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发表于 2017-8-15 23:32:55 |只看该作者
Arg 2 birth order and stimulation level

The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.

A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of sthe hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence).The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

Claim:  The effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation.
Date:   A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys
Warrant: Clues which is shown in the study of eighteen rhesus monkeys
Assumption: The sample, eighteen rhesus monkeys, is representative.

Claim: firstborn infant monkeys at increased activity levels while in stimulating situations
Date: firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol
Warrant: more hormone cortisol primes the body for increased activity levels
Assumption: 1-the phenomenon that production much hormone cortisol is only attributed to stimulation.
           2- More hormone cortisol can make body more active.

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发表于 2017-8-15 23:40:43 |只看该作者
The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.  

A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence).The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.  

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument. 

Claim:The birth order of the rhesus monkeys has something to do with the levels of stimulation.
Data:The study shows that firstborn infant moneys have twice as much hormone cortisol(HC) as their younger siblings do.
Warrant:The HC is the only factor for the levels of stimulation.
Assumption:mount of cortisol produced is proportional to the body size, the larger the babies are the more cortisol would be produced
Evidence:Make sure that the body size of the first-born HC is the same as that of other younger siblings.

Claim:The birth order of the rhesus monkeys has something to do with the levels of stimulation.
Data:The study shows that firstborn infant moneys have twice as much hormone cortisol(HC) as their younger siblings do.
Warrant:The HC is the only factor for the levels of stimulation.
Assumption:The older the  R monkeys are, the higher their stimulation are because they have adapted the environment well.

Claim:The birth order of the rhesus monkeys has something to do with the levels of stimulation.
Data:Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence).
Warrant:Unstated
Assumption:The mechanism in RM is similar with that in human beings.
Evidence: Some study should be taken to testify the mechanism of stimulation is the same between the R monkeys and humans.

Claim:Firstborn baby monkeys has higher levels of cortisol because of their mothers.
Data:The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.
Warrant:  The level of HC of the mother will be passed to its offspring.
Assumption: Other factors,such as the size when the R Monkeys are born, are not important for the observed results.
Evidence: Other factors have nothing to do with the stimulation of r Monkeys.

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发表于 2017-8-15 23:42:12 |只看该作者
101) There is now evidence that the relaxed pace of life in small towns promotes better health and greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities. Businesses in the small town of Leeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Masonton. Furthermore, Leeville has only one physician for its one thousand residents, but in Masonton the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high. Finally, the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher than that of Masonton residents. These findings suggest that people seeking longer and healthier lives should consider moving to small communities.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

Businesses in the small town of Leeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Masonton.
Claim:People in business live a healthier life in small town than those in the large city.
Data: workers in Leeville take fewer days of sick leave than those from Masonton.
Warrant: less sick people means more health
Assumption: the report is reliable
1.only cover workers in business, but government, school are not included.
2.the investigation method might not be reliable.
- in large city, People are more cautious of their health condition
- Some records of sick leave are missed in small towns because of their less strict regulation.
3.less, what is the specific quantity, 假如small town有10000人,100人请了病假,但是large city有100000人,但是200人请了病假,even if the number is smaller,but the percent is much bigger than that in big city.


Furthermore, Leeville has only one physician for its one thousand residents, but in Masonton the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high.
Claim:Residents in small towns are less likely to get sick than those in large cities.
Data: The proportion of physicians in small towns is far less than that of large cities.
Warrant:High proportion of physicians means much sickness.
Assumption:The physician-resident ratio could accurately reflect health condition.
1.Physicians want to seek a better career in large cities.

