【0606G-Kito小组提纲练习大贴】

leedgenUID: 160823

=====================Issue11=====================

11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems."
翻译：所有的国家应共同建立一所全球性大学，用来培养学生们解决世界的最顽固的社会问题。
提纲： 反对
1．全球性大学教育学生，更注重于全球化的某些问题，譬如毒品，环境等问题，在这一点上应该是有帮助的。
2．但是，建立一所全球性大学是不现实的，这需要各国家的强力支持，必须消除各种矛盾，克服文化差异等，总之要达到真正公正地解决世界社会问题困难重重。
3．        另外，建立一所全球性大学也是没有必要的，随着网络的普遍应用，很多学者可以在因特网平台上互相交流，致力于世界社会问题。

bunnymz2005UID: 2146758

===========================Issue186=========================
【题目】
Practicality is now our great ideal, which all powers and talents must
serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world.
【翻译】
实用主义是我们现在主要的追求，一切的力量和才智都必须为其服务。任何并非显著实用的东西在当今世界几乎是没有价值的。
【提纲】
观点：不同意。虽然实用主义在这个物质社会中无可厚非，但是实用主义并不是我们的主要追求，并且从长期来看那些看似不实用的东西其实也是有价值的。
1．诚然，在这个物质社会中，我们追求实用性是自然而然的事情，毕竟人类的生存于发展是需要物品的实用性来支撑的。比如，我们的每天的衣食住行。特别是在科学技术方面，许多发明创造都是收到实用性的驱使。比如人们想要进行大规模计算，计算机应运而生；人们想提高交通速度，飞机也因此而诞生，人们要与世界交流，互联网也随之产生。从这一点上看，实用主义是人们生存发展的必然趋势。
2．然而，我们要注意到在人类的文明进程中，实用主义并不是唯一的主题。人类对于宗教，信仰，理想，艺术的追求同样推动了人类历史的发展。比如华盛顿，甘地，马丁路德金等人为自由而奋斗。
3．必须承认，一些东西在当时可能是没有价值的，如人类探索外太空，但是从长远来看，这是对人类有巨大意义的。

【参考资料】
嘉文博译范文
http://www2.gter.net/bbs/viewthr ... &extra=page%3D1

老外范文280
In today's world is practicality our idol---one which all powers and talents must serve. While this claim has considerable merit with respect to most areas of human endeavor--including education, art, and politics--I take exception with the claim when it comes to the direction of scientific research today.
Practicality seems clearly to be the litmus test for education today. Grade-schoolers are learning computer skills right along with reading and writing. Our middle and high schools are increasingly cutting arts education, which ostensibly has less practical value than other course work. And, more and more college students are majoring in technical fields for the purpose of securing lucrative jobs immediately upon graduation. Admittedly, many college students still advance to graduate-level study; yet the most popular such degree today is the MBA; after all, business administration is fundamentally about practicality and pragmatism that is, "getting the job done" and paying attention to the "bottom line."
Practicality also dictates what sort of art is produced today. Most new architecture today is driven by functionality, safety, and cost; very few architectural masterpieces find their way past the blueprint stage anymore. The content of today's feature films and music is driven entirely by demographic considerations--that is, by pandering to the interests of 18-35 year olds, who account for most ticket and CD sales. And, the publishing industry today is driven by immediate concern to deliver viable products to the marketplace. The glut of how-to books in our bookstores today is evidence that publishers are pandering to our practicality as well. It isn't that artists no longer create works of high artistic value and integrity. Independent record labels, filmmakers, and publishing houses abound today. It's just that the independents do not thrive, and they constitute a minuscule segment of the market. In the main, today's real-estate developers, entertainment moguls, and publishing executives are concerned with practicality and profit, and not with artistic value and integrity.
Practicality is also the overriding concern in contemporary politics. Most politicians seem driven today by their interest in being elected and reelected that is, in short-term survival rather than by any sense of mission, or even obligation to their constituency or country. Diplomatic and legal maneuverings and negotiations often appear intended to meet the practical needs of the parties involved minimizing costs, preserving options, and so forth. Those who would defend the speaker might claim that it is idealists--not pragmatists who sway the masses, incite revolutions, and make political ideology reality. Consider idealists such as the America's founders, or Mahatma Gandhi, or Martin Luther King. Had these idealists concerned themselves with short-term survival and immediate needs rather than with their notions of an ideal society, the United States and India might still be British colonies, and African-Americans might still be relegated to the backs of buses. Although I concede this point, the plain fact is that such idealists are far fewer in number today.
On the other hand, the claim amounts to an overstatement when it comes to today's scientific endeavors. In medicine the most common procedures today are cosmetic; these procedures strike me as highly impractical, given the health risks and expense involved. Admittedly, today's digital revolution serves a host of practical concerns, such as communicating and accessing information more quickly and efficiently. Much of chemical research is also aimed at practicality--at providing convenience and enhancing our immediate comfort. Yet, in many other respects scientific research is not driven toward immediate practicality but rather toward broad, long-term objectives: public health, quality of life, and environmental protection.
In sum, practicality may be our idol today when it comes to education, the arts, and politics; but with respect to science I find the claim to be an unfair generalization. Finally, query whether the claim begs the question. After all, practicality amounts to far more than meeting immediate needs; it also embraces long-term planning and prevention aimed at ensuring our future quality of life, and our very survival as a species.

