大家都来说说，什么类型的语法题最容易错？！

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[size=-2]我爱寄托
昨晚，整整一晚，把自己犯的语法错全归了类，;P:confused:发现自己老是犯以下错误：
１．句子结构没看清，有时因为粗心，有时对词性理解不到位．
２．从句中ＴＨＡＴ是否该省？从句语法不明．
３．冠词ＴＨＥ，何时省，何时加？
４．词性理解不到位，Ａ？Ｎ？Ｖ？
５．倒装
自己翻了参考书，和字典，做了点总结．付上，大家一起讨论研究！

6大托福语法频错
一.        结构句型
五大句型:
1.        S+Vi　(主语＋不及物动词)
2.        Ｓ＋Ｖlink+S.C(主语＋系动词＋主语补足语／表语)
例：He is a doctor.
S  V   S.C  
Sugar tastes sweet.
S      V   S.C
   除了ＢＥ动词，系动词有：
感觉类：feel,look,sound,smell,taste,seem,appear
变成类：become,go,run,get,turn,fall,come,grow
存在类：remain,continue,stay,keep
　３．Ｓ＋Ｖ.Ｔ+O(主语＋及物动词＋宾语)
例：My watch needs repairing.动名词做宾语，表被动，相当于to be repaired.
    I hope to see my girlfriend .不定式做宾语．
　　I don’t know what to do.名词短语做宾语．
　　Do you know where he lives?名词从句做宾语
４．Ｓ＋Ｖ.T+ Oi+Od(主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语)
直接宾语与间接宾语对调时，应加入适当的介词．（这点与法语的语法类似）
例：The sun gives us light and heat.
    The sun gives light and heat to us.
    He asked me a question.
    He asked a question of me.
5.S+V.t+O+O.C(主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语)
　例：We elected him chairman.
                O    O.C
  以名词为补足语的动词有call,name,elect,choose,make,appoint,consider等．若补语是指＂一个人可以担任的职位时，便应省略冠词．
例：They elected him President.他们选他为总统．
＜比较＞He made her a servant.他雇她为仆人．

二．从句结构
１．        名词性从句用法：
用以连接宾语从句的that可以省略，但用以连接主语从句和表语从句的that一般是不可省略的．
a.        名词性关系代词：
what =the thing/things which
whatever=anything that
who= the person/persons who
whom=the person/persons whom
whomever=any person whom
whoever=any person who
which=the one that
whichever=any one that
b.        名词性关系副词：
when=the time when
where=the place where
why=the reason why
how=the way that
eg:This is where(=the place where)I live.
c.        名词性关系限定词：
what=any…that/all the …that/the…that
whatever=any…that
which=any…that/the…that
whichever=any…that
eg:What little(The little that)I had was stolen.
  我有的那一点点东西被盗了．
Much of what is reported about the behavior of porpoises has come from observations made at Sea World in Florida.(93.8)（疑问词引导的介词宾语从句）
d.        某些形容词后，跟有引导的表语从句，that常被省略，这类词有：afraid,alarmed,amazed,amused,angry,annoyed,astonished,aware,clear,confident,depressed,disappointed,distressed,glad,grateful,happy,hopeful,horrified,
irritated,pleased,proud,sad,shocked,sorry,sure,
thankful,upset.(在我看来，它们多是传达一种情绪的形容词)
eg:The early feminist leader Susan B.Anthony became increasingly aware through her work in the temperance movement that women were not granted the same rights as men.(96.12)
２．        定语从句的用法：
a.        在一般情况下，关系代词和关系副词应紧跟在先行词后．但在某些情况下，它们之间也有可能会被一些别的词分开．
Ｗ：American women have come a long way toward social roles for women who are as dignified and responsible as those for men.
R: American women have come a long way toward social roles for women WHICH (social roles) are as dignified and responsible as those for men.
b.        在定语从句中做介词宾语的关系代词只能用which代替物，whom代替人，决不能用that，也不能用who.
Eg:The photo shows the writer in his seventies surrounded by children ,to whom he devoted his whole life.
同时，区别于前面的＂疑问词引导的介词宾语从句＂
eg:Most of what archaeologists know about prehistoric cultures is based on studies of material remains.
c.        不要以为只有在先行词是人的时候，才用关系代词whose．实际上，先行词是物时，也同样可以用whose，这时它的意思相当于of which，因此切不可用which来代替whose．
Eg:I regret having missed the Louvre ,whose rich collection of art works is world-famous.
d.        关系代词与关系副词混淆
先行词的关系词，在定语从句中做谓语动词的宾语，则用关系代词that或which，来引导定语从句；反之，用关系副词where（表地点）或when（表时间），在定语从句中做状语．
Eg:Mathilde would never forget the evening when she lost the beautiful necklace.
  I’ve been to the city that you visited last week.
e.        先行词混淆
eg:W:Is this museum that you visited the other day?
  R:Is this museum (主语，非先行词)the one you visited the other day?
f.        错用先行词前的限定词
eg:W:My house which/that I bought last year has a lovely garden before it.
  R:The house which/that I bought last year has a lovely garden before it.
3.        状语从句的用法
a.        despite, in spite of 后，只加短语，不加句子．
b.        误将表示时间延续的介词during作时间状语从句的连词使用．
Eg:W:During he was working ,I went out alone and did some shopping.
  R:While he was working, I went out alone and did some shopping.
  W:During astudent at Harvard ,he won the favor of all his instructors.
  R:While /When a student at Harvard ,he won the favor of all his instructors.
4.        定语从句和同谓语从句的区别：看从句前面的名词与从句之间的关系：如果，名词与从句之间可以化等号，则为同位语从句；如果，名词只是从句的一部分，则为定语从句．（同位语从句中的名词在从句中，不担任任何成分．）
Eg:The news that the leader will come here is not true.(同位语从句)
   The news（that）／which you told me last week is not true.(定语从句)

　We know the fact that there is air around us.(同位语从句)
  I don’t know the fact （that）/which mentioned  just now.（定语从句）
　５．关系代词that 的省略问题
当关系代词that在定语从句中，作从句中，
动词的宾语，介词的宾语，表语时，可省．
Eg:宾语：The speech (that)he has made today is not a circumstance to his yesterday’s pronouncement.
  介词的宾语:Here is the man (that)you have been looking for.
  表语：He is not the impractical bookworm(that) he used to be.
  