Finally, the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher than that of Masonton residents.
Claim: Relaxed pace of life in small towns could promote greater longevity.
Data: The average age of people in small towns are higher than that of large cities.
Warrant:Greater longevity is caused by the higher average age.
Assumption: The average age could genuinely reflect the longevity of residents.
- More young people in large cities.
- Method of sampling is flawed. 样本数量、样本代表性

These findings suggest that people seeking longer and healthier lives should consider moving to small communities.
Claim:People seeking longer and healthier lives should choosing small towns.
Data:Three pieces of evidence above.
Warrant: Lifestyle in small towns could promote health and greater longevity.
Assumption:
1.the evidence is reliable.
Leeville=small town, Masonton=big cities, 个体不能代表全部
2.There are no other concerns for those who want to seek a longer and healthier life.
- Whether they could accommodate the climate.
- Whether the security and sanitary condition is well enough.
- Whether the education condition is better

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发表于 2017-8-15 23:42:16 |只看该作者
Argument 15/51/130/131/133

Arg 15 replace butter with margarine

15) The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

Claim: Using i instead of butter has had little impact on our customers.
Data: only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change.
Warrant: Most customers are happy with the change.

Questions: Were people who from different backgrounds included?
                Do the ways of cook influence the taste of margarine?
Evidence:Butter has been replaced by margarine Only in Happy Pancake House   restaurants throughout the southwestern United States.
Assumption:Margarine tastes better in pancake.


Claim: Customers cannot distinguish butter from margarine.
Data: many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead.
Warrant:either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

Questions:Margarine may taste better than butter.
Evidence:The characteristics of margarine.
Assumption:People did not know how to call the margarine.

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发表于 2017-8-15 23:47:48 |只看该作者
92) Workers in the small town of Leeville take fewer sick days than workers in the large city of Masonton, 50 miles away. Moreover, relative to population size, the diagnosis of stress-related illness is proportionally much lower in Leeville than in Masonton. According to the Leeville Chamber of Commerce, these facts can be attributed to the health benefits of the relatively relaxed pace of life in Leeville.

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

Claim: Workers in a smaller city live healthier than those in big ones.
Data: 1. Workers in small cities take fewer sick days than those in big ones
     2. the diagnosis of stress-related illness is proportionally much lower in Leeville than in Masonton
Warrant: Leevile’ s workers benefit from the relaxed pace of life.
Questions: 1. Does workers in Leeville need to work harder to cover their life expense so they don’t take sick days easily while those in Masonton have complete insurance?
       2. Does working pace is the main cause of stress-related illness?
Assumptions: The environment of these two cities are almost the same.


不太会发掘点,看了其他同话题 的童鞋感觉他们逻辑真好。

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发表于 2017-8-15 23:51:46 |只看该作者
101)There is now evidence that the relaxed pace of life in small towns promotes better health and greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities. Businesses in the small town of Leeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Masonton. Furthermore, Leeville has only one physician for its one thousand residents, but in Masonton the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high. Finally, the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher than that of Masonton residents. These findings suggest that people seeking longer and healthier lives should consider moving to small communities.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

Assumption: life in small towns has a relaxed pace ,while life in big cities has a hectic pace.
Claim:the relaxed pace of life in small towns promotes better health and greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities.
Q:the pace of life may not be the only element that affect the health of their citizens.

Assumption: length of employees’  sick leave in a city  indicates the health of its citizen
Claim: fewer days of sick leave of employees indicate healthier life of citizen
Q:what if the regulation of sick leave documentation is less strict in small town ,they just do not document all the  sick leaves in small town.

Assumption:fewer physician in town indicates healthier life of its citizen
Claim: there are fewer physician in small town than big city ,so the life there is healthier there.
Q:what if the physician in small town is already in shortage ,and a lot of citizens from small town go to big city to see the doctor .

Assumption: higher average of age in small town is resulting from the relaxed pace of life in small town.
Claim:moving to  small town will lead to a relaxed pace of life ,and then lead to a healthy life.
Q:what if they can not find a proper job to support themselves in small town ? will the life still be relaxed

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发表于 2017-8-15 23:52:10 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 A.E.extrovert 于 2017-8-15 23:53 编辑

Arg 15 replace butter with margarine

15) The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change.
Claim: Using margarine to replace butter has had little impact on customers.
Data: only about 2 percent of customers have complained,indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change.
Warrant:few people complaint the change, and the people did not say a word are happy about the change.
Assumption:the people who did not complaint are satisfy with the change.
The restaurant should have another survey about whether the people are happy with the replacement as they are possible just forbearing the displeasure.
And more concrete information about the data should be presented since they are likely only investigated a small number of customers which lack of accuracy and can not reveal reality.

Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.
Claim: people can not distinguish butter from margarine or people regard both butter and margarine as “butter” .
Data: many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead.
Warrant: people did not complain about the replacement because they did not realize it or may because they think the butter and margarine are the same thing.
Assumption: If people knew the servers are not they ordered they would complain thus they did not do so indicating that they did not realize the change.
However, even though they did not complain about the serve, it is also  potential that the customer had already distinguish the difference but unwilling to complain due to the politeness in the public.

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美国offer勋章 建筑offer勋章 19周年勋章

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发表于 2017-8-16 00:18:37 |只看该作者
本帖最后由 Herio_HKeKe 于 2017-8-16 00:19 编辑

Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium - substances essential for building and maintaining bones.Many people therefore say that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors and that causes the bones to weaken significantly with age.But a long-term study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study.Since bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

CLAIM:milk and dairy products can help something about bones
DATA:Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium
WARRANT: vitamin D and calcium are substances essential for building and maintaining bones
Assumption:vitamin D and calcium in the dairy products can be aborbed in high rates.
Evidence:adults can only take in about 20% calcium in the food

CLAIM: osteoporosis has probability to be defended by a diet rich in milk and dairy products.
DATA: osteoporosis is a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors and that causes the bones to weaken significantly with age
WARRANT:Milk and dairy products contains factors(vitamin D and calcium) essential for building and maintaining bones.
Assumption:when the bones become stronger, people will not get oseoporosis.
Evidence:genetic factors also has the possibility to cause osteoporosis.

CLAIM:a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease the risk of osteoporosis.
DATA: a long-term study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study.
WARRANT:bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis
Assumption:except osteoporosis, no other issues can cause bone fractures
Evidence:cars accidents or falling also would cause bone fractur

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发表于 2017-8-16 00:56:24 |只看该作者
Arg 2 birth order and stimulation level

The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.  

A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence).The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.  

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.


Claim: monkey’s birth order effects on an individual's levels of stimulation
Data1:A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys, the study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings.
Warrant: firstborn infant monkeys produced more hormone cortisol because of of stimulating situations like encounter with an unfamiliar monkey.
Assumptions:
1. the sample size is large enough to draw a statistically significant result.
2. encounter with an unfamiliar monkey can represent all other kinds of stimulating situations
3. the hormone cortisol levels can represent an individual’s levels of stimulation.
4. It is the stimulating situation that caused the hormone cortisol level change. (the hormone cortisol levels   before stimulating situations of the firstborn and other monkeys  are the same.)
5. It is the birth order that caused the difference in hormone cortisol level.

Evidence needed:
1. The statistic information of the study result.
2. The research of other stimulating situations and its regarding results, or the evidences that showed other stimulating situations can always cause the same effects as encountering with an unfamiliar monkey.
3. how other factors which can represent stimulation level other than hormone cortisol levels change under stimulating situations, or evidence that shows the hormone cortisol level can be the maker of an individual’s levels of stimulation.
4. the data of hormone cortisol levels both before and after a stimulating situation to show whether it’s the stimulating situation caused the hormone change.
5. The Grouping information of the monkeys that shows there is no significant difference of basic characteristics between the firstborn group and the younger sibling group.

Claim: human’s birth order also effects on an individual's levels of stimulation
Data:
2. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations
Warrant: human’s birth order effects on the individual’s levels of stimulation via the same way of rhesus monkeys.

Assumptions: humans and monkeys shared the same mechanism.
Evidence: researches that explore the mechanism in humans.

Claim: the high hormone cortisol levels of firstborn monkeys are caused by the high cortisol levels of their mothers
Data 3. first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring.
Warrant: the mother monkeys’ hormone cortisol level is positively related to their babies’.
Evidence: investigations regarding the relationships between the hormone cortisol level of mothers and their babies.
you are my doraemon

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CS offerl勋章 美国offer勋章 建筑offer勋章 生农医药offer勋章

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发表于 2017-8-16 01:03:26 |只看该作者
15) The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers.
Claim: Butter replaced by margarine had little impact on our customers in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States.
Data: Not given
Warrant:  
Assumption: the impact is so small that will not influence the income.

