issue93 我是天生超时狂 kakaka 不过总算赶上同主题进度了

arhooUID: 180462

又是严重超时，没想法了。更郁闷的是写完看看老外280发现有点雷同……虽然纯属巧合，ETS会不会买我帐啊，大家帮我看看

------题目------
The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making.
------正文------

We need to split the notion of "necessary fiction" which the speaker uses to describe individual responsibility. It is not difficult to agree that individual responsibility is indeed necessary since any society without it is unimaginable while asserting it as fictitious is too hasty. In fact, individual responsibility is not only realizable as the speaker refuses to admit, but possibly inherently rooted in human nature.

The necessity of individual responsibility can be drawn from one's common understanding of the society. Far from being isolated, people are living in a highly and inevitably interactive state where every action one conducts may impose influence on others. Frequently, such action is beneficial to the doer but the influence is not so desirable for others. Therefore, individual responsibility is needed to prevent unchecked harmful influences and balance the interests among different people. A world without individual responsibility is also out of any individual right. Babies' rights to live are deprived when cast off by irresponsible parents, property rights are deprived by irresponsible robberies and rights of freedom are deprived by irresponsible tyranny. What a chaos. Moreover, the necessity of individual responsibility is suggested my economics theory. Economists such as Steven Cheung and Barzel who analyzed institutions argued that a proportional symmetry between the right to benefit and the responsibility might be the most efficient design of institution.

On the other hand, individual responsibility is practical rather than fictitious. Admittedly, some other forces, natural or artificial, external or internal, place constraint on people's behavior. However, constraint is not equal to determination. What these forces really determine is not the behavior, but the condition, upon which the choice of behavior can be decided. Free choice is always available. For example, when faced with poverty and hunger, people can still resist the temptation to steal. Even genetic factors are not absolutely determinant. In fact, except for extreme cases, a genetically violence-inclined person is still able to choose mildness, even if that would be more painstaking than an average person would. That is to say, as long as the whole causality chain of human behavior runs through the mind, men always have a chance to take responsibility. More often, a claim of "no other choices" already obviates other obviously undesirable alternatives and reveals the reluctance to take the liability.

Further, some common observations even suggest that individual responsibility may be not only practical but original and natural. Some cases we imagined above in an "irresponsible world" in fact would rarely happen. Most babies are not abandoned, but spontaneously brought up by their parents, if not, at least by their mothers. Moreover, we have found out that mothers are always willing to sacrifice their own lives to save their children on extraordinarily dangerous occasions albeit such choices are usually made in extremely short periods that careful weighing is not possible. One may argue that these phenomena are due to instincts of human beings. However, far from refuting my viewpoint, this argument actually supports that the responsibility, at least that to one's own children might be inherently rooted.

In conclusion, individual responsibility is not only a necessary, but an existent ability--the ability to be responsible. The speaker's denial to the authenticity of it is a little ridiculous for he simultaneously and automatically denies something fundamental to societal harmony and maybe essential to human nature.

arhooUID: 180462

晕啊 无人问津 有必要顶一下上来了

arhooUID: 180462

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