雅思阅读文章~有中文翻译~

yidi mercuryUID: 195299

1
A plausible case can be made for the view that personal values influence which things in the environment a person attends to. Obviously, a person cannot look in all directions at once, and I will not choose to look at the same things you choose to look at. But an extension of the principle was made by those perceptionists who argued that personal values not only orient perception, but actually distort it. I distrust the generalization that perception is typicallydistorted, because I think the biological need for clear perception is so great that evolution would have weeded out such a tendency. However, the argument does appear to have some bearing on the study of perception in general.

plausible 合理的
direction 方向
extension 扩展，延展
perception 概念，看法
distort 扭曲，毁坏
generalization 推理，结论
typically 典型的

个人价值对于其人所处环境事物有影响的看法，是一个还说得过去的说法。
很明显的，一个人不能立刻观遍所有的方面，而且我也不会选择去看你选择看的
相同东西。然而那些知觉论者扩张了这原则，争议说个人的价值观不只引导知觉，
而且实际上还歪曲了它。
我怀疑这笼统的说法，认为知觉就这么地被歪曲，因为我觉得生物学上对于
清晰的知觉之需伎非常之钜，以致于进化过程中便会除去这种倾向。不过，各种
议论看来和一般知觉的研究，确是有些关连。

2
Reduced to its bleakest terms, what is presented in this paper is a series of relationships among well-known data. These data are often inadequate because they have been secured by various observers whose explanations of color vision are sufficiently different to obscure the relationships among the data.
Therefore, I hope that no one will think that I consider these ideas to be a final statement. Indeed, the situation is precisely the reverse. And experiments have value in proportion to the value of the hypotheses that motivate the experiments. My present paper is thus largely a program. It represents the general ideas that are orienting us in our laboratories in an attack on the theoretical structure of color vision.

present
n.赠品, 礼物, 现在, 瞄准
adj.现在的, 出席的, 当面的
vt.介绍, 引见, 给, 赠送, 上演, 提出, 呈现 vi.举枪瞄准
a series of 一系列
inadequatei adj.不充分的, 不适当的
secure adj.安全的, 可靠的, 放心的, 无虑的 v.保护
obscure adj.暗的, 朦胧的, 模糊的, 晦涩的 vt.使暗, 使不明显
in proportion to 与...成比例
hypotheses 臆测, 假定
orient n.东方, 东方诸国(指地中海以东各国) adj.东方的, 上升的, 灿烂的
vi.适应形势, 向东 vt.使朝东, 使适应, 确定方向

最简略的说，本论文所呈现的，乃人皆熟知资料间一系列的相关系。这些资料常是不适当的，因为它们得自不同的观察者，而且他们对于色觉的说明，彼此的差异大得足以蒙蔽资料间的关系。因此，我希望没有人会认为，我把这些看法当成是定论。说真的，情况正好相反。又实验的价值，和激发实验的假说之价值，是成正比的。因此我现在的论文，大致上只是个计划。它代表著引导我们研究色觉理论结构的实验方向之一般意念。

yidi mercuryUID: 195299

3
For example, the following type of argument is given: Suppose that the first thing a Martian witnesses on earth is a woman voting a straight ticket in an election. Though the Martian might be able to describe the physical characteristics of the event, he could never, it is argued, explain its peculiarly social argument characteristics, its meaningfulness in a social context. However, no argument about the method of social science should
require that techniques of observation and experiment should be used
that are proper to the physical sciences. In addition, examples purporting to show that there are greater difficulties in formulation theories or hypotheses in social science have no bearing on the method by which such theories are verified.

argument n.争论, 辩论, 论据, 论点, ～ (for,against), 意见
witness n.[律]证人, 目击者, 证据, 证明, 证词
vt.目击, 为...作证, 证明, 表明
vi.作证, 成为证据
voting n.投票 adj.投票的
describe vt.描写, 记述, 形容, 形容 v.描述
physical adj.身体的, 物质的, 自然的, 物理的 n.体格检查
characteristic adj.特有的, 表示特性的, 典型的 n.特性, 特征
peculiarly adv.特有地, 特别地
context n.上下文, 文章的前后关系
hypotheses 臆测, 假定
verify
vt.检验, 校验, 查证, 核实 [计] 打开或关闭文件的读写校验