In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change.
Claim: an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change.
Data: only about 2 percent of customers have complained
Warrant: if only 2 percent of customers have complained, the other people will be happy with the change.
Assumption: The 2 percent of customers can represent all the people who are unhappy with the change.

Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead.
Claim: Customer are happy with the change even they have asked for butter.
Data: A number of a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead
Warrant: People who have asked for butter do not complain when they are given margarine.
Assumption: The customers do not like margarine before. A number of people means the most of the people.






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美国offer勋章 建筑offer勋章

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发表于 2017-8-16 01:27:01 |只看该作者
Arg 43 recycle and longer-lasting landfill -o

The following appeared in a memorandum written by the chairperson of the West Egg Town Council.

Two years ago, consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years.During the past two years, however, the town's residents have been recycling twice as much material as they did in previous years.Next month the amount of recycled material - which includes paper, plastic, and metal - should further increase, since charges for pickup of other household garbage will double.Furthermore, over 90 percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future.Because of our town's strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.


Claim:
Because of our town's strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted.

Data:
1)During the past two years, however, the town's residents have been recycling twice as much material as they did in previous years.
2)Next month the amount of recycled material - which includes paper, plastic, and metal - should further increase, since charges for pickup of other household garbage will double.
3)Furthermore, over 90 percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future.

Warrant:
1)The more material were recycled, the less available space garbage would occupy.
2)Because charges of pickup of other household garbage will double, residents will be forced to recycle more material.
3)the data that 90 percent of respondents said that they would do more recycling in the future shows that more material will be recycled therefore less garbage will be produced.

Assumption:
1)No data can show how much material had been recycled two years ago, so twice of it may not be a big amount of recycled material. And no data illustrates the percentage of recycled materials of total garbage.
2)Raising chareges of pickup may not influence residents' passion of recycling if it was just a small amount of money, like from $50 up to $60, that was not a big deal.
3)The number of respondents is unknown, so 90 percent of them is not creditable as it should be. And they may not do as they say.

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寄托兑换店纪念章 US-applicant

57
发表于 2017-8-16 03:58:29 |只看该作者
Argument 64
Arg 64 life-size sculptures and miniatures -o

Collectors prize the ancient life-size clay statues of human figures made on Kali Island but have long wondered how Kalinese artists were able to depict bodies with such realistic precision.
-Since archaeologists have recently discovered molds of human heads and hands on Kali, we can now conclude that the ancient Kalinese artists used molds of actual bodies, not sculpting tools and techniques, to create these statues.
-This discovery explains why Kalinese miniature statues were abstract and entirely different in style: molds could be used only for life-size sculpture.
-It also explains why few ancient Kalinese sculpting tools have been found.
-In light of this discovery, collectors predict that the life-size sculptures will decrease in value while the miniatures increase in value.

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the prediction and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the prediction.
………………..

Claim: we can now conclude that the ancient Kalinese artists used molds of actual bodies, not sculpting tools and techniques, to create these statues.
Data: Since archaeologists have recently discovered molds of human heads and hands on Kali.
Warrant: the discovered molds should be molds of actual bodies and used by ancient Kalinese artists, without any using of sculpting tools and techniques
Question: how were the statues made?
-maybe statues were made both by molds of actual bodies and also with the help  of sculpting tools and techniques.
-maybe statues were made not with those molds. those molds may not be in the same timeline of statues.


Claim: This discovery explains why Kalinese miniature statues were abstract and entirely different in style: molds could be used only for life-size sculpture.
Data: This discovery
Warrant: Miniature statues were abstract due to not using of life-size sculpture modes.
Question: why were there different styles of miniature sculptures and life-size sculptures? and why were miniature statues abstract?
- maybe ancient artists just preferred miniature statures to be abstract and different in style with life-size sculptures, regardless of the available modes.
- maybe miniature statures were serving different purposes and needed to be build differently, not because of mold limitation.
-maybe most of  those reallistic miniature statures are waiting to be discovered or just could not survive the time.