bunnymz2005UID: 2146758

=============================Issue56===========================
【题目】
Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future.
【翻译】
政府应该把更多的注意力放在解决当务之急，而不是试图解决将来预期的问题上。
【提纲】
观点：平衡。当务之急和将来的问题都很重要。
1. 政府应该着力解决当务之急，如贫困，恐怖主义，环境污染，疾病，事业等等，毕竟这些问题直接威胁着人们的普遍福利。
2． 然而这并不意味着我们可以忽视将来预期的问题。比如人口中男女比例失调，如果不予以考虑，将来会出现一系列的社会问题如犯罪和心理问题，再比如，环境问题，如果早考虑，可能不会像现在这么严重。还有AIDS的问题也算一个
3．而且，政府如果只注重现在而忽视了长远，显然是对后代不公平的。还是环境污染的例子，现代人无节制的污染与破坏损坏了将来人的利益。而且这样做也是目光短浅的，我们在试图解决将来预期问题的同时也会受益，比如对于外太空的探索，对现实的意义也很重大。(这个例子我觉得不恰当，但又没想出来别的，请大家帮忙）

@amy@UID: 209096

嘿嘿嘿，我催债来啦，大家到第一楼看看，没写完的抓紧了哈~~;P

leedgenUID: 160823

昨天发昏把issue11的提纲贴上来了，今天补上26

==================issue 26 95 85======================

26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."
大多数人都同意一个社会的建筑物代表了它有价值的历史纪录，但是当现代规划者们觉得这些以前的建筑物所占据的土地可以被更有价值的使用于新目的时，就产生了争议，现代发展应该比保留历史建筑物更受重视以便于满足眼下的需求。

提纲：同意
1．首先得承认历史建筑有很高的历史价值，比如古代建筑艺术，古代庭院设计等等，一旦被破坏掉就再也不存在了，我们应当为了我们自己以及后代保护历史建筑。
2．此外，很多历史建筑已经成为了当地的标志emblem，很好的旅游景点等，因此要尽量保护。
3．但是，有很多历史建筑已经相当破旧，并且和周围的现代化环境很不协调。考虑到城市的发展的土地需求，一些古建筑就应该拆除，或者平移到另外一个地方。
4．总之，我们应该尽量保护历史建筑，但是当现在发展需求的利益大于保护古建筑的利益时，我们应该牺牲古代建筑来满足当代的发展。

95. "People work more productively in teams than individually. Teamwork requires cooperation, which motivates people much more than individual competition does."
人们在团队中工作比独立工作要更加有效率。团队协作需要的合作能够比个人间的竞争更加激励人们。

提纲：同意
1．团队工作比起个人竞争有更多的优势：信息资源丰富等等，另外，队员的互相帮助是使工作更有效率的一个因素。
2．工作越来越趋向更专业化，个人的力量不能完成一项庞大的工程，只有每个人贡献自己的所长，才能让工作持续下去。
3． 个体竞争在一定程度上可以促进小组工作，例如工作积极性的表现，小组的一种友好气氛的形成等等


85"Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts."
政府资助艺术会威胁到艺术的完整性。
提纲：不完全反对
1．为了得到政府的资助，有些艺术家可能会趋向于创造一些哗众取宠的作品，在这个方面，政府资助可能会影响到艺术的完整性。
2．但是，艺术家需要资助来解决衣食等基本需求，这样他们才能更好地进行艺术创作。因此，政府资助非但不会威胁到艺术的完整性，反而有利于艺术的发展。
3．艺术需要被公众了解才能体现其integrity，因此在普及，宣传需要的资金也是很大的数目，需要funds.
4．尤其是庞大的建筑艺术，更需要政府的资助才能得到发展。
这个怎么举例子啊，实在想不出来，大家帮帮忙啦？

leedgenUID: 160823

一些艺术类的资料（网上搜来得）

下面几道艺术类题可归入三小类（还有不少题没归入）：
    艺术的个人性Vs社会性：131, 218
    政府资助艺术：101, 85
    艺术家与评论家：96, 143, 144