就如下列型式的议论……假设一个火星人在地球上目睹的第一件事，是一位女士于一次选举中，投了同政党的候选人票。虽然这个火星人或许能够描述该事件的外在特性，但他绝不能（有人如此争议）解释它的奇异的社会特性，以及它在一个社会体系中所深具的意义。
可是，没有关于社会科学的方法之争论，要求使用适合自然科学的观察和实验技术。此外，那些声称理论或假说在社会科学更难以成立的例子，和这类理论赖以证实的方法，并无关系。
4
Because hydrogen, in water, is one of the most abundant and widely distributed elements on the earth's surface and because the burning of hydrogen merely produces water again, with no deleterious effects on the environment, we should not be surprised that many scientists consider this element potentially an ideal general fuel. Stated so simply, the concept can be misleading, because hydrogen is not a primary fuel; energy must be expended in order to decompose the water. A country can be independent of foreign oil and or coal imports only if it has available an alternate primary source of energy. However, even if a nation lacks such source, its hydrogen output can be very useful both as a means of energy transfer and as a means of making more efficient use of classical fuels.

hydrogen n.氢
abundant adj.丰富的, 充裕的, 丰富, 盛产, 富于因为水中的
distributed adj.分布式的
elements n.原理, 基础
deleterious adj.有害的, 有毒的
potentially adv.潜在地
primary adj.第一位的, 主要的, 初步的, 初级的, 原来的, 根源的
decompose v.分解, (使)腐烂
alternate adj.交替的, 轮流的, 预备的 v.交替, 轮流, 改变
efficient adj.(直接)生效的, 有效率的, 能干的

氢是地球表面最充沛，且分布最广的元素之一，又因为氢的燃烧仅再产生水，对环境没有不良影响，故我们应不致感到惊讶，当许多科学家视之为一潜在的理想之普通燃料。
如此简单地说，这个概念可能会被误解，因为氢不是一种基本燃料，且能量必须被使用来分解水。一个国家或不必要仰赖外国石油和煤的进口，只要她有一可为替代的主要能源。然而，即使一个国家缺乏这样的能源，她的氢之产量可是非常有用，既能做为能源转换的媒介，也能做为有效应用正统燃料的媒介。

yidi mercuryUID: 195299

5
One of the most sensitive indicators of the level of health services in a given community is the infant mortality rate expressed as deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births. As of 1970, the United States as a whole 25.0 deaths per 1,000 live births ranked thirteenth behind several Western European nations and New Zealand. In the city of Chicago the figure was 30.0. In poverty areas of the city, the rate was 38.5 compared with 22.2 in nonpoverty areas. For nonwhites, the rate was 43.0 compared with 22.2 for whites. For the nonwhite population residing in a poverty area, the rate was 45.5.
Proponents of the health system argued that comparisons with otheir countries were not valid because of differences in the collection and analysis of data. Their argument does not seem to explain the fact that in the southside Chicago black ghetto community known as Kenwood A, the nonwhite neonatal mortality rate was 60.6, whereas in the neighboring middle-class Hyde Park A, the figure for whites was 8.3.

sensitive adj.敏感的, 灵敏的, 感光的
indicator n.指示器, [化]指示剂
infant n.婴儿, 幼儿 adj.婴儿的, 幼稚的
population n.人口
proponent n.建议者, 支持者, [律]提出认证遗嘱者
valid adj.[律]有效的, 有根据的, 正当的, 正确的
neonatal adj.新生的, 初生的
mortality rate 死亡率
whereas conj.然而, 反之, 鉴于, 尽管, 但是
neighboring adj.<美> 邻近的, 接壤的

