argument同主题写作第一类 8月14-15日

woakaUID: 3828817

Arg 81chemicals cause dizziness and nausea

The following appeared in a business magazine.
As a result of numerous complaints of dizziness and nausea on the part of consumers of Promofoods tuna, the company requested that eight million cans of its tuna be returned for testing. Promofoods concluded that the canned tuna did not, after all, pose a health risk. This conclusion is based on tests performed on samples of the recalled cans by chemists from Promofoods; the chemists found that of the eight food chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find small amounts of the three remaining suspected chemicals but pointed out that these occur naturally in all canned foods.

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be addressed in order to decide whether the conclusion and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to the questions would help to evaluate the conclusion.

Background info: A company requested eight million cans of its tuna be returned for testing, because of the numerous complaints of dizziness and nausea on the part of consumers of promofoods tuna.

Claim: the canned tuna did not pose a health risk.
Data: This conclusion is based on tests performed on samples of the recalled cans by chemists from Promofoods.
Warrant: The tests performed on samples of the recalled cans by chemists from Prormofoods could draw the conclusion that the canned tuna did not pose a health risk.
Questioin:
1)        Is the sampling method reasonable?
2)        Are these chemist from this company professional?
3)        Are these chemist from this company objective?
4)        Is there any other cause of the symptoms of dizziness and nausea?

Claim: the canned tuna did not pose a health risk.
Data: the chemists found that of the eight food chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans.
Warrant: Most of the common chemical substances blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea are not found, which indicates that the canned tuna did not pose a health risk.
Questions:
1)        Is there any other chemical that causes symptoms of dizziness and nausea?

Claim: the canned tuna did not pose a health risk.
Data: The chemists did find small amounts of the three remaining suspected chemicals but pointed out that these occur naturally in all canned foods.
Warrant: small amounts of the three remaining suspected chemicals did not pose a health risk.
Questions:
1)        What are the amounts of these chemicals in normal canned foods?
2)        Are the amounts of these chemicals  less than in normal canned foods?

ning97UID: 3781898

Arg 91elimination of western gazelle caused by predators
Argument model essays and outlines

Three years ago, because of flooding at the Western Palean Wildlife Preserve, 100 lions and 100 western gazelles were moved to the East Palean Preserve, an area that is home to most of the same species that are found in the western preserve, though in larger numbers, and to the eastern gazelle, a close relative of the western gazelle.The only difference in climate is that the eastern preserve typically has slightly less rainfall.Unfortunately, after three years in the eastern preserve, the imported western gazelle population has been virtually eliminated. Since the slight reduction in rainfall cannot be the cause of the virtual elimination of western gazelle, their disappearance must have been caused by the larger number of predators in the eastern preserve.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

Claim：Their disappearance must have been caused by the larger number of predators in the eastern preserve.
Data：an area that is home to most of the same species that are found in the western preserve, though in larger numbers, and to the eastern gazelle, a close relative of the western gazelle.The only difference in climate is that the eastern preserve typically has slightly less rainfall.Unfortunately, after three years in the eastern preserve, the imported western gazelle population has been virtually eliminated.
Warrant：raining less isn't a reason so that only predators.

Assumption1: The slight reduction in rainfall cannot be the cause of the virtual elimination of western gazelle.
Evidence: The other spices differences caused by the rainfall, such as their foods. And also whether the rainfall has a consequence on their places, communications and breedings.

Claim：Their disappearance must have been caused by the larger number of predators in the eastern preserve.
Data：an area that is home to most of the same species that are found in the western preserve, though in larger numbers, and to the eastern gazelle, a close relative of the western gazelle.The only difference in climate is that the eastern preserve typically has slightly less rainfall.Unfortunately, after three years in the eastern preserve, the imported western gazelle population has been virtually eliminated.
Warrant：raining less isn't a reason so that only predators.

Assumption2: There is non of other reason to affect the elimination except the predators and the raining.
Evidence: Find the germ or virus that may be catched by the gazelles. And examine the quality of their water and food to see if they are in pollution.

Auusmption3: The eastern gazelle is closely related to the westerns and they won't affect the numbers of the western gazelles.
Evidence: There is no reason between that they are related with that they could live withourt competetions, so we should take experiments to find their living styles.

cc271793784UID: 3779694

51) The following memorandum is from the business manager of Happy Pancake House restaurants.

Butter has now been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. Only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers cannot distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine. Thus, to avoid the expense of purchasing butter and to increase profitability, the Happy Pancake House should extend this cost-saving change to its restaurants in the southeast and northeast as well.