下面对这三小类题做个分析：

一 艺术的个人性与社会性 ：
    先说艺术的目的 ：
    Dendis的签名档里有他对艺术目的各理论的综述。大家自己看。pooh的百宝箱里也有。
    参见：http://www.cbe21.com/subject/art/ht.../200217_23.html
    个人认为艺术种类很多，目的也很多，各种理论都不能很好解释所有出现过的艺术目的。

基本上艺术大约分两类吧：个人艺术 社会艺术
艺术的个人性方面 ：表现个人思想感情，与社会无关。
    主要可以应用游戏说:According to what Freud has said art, in essence, is a kind of release(discharge) of individual lust, converting the human libido into plentiful creativity. It is through the work of art that artists express their passions, emotions, and desires. From this we can see, art is therefore, first and foremost, concerning with the inner world rather than with the outside one as a whole.(by dendis)
    模仿说似乎也行。模仿等于艺术模仿客观世界？
    这种艺术作品很多：大家常举的 Van Gogh的艺术基本表现内心思想
    对梵高的作品的评价from Encarta:
“potato eaters” by van Gogh: Dark and somber, sometimes crude, these early works evidence van Gogh\'s intense desire to express the misery and poverty of humanity as he saw it among the miners in Belgium.这个…算是有社会性还是个人性的艺术？看大家想怎么说了。

   “Starry night”: For van Gogh all visible phenomena, whether he painted or drew them, seemed to be endowed with a physical and spiritual vitality.

     he thick, energetic brushstrokes in “Crows in the Wheatfields” (1890, Rijksmuseum Vincent van Gogh, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), which he painted just two and a half weeks before his suicide, suggest turbulence. Dark birds hover in a brilliant blue sky over golden fields. The infusion of black darkens the blue of the sky and evokes a mood of pessimism that seems to reflect the artist’s self-doubt and loneliness, which he described in letters to his brother.
向日葵那幅没找到。。。但是网上的中文介绍很多。

    另外，大家不要老是狂举Van Gogh。还有一个命运相仿的悲惨的画家：伦勃朗Rembrandt.
此人荷兰画派（和梵高一样，但凡高后来改道了）。他画的世界级名画：night watch（一堆人擦枪准备出巡的画，是受托给当地警卫做画。）实际表现了白天场景，但是因为荷兰画派的暗色画风，被称为夜巡，本人被诬为黑暗王子。但是拒不妥协，不肯重画。身价暴跌，死于贫困暴死后马上就被发现画得好。（参见余秋雨那本欧洲的旅行记，行者无疆之跃动的生命可能是吧）悲惨的艺术家还有很多。

     巴赫(Bach)的平均律钢琴曲集： Well-Tempered Clavier Book 他写这部曲集就是为了证明+解释平均律。

    表现个人情爱：Beethoven: Moonlight, 至爱丽丝（英文不会）。其他还有很多啦（如各国民歌）

    Expressionism(表现主义) 作品：The Scream: Norwegian artist Edvard Munch produced powerful paintings and graphic works that portrayed the inner turmoil of his subjects.（就是一个人捂着扭曲的脸的画）不知算不算是符合表现说的内容…

    这个个人艺术正好也是没有什么思想内容但是upset的用于issue176喽：jarring, splashy murals by abstract painter Jackson Pollock serve to \"upset,\" or at the very least disquiet。

    个人认为：这种个人艺术想have merit 只要能有艺术水平。有效反映个人的思想感情就行。

    社会性方面 ：艺术表达社会思想或社会意识。个人认为：艺术作品总是一个人做的，一方面个人思想总会受到社会意识的影响而反映社会idea and value。 另一方面，个人可能表达自己感情时顺便表达了社会的想法。

    宗教艺术（大家看看中世纪艺术和文艺复兴艺术。可以用的很多啦，前面提到一些。）
Picasso 的Pigeon and Guernica(被炸的西班牙城市那幅巨抽象的)
“Liberty Leading the People”: French romantic painter Eugène Delacroix was inspired to paint Liberty Leading the People after the French Revolution of 1830, which ended France\'s absolute monarchy.(妇女踩着尸体，高举旗帜那幅)