要测验某一社区保健服务的水准，最敏锐的指示办法，就是该区的婴儿死亡率，即每一千个活产婴于满一周岁以前的死亡数字。一九七Ο年，全美国一千个活产儿中约有25.0个死亡，排在几个西欧国家与纽西兰之后而名列第十三。芝加哥市的数字是30.0。该市贫民区的比率是38.5而非贫民区则为22.2。有色人种为43.0，而白种人为22.2。居住在贫民区的有色人种的比率是45.5。支持保健服务制度的人认为与别的国家比较是不可靠的，因为收集与分析资料的方式均有不同。他们的论调似乎无法解释这项事实∶即在南芝加哥的黑人
贫民窟，称为肯梧Ａ，非白人的新生婴儿死亡率为60.6，而在其邻近的中等阶级的海得公园Ａ，白人的数字则为8.3。
6
There is a popular assumption, shared by many scientists, including some biologists, that the earth's living population constitutes a more or less random system capable of adjusting by evolution or short-term succession to virtually any disturbance. This assumption, regardless of the species involved in the system, is misleading. A hundred years of post-Darwinian experience has shown that there are clear, quantitative relationships among species by whatever criterion we choose for measurement. If we choose energy, we can show that there is in any mature natural community a transfer of ten to twenty per cent of the energy fixed by the plants to animals that eat plants. Consumers of these animals commonly take ten to twenty per cent of this energy in turn. And so on through two or three levels of carnivores. No matter how large the plant population and its net production, carnivores will be rare because there is simply not enough energy transferred to them to support them in abundance.

biologist n.生物学家
short-term adj.短期的
succession n.连续, 继承, 继任, 演替, [农业] 轮栽, 连续性
quantitative adj.数量的, 定量的
mature
adj.成熟的, 到期的, 充分考虑的, (票据等)到期的
vt.使成熟
vi.成熟, 到期
carnivore n.食肉动物 n.(动物或植物)食肉类,食肉动物,食虫植物

许多科学家（包括一些生物学家）共同持有的一个普遍假说是，地球上的生物构组成一个多少是任意的体系，经由进化或短时期的自然递嬗，实质上能够适应任何的阻挠。姑不论该体系所涉及的物种，这个假说是易令人误解的。一百年的后达尔文学说之经验已经显示，物种间存在著清楚的，定量的关系，不管我们选择任何的测量标准。假若我们选择能量，我们可以证实在任一长成的自然社会，由植物所担负的百分之十至百分之二十的能量，会转嫁给草食的动物。这些动物的掠食者一般又依次地摄取该能量的百分之十至百分之二十。如此这般，经过两或三层次的肉食动物。不论植物的数量和它的净产量有多大，肉食动物将愈趋减少，因为根本没有足够的能量可转嫁给它们，使得到充分的维生。

yidi mercuryUID: 195299

7
There is little agreement concerning the way in which kinds of avalanches should be classified. Some classification systems depend on the kind of snow involved, others are concerned with the type of movement, and one scheme includes both, as well as several other criteria. Existing descriptive terms, most of them German, are deeply rooted in avalanche parlance: they are expressive, but they are often untranslatable into other languages and lack precision in their own. Furthermore, as Dr. Quervain has pointed out, avalanches are not only concrete objects capable of being photographed; they are also events. As events, they include, for example, the development of the avalanche through the influences of weather; the incident that starts the snow moving; and the type of movement. The description of the avalanche as an object includes information about the depth, physical consistency, and stratification of the snow, the features of the terrain, and the type and the dimension of the break.

avalanche n.雪崩 v.雪崩
classification n.分类, 分级
criteria n.标准
descriptive adj.描述的, 叙述的
parlance n.谈话, 说法, 用法
untranslatable 不可翻译的, 不宜译的
precision n.精确, 精密度, 精度
consistency n.连结, 结合, 坚固性, 浓度, 密度, 一致性, 连贯性
stratification n.层化, 成层, 阶层的形成
feature
n.面貌的一部分(眼,口,鼻等)特征, 容貌, 特色, 特写
vt.是...的特色, 特写, 放映
vi.起重要作用
terrain n.地形
dimension n.尺寸, 尺度, 维(数), 度(数), 元