Claim:It also explains why few ancient Kalinese sculpting tools have been found.
Data:  archaeologists have recently discovered molds of human heads and hands on Kali.
Warrant: not having found ancient Kalinese sculpting tools means not been used
Question: why have few ancient Kalinese sculpting tools been found?
- the sculpting tools may be made of some materials that could not survive the time.
-the sculpting tools may just wait to be discovered somewhere.
-the sculpting tools may be destroyed after been used by ancient Kalinese artists.

Claim: collectors predict that the life-size sculptures will decrease in value while the miniatures increase in value.
Data:  this discovery
Warrant:
Question: why will life-size sculptures descries in value and the miniature increase in value? what is collectors theoretical basis of such a prediction? what does the value of sculptures do with the discovered molds?
- life-size molds do not necessarily affect the value life-size sculptures.
there are other factors, such as the number of discovered sculptures, their qualities, their size, their style, their integrity, their potential functions, etc.


老师很厉害的问问题,问的非常准,高度概括,我自己常得问一些边边角角的问题。提问可以根据claim提吗,warrant常找不出,感觉没逻辑。

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美国offer勋章 建筑offer勋章

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发表于 2017-8-16 04:13:30 |只看该作者
15) The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.


1.
Claim

An average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change.

Data
Only about 2 percent of customers have complained.

Warrant
Whoever has no complains is happy with the change.

Question
Do all customers who have no complaints are happy?
•        Not unsatisfied, not happy.

Assumption
Whoever has no complains is happy with the change.

2.
Claim

Many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead.

Data
Either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

Warrant
If the customers can distinguish the difference, as well as do not use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine, then they will have complaints. In addition, all complaints will be reported by servers.

Questions
1.        Do the customers who can distinguish the difference complain?
2.        Are there any customers who use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine?
3.        Will all complaints be reported by servers?


3.
Claim

This change has had little impact on the customers.

Data
An average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change.

Warrant
If most of customers are happy with the change, then the change has little impact on customers.

Questions
1.        Can complaints from customers cover all impacts?
a.        The impacts can be positive.
b.        The negative impacts cannot be realised by customers so that they will not complain, such as the negative impacts on health.


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发表于 2017-8-16 08:34:56 |只看该作者
ARG40
Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium - substances essential for building and maintaining bones.Many people therefore say that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors and that causes the bones to weaken significantly with age.But a long-term study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study.Since bone fractures are symptomatic of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

Claim1: vitamin D and calcium are able to prevent the bones weakening.(implied)
Data: 1.Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium - substances essential for building and maintaining bones
2.a disease that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors and that causes the bones to weaken significantly with age
Warrant: a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis

Evidence: 1.recognized researches on strengthening bones with richness in vitamin D and calcium.
2.researches that prove that the effect of vitamin D and calcium is stronger than environment and genetic factors.

Claim2: vitamin D and calcium cannot prevent osteoporosis.(implied)
Data: a long-term study of a large number of people found that those who consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study
Warrant: a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis

Evidence: 1. Samples in the experiment stayed in the same situation and the difference except the diet between samples can be ignored.
2. There are nothing else except for vitamin D and calcium are effective.

感想:这是第一篇argu提纲,上手难度不小,这篇短短的提纲也花了我一个小时,自己修改了好几次,即使这样我也觉得自己还没抓住要领,找claim 和 warrant 其实才是最难的,找出了这两个,question,assumption, evidence其实都好提。

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发表于 2017-8-16 16:51:34 |只看该作者
15) The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

Claim: The change of butter has little influence in the restaurants’ customers.
Data: In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change
Warrant: relatively small part of people complain about the change so that it indicates that the change has little impact
Question: Are the customers who didn’t complain about it happy with change?
Evidence needed: thoughts of other customers who didn’t complain about the change
Assumptions:
People who were not satisfied with the change complained directly.
People complained only about the change.

Claim: These customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine.
Data: many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead
Warrant: A number of customers ask for butter but given margarine think it’s okay.
Question: Are there some other reasons why they didn’t complain?
Assumptions:
They just feel both are okay but they distinguish the difference between them.
They may accept the change but they know the change clearly.

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RE: argument同主题写作第一类 8月14-15日 [修改]
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argument同主题写作第一类 8月14-15日
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-2112270-1-1.html
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