中国山水画表现社会隐藏的想法（但我们可以说它是不反映hidden idea的，老美不见得懂喽）：中国人的山水画不同于外国人的风景画，它不是再现自然景观，而是通过自然景观的表现，赋予自然以文化的内涵和审美的观照。

    天人合一——人与自然的亲和，是山水画的基础。春夏秋冬，朝暮白昼，风霜雨雪，山水表现出了不同的面貌，体现了生命的意义。山水和人一样具有内在的生命运动和精神力量。

    梁祝（涉及封建礼教问题）。中国古典名著随便找都能扯上封建礼教或者其他什么制度，反映XX想法呵呵。

    Macbeth似乎是想教我们什么…人性的缺点？？（我只看过威尼斯商人的缩略版）

    个人认为：这类艺术因为就是做秀给大家看得。如果大家看不懂就没merit了。（艺术作为语言，就是要人们懂）

二 政府资助艺术问题：

    政府对艺术的资助是否影响艺术完整性：

    中世纪，文艺复兴时期一些艺术有政府资助，且完整性似乎不受威胁：
    教会艺术的发展得益于政府，社会的贡献：
    Cologne Cathedral(科隆大教堂，哥特gothic风格，著名旅游景点，网上介绍很多) 他的建造是科隆市政府出于争夺宗教胜地的需要建个大教堂装Three Mage（三圣王，朝觐耶稣的东方博士）的遗骨的。虽然处于这种目的，这个建筑的完整性似乎不受什么影响。

    其他不少宗教艺术也有政府资助。Raphael(不知是不是他)给某个教堂（圣索非亚？）画过巨幅壁画，买单的是政府。

    七大奇迹中的罗德岛的太阳神雕像是政府用战利品（金属）铸的。（小时候看小人书学的）。根据我的推测，古代的不少艺术（esp建筑艺术，造价高）应该会有政府资助，因为人们穷呗。当然也会有社会资助的影子。

    现代，美国政府资助艺术好多年了。似乎没有威胁艺术完整性（280篇里也提到过）
from Encarta（的年鉴）:
1938:Painting And Sculpture--Art in the United States：In 1938 the United States Government continued to act as chief patron of the arts in America. The art projects of the Works Progress Administration and of the Treasury Department continued their programs, employing several thousand artists and bringing art before an increasingly large public all over the country.

    苏联曾经资助过艺术。似乎威胁艺术的完整性（坛里前人的习作，不知是否确有其事）摘抄如下：
However, if the government extraordinarily funds arts, it would harm the integrity of them. The typical instance is U.S.S.R.(=Soviet Union) In the 1950s to the 1990s, the U.S.S.R. Soviet Union government always funded the arts. In order to get the funding from the government, many artists in U.S.S.R. chose to create some arty works, which the government preferred to. After several decades\' development, the integrity of the arts in U.S.S.R. has been heavily threatened. Many kinds of arts have disappeared and many people thought that due to the funding of government, the integrity of arts had been harmed.
A telling example of the inherent danger of setting \"official\" research priorities involves the Soviet government\'s attempts during the 1920s to not only control the direction and the goals of its scientists\' research but also to distort the outcome of that research--ostensibly for the greatest good of the greatest number of people.

文革期间的样板戏是服务于政治的，或说就是政治的一部分。（样板戏，父母辈应该都知道，上网搜 样板戏 就有）参见：十大样板戏：http://www.bjpeu.edu.cn/~pengs/nove...an/yangban.html
以及：“文革”美术史讨论 http://cn.cl2000.com/history/wenge/taolun/index.shtml
节选：
    …由中央和地方权力中心（前期是中央文革下属的办事机构和各系统的革命领导小组。后期是国务院文化组、文化部，各省市革命委员会政治部等）领导、策划下形成的美术作品。这类作品的主题是歌颂“无产阶级司令部”的历史功绩以及文化大革命的“丰功伟绩”。……1963年年底和1964年年初毛泽东关于文学艺术工作两次批示的传达，是“文革美术”诞生的号角； 从艺术思想、艺术形式、创作方式和作品与政治的关系看，从1964年年末起，“文革美术”已经出现了。泥塑《收租院》刚一出现，就被宣布为“雕塑领域的文化革命”。从艺术史的角度看，“文革美术”始于1965年。……在形式语言方面，文革美术没有任何创作。这不是因为参与创作的美术家低能，而是因为文革美术在体制绝对排斥艺术的独创。文革美术在形式上对六十年代以来的主流美术作品的模仿。恰如红卫兵的宣传演出是对“音乐舞蹈史诗”《东方红》的拙劣模仿一样。…

