.
他们发现那天她很高兴。
I found him out.
我发现他出去了。
I saw him in.
我见他在家。
They saw a foot mark in the sand.
他们发现沙地上有脚印。
They named the boy Charlie.
他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
I saw him come in and go out.
我见他进来又出去。
They felt the car moving fast.
他们感到汽车行驶得很快。
I heard the glass broken just now.
我刚才听到玻璃碎了。
He found the doctor of study closed to him.
他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。

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RE: Thinker翻译专栏 贴切表达之借鉴 [修改]

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