放开我╭(╯^╰)╮我要水！

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1.        The entire application process is about marketing yourself to the admission committee.

2.        Applications contain information about what you have accomplished and your potential. What have you done? What will you do?

3.        Get involved in extracurricular activities now--before you apply.

4.        Contact Education USA for guidance and advice.

5.        Find alumni of schools—ask about their experiences.

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6.        Be realistic about your goals, attributes, and finances.

7.        What are your research interests?

8.        Clearly state who you are—advocate on your own behalf.

9.        Meet, or beat, deadlines. Begin early—months in advance.

10.     Follow directions.

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11.     Did you choose the “best” schools for you to apply to?

12.     Did you “self-assess,” judging your own academic background and accomplishments, test scores, and experience to determine which schools might admit you?

13.     Did you apply to a range of schools—some that have higher entry requirements and are more competitive than others?

14.     Be persuasive. Inform the school about your career and personal goals.

15.     Demonstrate to the school that you are mature, professional, collegial, and hardworking.

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16.     If your academic scores are not great now, improve those scores before you apply.

17.     Write and publish even short articles in law journals or newsletters. This will help demonstrate your aptitude, writing skills, and commitment. Write and publish in English, if possible.

18.     Remember that each contact you have with the school is part of the application process. Schools keep track of contacts.

19.     Spell-check your application carefully. Be certain it contains no errors.

20.     Ask a classmate, professor, or academic advisor to review your documents to help ensure they are complete. But be certain to do your own work. Prepare your own application. Be mindful that your personal statements should be written by you and about you (or about whatever questions or issues the school may pose).

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21.     After you “complete” your applications, set them down overnight or for a couple of days. Then look at them again with a fresh eye to make sure there are no errors.

22.     Make sure you are consistent and accurate—check spelling, font, punctuation, grammar, and for unclear abbreviations or slang.

23.     After you submit your applications, sit back and wait to receive an e-mail reply from the LL.M. programs.

Good luck!

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插播

A New Paradigm for Causal Inference: The Counterfactual Framework

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參考Judea Pearl（professor of Computer Science and Statistics and director of the Cognitive Systems Laboratory , UCLA）
http://singapore.cs.ucla.edu/LECTURE/lecture_sec1.htm

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從亞當與夏娃說起：亞當與夏娃吃過智慧樹的果子後，他們已經是因果解釋的專家。當上帝問亞當你是否吃了智慧樹的果子時（詢問事實），亞當的回答是：「祢給我的那個女人，從樹上拿了果子讓我吃了」（不只是說明事實，還做了解釋）；上帝問夏娃，夏娃回答是：「我是吃了，可是是蛇誘惑和欺騙了我」。

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聖經故事的意涵：
因果解釋是一個man-made concept。
因果解釋是拿來歸咎責任的。
只有神（為了某些目的）、人與動物（有自有意志）可以讓事情發生，而不是東西（objects）或物理的過程（physical processes）。

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但當工程師開始建造有許多滑輪及繩纜的 system來幫人做事後，physical objects開始有了因果的特性。當系統無法運作時，歸咎於神或人並沒有用，比較有效的解釋是滑輪或繩纜壞了，只要加以替換後，系統就可再運作。
至此，causes之概念有雙重意義：
the targets of credit and blame
the carriers of physical flow of control on the other

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至文藝復興時，當上帝做為final cause逐漸被人的科學知識所取代時，這雙重意義遇到困難與挑戰。
Galileo在1638年出版 Discorsi （兩門新科學的對話）這本書後，有了革命性的轉變。此書有兩項重要的格言（maxims）：

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至文藝復興時，當上帝做為final cause逐漸被人的科學知識所取代時，這雙重意義遇到困難與挑戰。
Galileo在1638年出版 Discorsi （兩門新科學的對話）這本書後，有了革命性的轉變。此書有兩項重要的格言（maxims）：

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1. 先描述，後解釋 （Description first, explanation second）: The how precedes the why. Ask not, said Galileo, whether an object falls because it is pulled from below or pushed from above. Ask how well you can predict the time it takes for the object to travel a certain distance, and how that time will vary from object to object, and as the angle of the track changes.
2. 以數學（方程式）來描述，而不是語言：如d=t2 。

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從此，物理學充滿了有用但未被解釋的經驗法則，如Snell law, Hooke’s law, Ohm’s law, Joule’s law。
另一項比預測實驗結果更重要的是代數方程式的運用，因為工程師除了可以問“how to” 外，還可以問 “what if”。

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至啟蒙時代，David Hume 將 Galileo的第一項格言發揮至極致，他認為 the WHY is not merely second to the HOW, but that the WHY is totally superfluous as it is subsumed by the HOW。
On page 156 of Treatise of Human Nature:
    "Thus we remember to have seen that species of object we call FLAME, and to have felt that species of sensation we call HEAT. We likewise call to mind their constant conjunction in all past instances. Without any farther ceremony, we call the one CAUSE and the other EFFECT, and infer the existence of the one from that of the other."