    中国目前情况：我国目前资助加入某些组织（如作协）艺术家。是否影响完整性就不敢说了……

    作为他因，大家不要忽视民间的组织与个人对艺术的资助：
from Encarta:
1951: Art ：In the Western countries sentiment was rising for systematic and sustained government patronage of art, as private patronage collapsed under inflationary pressures.显然，民间力量有限，没有持久性。从这个意义上来说政府资助还是有必要的。

from 280篇issue10：Secondly, subsidizing cultural traditions is not a necessary role of government. A lack of private funding might justify an exception. However, culture--by which I chiefly mean the fine arts--has always depended primarily on the patronage of private individuals and businesses, and not on the government. The Medicis, a powerful banking family of Renaissance Italy, supported artists Michelangelo and Raphael. During the 20th Century the primary source of cultural support were private foundations established by industrial magnates Carnegie, Mellon, Rockefeller and Getty. And tomorrow cultural support will come from our new technology and media moguls----including the likes of Ted Turner and Bill Gates. In short, philanthropy is alive and well today, and so government need not intervene to ensure that our cultural traditions are preserved and promoted.

三 艺术家与评论家：

    关于评论家的正面作用：

    1我想到一个例子是印象主义兴起时，印象画家经常聚在一起切磋。应该说在切磋时他们是评论家（评论他人）。从这个例子，评论家可以对艺术家有启发。

    2 评论家有助于挖掘艺术作品的内涵（艺术家通常有这样一点考虑：他们自己不能直接解适艺术品，而是要让艺术品speak for themselves忘了哪看的。）如果艺术作品确实太难理解，那么评论家可以把这些作品解释给大众，这样give the value to society.
（这种情况在其它领域也一样。记得马克思猛烈攻击资本主义（政治学？），但是资本主义的学者根本没发现他是在攻击他们。马克思没辙，就让恩格斯作序把攻击写明确些。sigh….呼喊于生人中…）

    负面作用：其实评论家这种人…用艾略特（歌德？普希金？晕了，记不得了。）的话说：他们有一种畸形的创造力使他们不能从事创作而只能批评。看起来这种人有点。。。不太厚道的说。而且“可能”经常有点看知名艺术家有点眼红的感觉导致不客观。（参见余秋雨：苏东坡突围。当年对苏东坡的围攻。个人认为基于余某人这几年来受到的抨击，这篇文章不像是只说苏某人的。呵呵。）水平不够的人才去评论吧？那么他们的思想很可能跟不上艺术家。

    被埋没的艺术家们……（但是其中不少人并不直接涉及评论问题吧？具体历史事件要自己把握。）

    关于两道题目的理解 ：（个人观点，请大家持怀疑观点。如果大家有想法请开新贴一起讨论。这样新贴可以放入题目理解讨论专区。）

issue131
    The arts (painting, music, literature, etc.) reveal the otherwise hidden ideas and impulses of a society.
关于otherwise（这里是副词）的意思：
Microsoft word解释是1 其他方面 2 其他情况下
M-W的解释是：in a different way or manner(gloss over or otherwise handled Playboy ); in different circumstances(might otherwise have left); in other respects(=aspects, an otherwise flimsy farce)

    1 如果理解成：其他方面。那么本题就是说艺术可以表现社会中”非艺术方面”的hidden ideas and impulses。 hidden ideas in other respects of a society.
    2 如果理解成：其他情况下。那么本题就是说艺术可以表现社会的，在没有艺术条件下，是表达不出的hidden ideas and impulses。即艺术能表达有其他方式表现不出的idea.
或说otherwise hidden=没艺术就hidden有艺术就不hidden
    如果这样论述时就需要点到其他方面表现不出。

    大家自己考虑一下。可以自己定义出来避免歧义。或者根本没歧义…

issue144
    It is the artist, not the critic, who gives society something of lasting value.（critic: A person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films music, paintings, etc.）
    个人觉得本题强调give society sth 好像有种千里马常有伯乐不常有的意味吧？
    所以大家要讲到带给社会这个问题。另外什么是lasting value要定义下。

@amy@UID: 209096

===================Issue 175=====================
【题目】
It is always an individual who is the impetus for innovation; the details may be worked out by a team, but true innovation results from the enterprise and unique perception of an individual.