对于雪崩种类的区分，意见纷歧。有些区分的系统是根据崩落的雪的种类而定；其他则视其移动的型式来分别；又有一做法是兼容两者，以及另外数种的标准。现有的说明名称（多数是德语）是根植于雪崩的用语∶它们意思生动，但经常无法翻译成他国语言，而且本身亦欠精确。再者，如 Quervain 博士所指出的，雪崩不只是物件可以被拍照；而且还是事件。做为事件，它们包括，像经由气候影响的雪崩之发展；引起雪滑动的意外；和移动的型式。将雪崩说成物件，包括关于雪的深度、物理坚度、成层；岩层的特征；还有崩裂的型式和层面等资料。
8
Although scientists observe that an organism's behavior falls into rhythmic patterns, they disagree about how these patterns are affected when the organism is transported to a new environment. One experience, Brown, brought oysters from Connecticut waters to Illinois waters. She noted that the oysters initially opened their shells widest when it was high tide in Connecticut, but that after fourteen days their rhythms had adapted to the tide schedule in Illinois. Although she could not posit an unequivocal causal relationship between behavior and environmental change, Brown concluded that a change in tide schedule is one of several possible exogenous influences [those outside the organism] on the oysters' rhythms. Another experimenter, Hamner, however, discovered that hamsters from California maintain their original rhythms even at the South Pole. He concluded that endogenous influences those inside the organism seem to affect an organism's rhythmic behavior.

organism n.生物体, 有机体
rhythmic adj.节奏的, 合拍的
pattern
n.模范, 式样, 模式, 样品, 格调, 图案
vt.模仿, 仿造, 以图案装饰
vi.形成图案
initially adv.最初, 开头
adapted adj.适合的
posit v.安置
unequivocal adj.不含糊的
causal adj.原因的, 因果关系的, 表示原因或理由的 n.表示原因的词(如连词)
exogenous adj.[生]外生的, [地]外成的, [医]外因的
endogenous adj.[生]内长的, 内生的

尽管科学家们都注意到，生物的行为遵循著一定的节奏模式，但是他们对于当生物被移入新的环境时，这些模式如何受到影响，则持不同的看法。一位实验科学家布朗，将牡蛎从康乃狄格州的水域，带至伊利诺州的水域。她发现在康乃狄格原先每逢涨潮便会把其壳张至最大的牡蛎，于十四天后，它们的节奏才适应了伊利诺的潮汐时间。虽然她不能断言，行为和环境的改变之间存在著明确的因果关系，布朗认为潮汐时间的变化，是影响牡蛎节奏几个可能的外来因素之一（那些来自生物体外的）。然而另一位实验科学家汉纳，发觉来自加州的大鼠，甚至到了南极，仍维持著它们本来的节奏。他的结论为内生的因素（那些来自生物体内的），似会影响生物的节奏行为。

yidi mercuryUID: 195299

9
Even as the number of females processed through juvenile courts climbs steadily, an implicit consensus remains among scholars in criminal justice that male adolescents define the elinquency problem in the United States. We suggest two reasons why this view persists. If committed by adults, these actions are not even considered prosecutable; if committed by juvenile males, they have traditionally been looked on leniently by the courts. Thus, ironically, the plight of female delinquents receives little scrutiny because they are accused of committing relatively minor offenses. Second, the courts have long justified so-called preventive intervention into the lives of young females viewed as antisocial with the rationale that women are especially vulnerable. Traditional stereotypes of women as the weaker and more dependent sex have led to earlier intervention and longer periods of misdirected supervision for female delinquents than for males.