三.易混同根词:
１．        形容词：
literal逐字的，字面上的――literary文学的
　 economic经济上的――economical节约的
   historic历史上著名的，有重大历史意义的――historical历史的
forgettable易被忘记的――forgetful健忘的
respectable受尊敬的――respectful恭敬的―― respective各自的
sensible明智的――sensitive敏感的
imaginable可想象的――imaginary想象中的――imaginative富于想象力的
effective 有效的――efficient效率高的
credible可信的――creditable值得赞扬的
considerable相当多，相当大的――considerate体贴的，周密的
industrial工业的――industrious勤劳的
２．        名词：
　product可数，产品――produce不可数，产品
　farm（农场，畜牧场，养殖场）―― farming（农业，畜牧业，养殖业，农务）
bank（银行）――banking（银行业）
base（基地，基底）――basis（基础）
reason（理由）――reasoning（推理）
award（奖；奖品）――reward（报答；奖赏；酬金）
physician(内科医生)――physicist(物理学家)
process(过程)――procession(行列)
typewriter(打字机)――typist(打字员)
3.动词：
assure使确信－ensure保证－insure给．．．投保
effect实现――affect影响
precede先于――proceed继续进行
rise上升－arise出现－raise提高
5.        过去式和过去分词形式不同：
悬挂：hang,hung,hung
绞死：hang,hanged,hanged
说谎：lie,lied,lied
躺：lie,lay,lain
发亮：shine,shone,shone
擦亮：shine,shined,shined
四．零冠词
１．        不可数名词前一般不使用任何冠词．
Eg:Historians believe that some forms of
an advertising must be as old as barter and trade.
(93.7)应去掉an
The nitrogen makes up over78 percent of the Earth’s atmosphere ,the gaseous mass surrounding the planet.(96.8)应去掉the
２．        专有名词前，一般不使用任何冠词，（国名）
３．        表示年，季，月，周，日，早，中，晚等的名词前，一般不使用任何冠词．
  Eg:If winter comes ,can spring far behind?
School begins in September.
Sunday is tha last day of the week.
Night fell.夜幕降临了．
４．        在a kind /type/category/species/sort of等结构后面的名词一般不加任何冠词．
Eg: a kind of picture;    a type of paintings
6.        在表示官职，地位，身份，称呼的名词前一般不使用任何冠词．
Eg:He was elected president in 1994.
Father went in and found that all the apples had been stolen.
7.        某些特定用法．
Eg:by accident, in advance, in effect事实上，
go to school/hospital/prison/bed
上学／住院／坐牢／睡觉
on duty 值班，on earth, under  way在进行中．
同一名词在同一短语中重复出现时，该名词前一般不使用任何冠词：hand in hand,step by step,
day after day,from tree to tree.
   有相对关系的名词在同一短语中成对使用时，名词前一般不使用任何冠词：from city to suburb,
from birth till death, heart and soul, day and night.
五．定冠词的使用
１．        世界上独一无二的名词，应用定冠词．
Eg:the sun, (the) moon,( the )earth,the globe,
the universe, the sky, the atmosphere, the equator,
the east, the west, the north, the right, the left, the middle,the ground等．
　２．在海洋，山脉，群岛，海峡，海湾等专有名词前加定冠词，如：the Red Sea（红海）,the Rhine（莱茵河）,the Himalayas（喜马拉雅）,the Philippine Islands（菲律宾群岛）,the English Channel（英吉利海峡）,the Persian Gulf（波斯湾）.但是，其他专有名词前一般不用冠词．如：Peking University,Mount Rushmore,Bald Head Island,Lake  Erie等．
六．倒装句
１．        否定性副词提前（not until,not only）
   否定性副词位于句首所引起的倒装句是部分倒装句，但如果谓语动词为ｂｅ动词的一般时或一般过去时，则为全部倒装形式．
Eg:Not until 1931 did “The Star –Spangled Banner” become the official anthem of the United States.(92.10)
  Not only is Barbara Astman’s artwork technically　proficient;it also explores psychological questions.(98.5)
２．以ＯＮＬＹ开头的副词，介词短语或状语从句提前至句首时，句子的主要结构倒装．倒装后，句子中的第一助动词或情态动词位于主语之前，如果谓语动词为ＢＥ的一般现在时或一般过去时，则谓语动词全部位于主语之前．
Eg:Although the Earth’s chemical composition had been studied for years,only toward the end of the nineteenth century was geochemistry recognized as a discipline in its own right.(97.1)
３.以ＳＯ为首的形容词和副词短语提前
eg:So numerous were the inventions devised to lessen the drudgery of washing clothes that the origin of the washing machine is unclear.
4.方式状语从句中的倒装．
　As引导的方式状语从句通常为自然语序，但是，如果主语比谓语长，句子可为部分倒装，或全部倒装形式．
Eg:Jack likes sports ,as do many of his friends.
  像他的许多朋友那样，杰克喜欢体育．
　He was exhausted ,as were all the others in the team.
  跟队里的其他人一样，他也筋疲力尽了．
　
　
　




  


  




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