【翻译】
革新的动力往往来自于个人；革新的细节可能来自于团队，但是实质的革新都是个人努力和独特思维的结果。

【提纲】
（1）反对观点。
（2）在以前，确实革新的动力往往来自于个人，很多的发明都是源自于个人的努力，例如：爱迪生发明的灯泡，比尔盖茨写的MS-DOS操作系统等等。
（3）但是，随着社会越来越复杂，不仅革新的细节需要来自于团队，实质的革新也不能单单依靠个人努力，比如：航空事业、生物研究等等。
（4）而且，个人努力和团队努力并不冲突，比如一个团队每个人在一个不同的方面有所创新，结合起来可能取得很大的成就。

[ 本帖最后由 @amy@ 于 2006-1-24 23:24 编辑 ]

@amy@UID: 209096

===================Issue 195=====================
【题目】
The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus.

【翻译】
政治的目的不应该是追求一种理想，而是寻求共同点和合理的一致。

【提纲】
（1）政治应该有理想。For example, without Martin Luther King's great idealism and onerous conflict, the American black perhaps would still have to sit at the back on the bus; without Mohandas Gandhi’s great political idealism to achieve social and political independence, India might still be one colony of Great Britain.

（2）但是光有理想有时可能会遇到困难。Consider the case of the failure of the Utopian Owen. He believed the status of a perfect world where there were no wars and fights, every one was born equal, and no information need to be hided. Owen once tried to establish such an ideal society, however he failed to take into account of certain practical conditions and existing difficulties during its construction. As a result, his plan did not obtain the general support and finally faced up with his predetermined failure.

（3）因此，有理想的同时还要寻求共同点和合理的一致，这样才能赢得支持和认同。Chairman Deng, for instance, rather than sticking to the idealism of communism, enacted the marvelous and far-reaching policies of "one country, two systems", which earned not only national support but also international acknowledgement.

【参考资料】
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... ;highlight=issue195

[ 本帖最后由 @amy@ 于 2006-1-24 22:56 编辑 ]

jingjingtousUID: 2164820

=====================Issue59=====================  
ISSUE 59 Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them.
翻译：太多的注意力被放到了模式化方面。与其模仿别人，人们还不如学习独立思考和作出最适合自己的选择。

提纲：（有保留的赞同）
1 很多model是人们成功经验的总结，值得我们思考和借签。（例子？？？）
2 学习独立思考和行动是个人能力的体现，能够锻炼我们的判断力和对事物的洞察力，使我们做出正确的选择。（阿基米德定律Archimedes' theorems）
3 独立思考和行动能够培养人们的创新意识。（yahoo搜索引擎）
4 与别人的协作也很重要cooperative（联想lenovo并购IBM全球PC业务，Nobel Prize' winners are a group of people）

jingjingtousUID: 2164820

=====================Issue46=====================
ISSUE 46 While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation.
  翻译: 当政府、体育界、工业界和其他领域中的一些领导者将他们的成功归因于一种高度的竞争意识时，一个社会还是应该更好的为那些即将成为领导者的年轻人灌输一种合作的意识。

提纲：（平衡观点）
1 无可否认，现代社会充满了竞争。竞争是社会进步的动力：从政治角度，候选人之间的竞争使政治更加公开化，民主化，有利于选民（美国总统大选）；从经济角度，商家，产家之间的竞争促进产品质量的提高，消费者受益（yahoo and google这个例子很烂，谁能帮我换一个？？）从体育角度，individual之间的竞争体现了人类超越自我的人性(Olympic spirit)
2 培养youth的竞争意识能使他们具备适应社会的生存能力，为追求自己的理想而奋斗。
3 然而合作意识teamwork也很重要，只有和他人合作才能共同进步（Nobel prize winner are a group of scientists）
4 应该培养当代年轻人同时具有竞争和合作意识(mutually compensate)
5 总结

[ 本帖最后由 jingjingtous 于 2006-1-24 00:25 编辑 ]