process n.过程, 作用, 方法, 程序, 步骤, 进行, 推移 vt.加工, 处理
juvenile adj.青少年的, 幼稚的 n.青少年, 少年读物
implicit adj.暗示的, 盲从的, 含蓄的, 固有的, 不怀疑的, 绝对的
consensus n.一致同意, 多数人的意见, 舆论
criminal n.罪犯, 犯罪者 adj.犯罪的, 犯法的, 罪恶的
delinquency n.行为不良, 错失
prosecute vt.实行, 从事, 告发, 起诉 vi.告发, 起诉, 作检察官
leniently adv.温和地, 仁慈地
ironically adv.说反话地, 讽刺地
plight n.情况, 状态, 困境, 盟誓(婚姻) vt.保证, 约定
scrutiny n.详细审查
rationale n.基本原理
vulnerable adj.易受攻击的, 易受...的攻击
stereotype
n.[印]铅版, 陈腔滥调, 老套
vt.使用铅版, 套用老套, 使一成不变

即使经过年少法庭审理的女性人数稳定的上升，刑事审判学者之间仍存有一共识，就是青少男规范了美国的犯罪问题。我们提出二个理由，说明这看法为何持续著。若是由成人所犯，这些行为甚至不被认为是可告发的；若由青少男所犯，他们传统地向为法庭所从轻发落的。因此，可笑的是，女性犯罪的困境几无人关注，因为她们被控告犯了比较上算轻微的罪行。第二，在妇女是特别容易伤害的理论基础上，对于被视为反社会制度的年轻女性的生活，予于所谓的预防性干涉，法庭长久来即认为是合宜的。妇女被看成是较软弱而多倚赖的性别，这种传统的老观念导致女性罪犯比男性罪犯，要更早的受到干预，且遭到更长时期错误的监督。                           
10
An important development in twentieth-century literary criticismwas the growth of the New Criticism. The New Critics assumed that the methods devised for reading long poems could be applied to novels. In practice this meant a new emphasis in the reading of fiction on scrupulous textual analysis as a prerequisite for biographical and ideological comment. Insisting on close attention to a text, the New Critics analyzed long passages of a novel and concentrated on discerning the development of symbolic patterns. By analyzing symbols in this way, the critic could show how the meaning of a symbol accrued as it was repeated in different passages. This permitted a more complete understanding of the symbol to emerge than that which could be discovered through isolated symbol-hunting. One novelist who benefited from this new emphasis on text was D. H. Lawrence, whose work was rescued from hostile critics who had attacked it as mere ideology.

literary criticism n.文艺评论
emphasis n.强调, 重点
scrupulous adj.小心谨慎的, 细心的
textual adj.本文的, 原文的
prerequisite n.先决条件 adj.首要必备的
concentrate on 注重
discerning adj.有辨识能力的
symbol n.符号, 记号, 象征
accrue vi.自然增加, 产生
rescue vt.援救, 营救 n.援救, 营救

二十世纪文学批评的重要发展就是新批评的产生。新批评主义者认为阅读长诗的方法可以应用到小说上。事实上，其意是指阅读小说时，对小说本身的严谨分析作一个新的强调；把它当做评论作者生平与意识形态的先决条件。新批评家坚持密切注意小说的本文，他们分析小说中最长的章节，把注意力集中在识别象征的模式之发展上。藉著这种分析象征的方法，批
评家可以说明一个象征如何因重复出现在不同章节中，而自然增生其意义。比起以往靠个别地猎取象征来发现其意义，这种新方法使我们对象征的出现有更完整的了解。这种对小说本身的新的强调使得一些小说家获益不浅，英国作家劳伦斯即是其中之一。他的作品不再被那些反对他的批评家抨击为“只不过是空论”。