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

Claim: Clearly, either these customers cannot distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine
Data:
a)        Only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change.
b)        many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead.
Warrant:
a)        customers feel indifferent about the change, which means the will not prefer butter than margarine
b)        customer do not complain about this, which indicates that they think using margarine is as pleasing as butter.
Questions: could people trust the results from "many servers" which could not be verified as some authorized institutions?

Claim: to avoid the expense of purchasing butter and to increase profitability, the Happy Pancake House should extend this cost-saving change to its restaurants in the southeast and northeast as well.
Data: either these customers cannot distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine
Warrant: because these customers cannot distinguish them, the restaurant could buy more margarine and less butter to increase profit without complaint from customers.
Questions: Could we ensure that the result of restaurant in southeast could apply in restaurant in northeast?

taylor1995UID: 3820421

101. There is now evidence that the relaxed pace of life in small towns promotes better health and greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities. Businesses in the small town of Leeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Masonton. Furthermore, Leeville has only one physician for its one thousand residents, but in Masonton the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high. Finally, the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher than that of Masonton residents. These findings suggest that people seeking longer and healthier lives should consider moving to small communities.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

作文：

In this argument, the writer advice people to move to small town. Because a report of Leeville, a small town, showed three clues which indicates that the pace of life in small towns promotes better health than that in big cityies. However, only if the writer provides further evidences to strengthen this perspective can he legitimately conclude that small towns is better for healthy.

To begin with, the statement indicates that fewer days of illness leave taken by workers than do in nearby large city of Masonton. The argument fails to prove that the people in small town are healthier than those in big cities. In fact, many factors would effect the leave situation. The company may be small in town and have loose management which doesn’t need to ask for a sick. Besides, small town has less working stress and might have more vacation than big cities. Relatively speaking, there would be a lower probability of leave. Thus, more specific data is needed to scrutinize the argument critically, to assess the strength of the argument.

In the second place, even if Leeville has fewer physicians than big cities, it also couldn’t show that people in small town is healthier than those in big cities. Doctors may not want to work in small town since it is not convenient to live in a small town. The town doesn’t have much employment, and the wages are in low level. On the contrary, big cities are more attractive to people. In addition, the educational capacity of small towns is not as good as that of big cities. The probability of capable person such as physician would be low. Therefore，the assumption might be wrong and it couldn’t be compared.

Finally, based on the average age of residents is higher than big city, the writer inferred that people in Leevile has longer lives than big cities. It is possible that the population structure of town is incomplete. Young migrant workers may have to go outside for working, and retired and old people stayed. Moreover, the main reason could not be the pace of life. For instance, the different economic structure and industry lead to different mentality and concept of the two residents, which influence the health level of residents.

In conclusion, the conclusion which the writer concluded is not well supported. The writer uses the comparison between a small town and a big city might be not right. The main factor is not the pace of life. To convince the conclusion, it needs more surveys in specific directions.

EvelynnnnnUID: 3764728

101) There is now evidence that the relaxed pace of life in small towns promotes better health and greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities. Businesses in the small town of Leeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Masonton. Furthermore, Leeville has only one physician for its one thousand residents, but in Masonton the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high. Finally, the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher than that of Masonton residents. These findings suggest that people seeking longer and healthier lives should consider moving to small communities.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

There is now evidence that the relaxed pace of life in small towns promotes better health and greater longevity than does the hectic pace of life in big cities.

Claim: Living in small towns with a relaxed pace bring a greater longevity compared with living in big cities.
Assumption:The different pace of life can determine one's healthy condition.


Businesses in the small town of Leeville report fewer days of sick leave taken by individual workers than do businesses in the nearby large city of Masonton.

Claim:People in business have fewer days of sick in small town than those in the large city.
Data: People doing business in Leeville take fewer days of sick leave than those from Masonton.

Assumption: Some other factors could cause the same problem.
- The number of people in large city is much more than it in small town. So compared to the total, the ratio is the key to reflect the corn.

Furthermore, Leeville has only one physician for its one thousand residents, but in Masonton the proportion of physicians to residents is five times as high.

Assumption:The physician-resident ratio means the resident's health condition.
- Residents in large city may pay more attention on the health.
- The resources in city are much more than town. So the physicians would like to live in city.

Finally, the average age of Leeville residents is significantly higher than that of Masonton residents.

Assumption: The average age could genuinely reflect the longevity of residents.
-The distribution is different from town to city. Many young man like to work in large city for more job opportunities.

These findings suggest that people seeking longer and healthier lives should consider moving to small communities.

Assumption: People who what to live longer and healthier are just care about the place.

Jtiger6UID: 4091399

感谢老师。