bunnymz2005UID: 2146758

=========================Issue142===========================
【题目】
The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.
【翻译】
当很多人都质疑权威的时候社会才会繁荣昌盛。
【提纲】
观点：同意但有让步。适度的质疑权威对于社会各个方面都具有监督和促进作用。
1. 在社会领域，适度的质疑揭露社会问题并且让人们团结起来去改变现状从而使社会进步。比如人们对殖民地统治的质疑，使得华盛顿，甘地在人民的支持下进行变革带领人们获得自由，如果人民都是顺民，光凭他们个人的力量美国和印度可能仍然是英国的殖民地。
2. 在学科领域，适度的质疑权威有利于推动科学水平的提高进而推动社会的发展。比如日心说，进化论，相对论在当时都与宗教权威或人们的信仰相抵触，但是不可否认，今天来看它们的确在人类社会的进步上起了巨大的推动作用。
3. 但是我们必须承认的是过度的质疑权威对于社会是有害处的，有可能造成社会的动荡，经济的倒退。比如恐怖主义，人民的暴动
法国的人民暴动2005
The current unrest began last month after two young people were accidentally killed at an electric power station. They were apparently hiding from police. The two were of North African ancestry. Their deaths incited riots in communities with large African and Arab populations.
The violence intensified and spread from Paris to other parts of France on the eleventh night. Riots were reported in many areas, including Toulouse, Cannes, Nice, and Strasbourg -- the headquarters of the European Parliament. More than five thousand vehicles have been burned since the unrest began. One man beaten by rioters has died. Police have arrested more than two thousand people.

【参考资料】
老外280：
The speaker asserts that when many people question authority society is better off. While I contend that certain forms of disobedience can be harmful to any society, I agree with the speaker otherwise. In fact, I would go further by contending that society's well-being depends on challenges to authority, and that when it comes to political and legal authority, these challenges must come from many people.
Admittedly, when many people question authority some societal harm might result, even if a social cause is worthy. Mass resistance to authority can escalate to violent protest and rioting, during which innocent people are hurt and their property damaged and destroyed. The fallout from the 1992 Los Angeles riots aptly illustrates this point. The "authority" which the rioters sought to challenge was that of the legal justice system which acquitted police officers in the beating of Rodney King. The means of challenging that authority amounted to flagrant disregard for criminal law on a mass scale--by way of looting, arson, and even deadly assault. This violent challenge to authority resulted in a financially crippled community and, more broadly, a turning back of the clock with respect to racial tensions across America.
While violence is rarely justifiable as a means of questioning authority, peaceful challenges to political and legal authority, by many people, are not only justifiable but actually necessary when it comes to enhancing and even preserving society's well-being. In particular, progress in human rights depends on popular dissension. It is not enough for a charismatic visionary like Gandhi or King to call for change in the name of justice and humanity; they must have the support of many people in order to effect change. Similarly, in a democracy citizens must respect timeless legal doctrines and principles, yet at the same time question the fairness and relevance of current laws. Otherwise, our laws would not evolve to reflect changing societal values. It is not enough for a handful of legislators to challenge the legal status quo; ultimately it is up to the electorate at large to call for change when change is needed for the well-being of society.
Questioning authority is also essential for advances in the sciences. Passive acceptance of prevailing principles quells innovation, invention, and discovery, all of which clearly benefit any society. In fact, the very notion of scientific progress is predicated on rigorous scientific inquiry--in other words, questioning of authority. History is replete with scientific discoveries that posed challenges to political, religious, and scientific authority. For example, the theories of a sun-centered solar system, of humankind's evolution from other life forms, and of the relativity of time and space, clearly flew in the face of "authoritative" scientific as well as religious doctrine of their time. Moreover, when it comes to science a successful challenge to authority need not come from a large number of people. The key contributions of a few individuals---like Copernicus, Kepler, Newton, Darwin, Einstein, and Hawking---often suffice.
Similarly, in the arts, people must challenge established styles and forms rather than imitate them; otherwise, no gemtinely new art would ever emerge, and society would be worse off. And again, it is not necessary that a large number of people pose such challenges; a few key individuals can have a profound impact. For instance, modern ballet owes much of what is new and exciting to George Ballanchine, who by way of his improvisational techniques posed a successful challenge to established traditions. And modern architecture arguably owes its existence to the founders of Germany's Bauhaus School of Architecture, which challenged certain "authoritative" notions about the proper objective, and resulting design, of public buildings.
To sum up, in general I agree that when many people question authority the well-being of society is enhanced. Indeed, advances in government and law depend on challenges to the status quo by many people. Nevertheless, to ensure a net benefit rather than harm, the means of such challenges must be peaceful ones.