yidi mercuryUID: 195299

11
The institutional method of literary criticism gives due credit[/B] to the never-ending collaboration between writer and public. Psychology, on the other hand, treats literature too often as a record of personal idiosyncrasies, too seldom as the basis of a collective consciousness. Yet it is on that basis that the greatest writers have functioned. Their originality has been an ability to "seize on the public mind", conventions have changed and styles have developed as lesser writers caught the traditional rhythm of an age. The irreducible element of individual talent seems to play the same role in the evolution of genres that natural selection plays in the origin of species. Amid the aspects of writing. If we recognize the writer's intention as a figure in a carpet, we must recognize that he is guided by his material, his training, his commission, and by his imagination to the extent that it accepts and masters those elements.
institutional adj.制度上的
due
n.应得物、权力, [复]应付款
adj.应得的, 应付的, 正当的, 预期的, (车、船预定)应到的
credit n.信任, 信用, 声望, 荣誉, [财务]贷方, 银行存款 vt.相信, 信任, 把...归给
collaboration n.协作, 通敌
idiosyncrasy n.特质, 特性
collective adj.集体的 n.集体
consciousness n.意识, 知觉, 自觉, 觉悟, 个人思想
function
n.官能, 功能, 作用, 职责, 典礼, 仪式, [数]函数
vi.(器官等)活动, 运行, 行使职责
irreducible adj.不能复归的, 不能削减的, [数]不可约分的
evolution n.进展, 发展, 演变, 进化
genre n.类型, 流派
aspect n.样子, 外表, 面貌, (问题等的)方面
作家和大众间无休止的合作，对学院的文学批评方法，有其应有的贡献。另一方面，心理学却经常视文学为个人心理特点的记录，很少当它为一共同意识的根本。然而最伟大的作家，便一向是依此根本发挥功能的。他们的创作力一直是一种能“抓住大众心智”的能力；当次要的作家仍迷陷于一时代的传统的节奏时，习俗改变了，风格陈新了。个别才能中不可更变的成份，似乎在各类种的进化里，扮演著和自然选择于物种原始中相同的角色。在现代个人主义的各种变化中，我们是过份强调写作的私人层面。假如我们将作者的意向视为一地毯图案中的人物，我们必须知道他是被他的题材、他的训练、他的使命和他的想像力所导引至一能接受并控制诸要素的程度。
12
In most discussions of the delays that occur as a case goes through the courts, it is assumed that delay is something nobody wants and that it occurs only through incompetence, mismanagement, or neglect. Why, then, do courts shun haste? A primary reason lies in a general truth what is done hastily is likely to be done poorly. A second reason applies peculiarly to controversies; it is the need to give each party a fair hearing. Most courts try hard to avoid any appearance of denying a full opportunity to be heard, since lack of a fair hearing amounts to denial of due process and renders the proceedings invalid. In addition, in an overwhelming majority of particular controversies, one party has something to lose as a result of court action. Normally, accused parties expect nothing from the resolution of litigation. At best they resist the claims against them. At worst they suffer loss of liberty, money, property, or status.
shun vt.避开, 避免
haste n.匆忙, 急忙
primary adj.第一位的, 主要的, 初步的, 初级的, 原来的, 根源的
peculiarly adv.特有地, 特别地
controversy n.论争, 辩论, 论战
amount n.数量 vi.(to) 总计, 等于
render vt.呈递, 归还, 着色, 汇报, 致使, 放弃, 表演, 实施 vi.给予补偿 n.交纳, 粉刷, 打底
proceeding n.行动, 进行,会议录, 学报
invalid n.病人, 残废者 adj.有病的, 残废的
overwhelming adj.压倒性的, 无法抵抗的
accused n.被告
litigation n.诉讼, 起诉
在讨论一个案件通过法庭所受到的延误时，大家都认为此项延误是谁都不希望的，它所以发生是因法庭的无能、管理不善、或者疏忽所造成的。那么法庭为什么不肯放快脚步呢？主要的原因就在于一句至理名言━欲速则不达。第二个原因是特别用于争论的案件，因为要使双方都得到一个公平的听证。大多数的法庭都极力避免让人以为他们拒绝给当事人完全的说明机会，因为缺少了公平的听证几近于否定规定应采取的程序，以及使得法庭的一切诉讼程序无效。除此之外，在每个争论中就是一方有了压倒性的多数票，法庭相见的结果有一方一定有所失的。通常是被告的一方不会期望从诉讼裹得到什么。最好的状况下，任何人不得向他们提出任何要求；而他们所受的最坏惩罚是自由、金钱、财产或身份地位的丧失。