kito9695UID: 209685

==================Issue214=====================
【题目】Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these talents are likely to remain undeveloped.
【翻译】社会应该找出那些具有特殊天才和特殊能力的孩子，并在他们小时候就训练他们，这样他们最终就能超越他们的同龄人。否则他们的特殊的潜能和可能就被浪费掉
【提纲】
Position: Although giving special training may easily make the children who have special talents achieve success, however the factors affecting the success of talents are various, while identifying a talent is hard as well.
1、判断一个小孩是否有潜力是很难的事情，仅看IQ或者EQ是不能得出结论的。比如Einstein小时候别人就认为他是个普通的小孩，读大学前人们也没看出什么优点，但是没有人否认他是20世纪最伟大的物理学家。
2、片面因果法
1〉成就的原因有多种，比如自身努力；
即使对这些小孩重点培养了，他们也不一定能够成为科学家，艺术家。Genetic reason固然重要，但是后天的努力是占很大的比例的，Edison就说过，achievement equals to 1% genius plus 99% diligence。所以自身努力是很重要的。
2〉 其他相关培养
只注重于这些小孩特别技能的培养而忽视其他方面比如心理，文化知识的教育，会对他们的成长有损害。他们很可能因此人格有缺陷，这样反而可能对社会带来危害。
3、让步
不可否认，有些神童的确是在小时候开始培养的。例如莫扎特和贝多芬。但是这是建立在识别神童、培养及其自身努力的共同基础之上。

kito9695UID: 209685

=====================Issue108=======================
【题目】In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings-trials, debates, meetings, etc-that are televised, the more society will benefit.
【翻译】在很多国家中，现在通过电视来观看政府的运作已经成为可能。观察这些过程有助于人们理解影响他们生活的决议。可以供传播的政府运作越多----审判、辩论、会议等---对社会的好处就越多。
【提纲】Position: It is beneficial to televise government proceedings, but not the more the better.
1、随着信息技术的发展，人们能够很容易的知道政府的工作情况；政府也乐于公开他们的政务，为了民主，为了广泛听取建议。
2、通过公开政务，能够防止腐败以及任何有损政府形象的事情，比如Clinton的sexual scandal被媒体曝光，对政府官员的决策，起到监督的作用
3、但是不是所有的事情都能公开，关于国家机密的——军队的部署情况，高科技的开发核心内容，开重要会议。
4、公开的手段，除了电视以外，还有报纸、杂志、广播和Internet等多种形式
5、总结，可以运用多种媒体手段对政府工作进行传播，但需要适度公开

智恩UID: 2160717

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【题目】5. "A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."
【翻译】 一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程，而不是允许由国家不同地区的学校去决定课程的安排国家统一和地区单独安排课程
【提纲】：不完全赞同
1 为了保证在大学入学考试时的公平性，以及培养一个人生存所必备的能力，国家需要制定统一的必修课【比如数学培养logic ability in order to form rigorous thought; history makes people get a general view of a nation•••】
2 考虑到一些特殊情况，地区可以根据需要开设一些有自己特色的课；（例子，比如艺术院校的学生，除了学习国家规定的课程外，还必须学一些专业方面的知识；还有一些少数民族地区可以开必要的语言课程以及了解自己民族发展历史的课程；还有就是为特殊学生开设特殊的课程，包括handicapped one and generous one【这点不晓得有没有偏题】）
3 以统一课程为主，地方辅以需要的地方课。

[ 本帖最后由 智恩 于 2006-1-24 13:45 编辑 ]

智恩UID: 2160717

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝issue121＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

【题目】121 At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.【总频率23】
【翻译】
在过去不同的地质时期，许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝。因此，人类社会为了挽救濒危物种而付出的巨大努力，尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价，这样做是毫无道理的。
  
人类和自然  当务之急（资金、工作）和长远考虑（物种）
  
不是人类造成的并不代表人类不必保护物种
过去不是人类的作用，现在不然

【提纲】主要是反对
1 诚然，一些species的确是自然死亡的
2 However human beings are a part of the ecological system, if the equilibrium of ecological system is destroyed, it also could have effect on people’s life.
(1)从植被方面来说，如果一个地方的植被遭破坏，那么就会影响到当地动物的生活，因为有些动物是靠吃植物为生的；而且植物大多以绿色为主，绿色是生命的象征，如果没有了绿色，就缺乏朝气；
(2)To save endangered species is beneficial to the continuable development of human beings and welfare for the future generations.
3 As far as I know, destruction of species has something to do with human actions to a large extent.【例子 非洲很多人屠杀大象，甚至在街上卖大象的肉】既然人类做出了破坏物种的事，理所应当补救。
4 虽然是要take actions to save endangered species，但是一定也要有个度，governmental finance is limited，therefore the most efficient way is to balance between making efforts and guaranteeing other works in effective operation.

关于非洲象被杀的例子
http://scitech.people.com.cn/GB/25895/3295129.html