yidi mercuryUID: 195299

13
The only concrete evidence we have as to the time of origin of an atmosphere and hydrosphere is the appearance in the geological record of normal sedimentary rocks showing evidence of chemical weathering and subaqueous deposition. The oldest sedimentary rocks of this kind that we know of on Earth appear to be slightly less than 1.4 billion years old. Evidence of chemical weathering and subaqueous deposition preserved in these rocks is important for its demonstration that a substantial atmosphere and hydrosphere already existed on Earth at that time. Chemical evolution leading to the origin of life, with the diversity of biogeochemical interactions implied by that term, was now possible if not inevitable. Indeed, experience with later developments in evolution suggests that whenever environment, including its biological components, became conducive to new biological directions, such directions were likely to ensue.
concrete adj.具体的, 有形的 n.混凝土 v.用混凝土修筑, 浇混凝土, 凝结
evidence n.明显, 显著, 明白, 迹象, 根据, [物]证据, 证物
atmosphere n.大气, 空气, 气氛
hydrosphere n.水圈, 水气, 水界
geological adj.地质学的, 地质的
sedimentary adj.沉积的, 沉淀性的
subaqueous adj.水中的, 水下用的
deposition n.沉积作用, 沉积物, 革职, 废王位, 免职
substantial adj.坚固的, 实质的, 真实的, 充实的
diversity n.差异, 多样性
interaction n.交互作用, 交感
inevitable adj.不可避免的, 必然的
component n.成分 adj.组成的, 构成的
conducive n.有益于
direction n.方向, 指导, 趋势, (常用复数)指示, 用法, 说明(书), 收件人地址
关于大气和水域最初形成的时间，我们拥有的唯一具体证据，仅可见之于地质纪录上记载的，一般水成岩的侵蚀和水下的沉淀。我们所知道地球上这一类水成岩之最古老者，以近于三十四亿年之久。这些岩石上存留的，化学的侵蚀和水下的沉淀的痕迹之所以重要，乃是它显示了在那时，已有相当的大气和水域存在地球上。化学进化引发生命的原始（化学进化一辞意味著，生物地球化学的交互影响之多样性）现在看来若不是不可避免，至少是可能的。事实上，从进化过程后来的发展经验可知，不论何时，当环境（包括其生物的组成要素）变得对新的生物的驱向有传导力时，这些驱向便可能因应而生。
14
Beneath the hopeful fantasy of moral simplification and international unity embodied in the science fiction film lurk the deepest anxieties about contemporary existence. They go beyond the anxieties and annihilation of the body, to anxieties about the condition of the individual psyche. Science fiction films may even be described as a popular mythology that expresses the contemporary negative imagination about the impersonal. The otherworld creatures that seek to take over "us" are an "it" not a "they." The planetary invaders are usually zombielike. If they are nonhuman in form, they proceed with an absolutely regular, unalterablemovement. If they are human in form, they obey the most rigid militarydiscipline and display no personal characteristics whatsoever. And this regime of emotionlessness, of impersonality, of egimentation threatens the individuals who inhabit the earth.
fantasy n.幻想, 白日梦
moral adj.道德(上)的, 精神的 n.道德
simplification n.简化
embody vt.具体表达, 使具体化, 包含, 收录
lurk n.潜伏, 埋伏 vi.潜藏, 潜伏, 埋伏
contemporary n.同时代的人 adj.当代的, 同时代的
mythology n.神话
seek v.寻找, 探索, 寻求
invader n.侵略者
unalterable adj.不能变更的
military adj.军事的, 军用的
regime n.政体, 政权, 政权制度
于科幻电影所呈现的，对道德的单纯化及国际性团结的乐观的想像之中，潜藏著有关现代人存在的深沉焦虑。它们超越了核弹威胁引起的焦虑，超越了肉体可能遭受到的残害和灭绝，而跌入了关于个体精神状态的焦虑。科幻电影甚至可被描述为盛行的神话，表现对不具人格的当代的消极想像。那些来自外星，想要征服“我们”的生物，是“它”，不是“他们”。星际的侵入者通常都是怪异的。假如他们不具人形，他们的行动总是绝对规律化，一成不变的。假如他们具备人形，他们遵循的是最死板的军事纪律，且表露的是没有丝亳人的特性。这种不带感情的，没有人格性质的，统制式的社会组织，威胁著生存在这地球的个体。

yidi mercuryUID: 195299

15
Liquid crystals constitute a unique state of matter with the mobility of liquids and the optical properties of solids. whether they are a pure state of matter in the classic sense is arguable, but they are an important, though relatively unstudied, kind of material.
Among other things, they are the basis for highly accurate mapping of heat patterns of surfaces; they can be used as chemical solvents that permit precise spatial orientation of molecules in a solution; they can detect radiation at different wavelengths; and they appear on the commercial scene in the form of vivid display devices that cannot be washed out by bright surrounding light. And perhaps even more significant, because many basic life processes involve liquid crystals, they may someday provide us with increased understanding and control over those processes.
crystal adj.结晶状的 n.水晶, 水晶饰品, 结晶, 晶体
constitute vt.制定(法律), 建立(政府), 组成, 任命
unique adj.唯一的, 独特的
mobility n.活动性, 灵活性, 迁移率, 机动性
optical adj.眼的, 视力的, 光学的
precise adj.精确的, 准确的 n.精确
spatial adj.空间的
orientation n.方向, 方位, 定位, 倾向性, 向东方
molecule n.[化]分子, 些微
液晶体构成一独特的物质形态，它们兼俱液体的流动性质和固体的光学性质。以传统性意识来说，它们是否是一种物质的纯粹形态，则有待论证，但它们确是一种重要的物质，虽然对之尚乏研究。诸多用途中，它们特别是可充当表面温高型式之高准确性图示的依凭；它们可作为溶液中使分子有精确的空间定向之化学溶剂；它们可测知在不同波长中的辐射；它们能以一鲜明的展示设计出现于商业场所，而不致为其周围的强光洗掉。或许更有意义的是，因为许多基本的生命过程都和液晶体有关，它们（液晶体）可能有一天能提供我们，对这些过程更多的了解与控制。
16
What are the basic elements in the laughable? A landscape may be charming and sublime, or insignificant and ugly; it will never be laughable. One may laugh at an animal, but only because one has detected in it some human attitude or expression. Another element to note is the absence of feeling which usually accompanies laughter. Indifference is its usual environment, for laughter has no greater foe than emotion. The comic demands a momentary anesthesia of the heart: its appeal is to the intelligence, pure and simple. This intelligence, however, must always remain in touch with other intelligences. Laughter appears to need an echo. However spontaneous it seems, it always implies a kind of secret freemasonry, or even complicity, with other laughters, real or imaginary. To understand laughter, we must put it back in its natural environment, which is society.
elements n.原理, 基础
landscape n.风景, 山水画, 地形, 前景 v.美化
charming adj.迷人的, 娇媚的
sublime
adj.庄严的, 崇高的, 壮观的, 卓越的, 极端的, 异常的
v.提高, (使)变高尚, (使)纯化, (使)升华
n.庄严, 崇高, 顶点
accompany vt.陪伴, 伴奏
comic n.滑稽演员 adj.滑稽的, 喜剧的
momentary adj.瞬间的, 刹那间的
anesthesia n.=<美>anaethesia
echo
n.回声, 回音, 回波
vi.发回声, 随声附和
vt.摹仿, 重复, 反射
[计] 禁止(或允许)在屏幕上显示批处理命令行
spontaneous adj.自发的, 自然产生的
complicity n.同谋, 共犯
可笑的情事到底包括那些基本因素？一片风景可以是迷人和壮丽，或者不显眼和丑陋，但是它绝不会是可笑的。一个人或会笑某一只动物，只是因为他在这只动物身上看到某些人的态度或表情。另外一个要注意的因素是，笑经常是不带任何感觉的。泠漠是笑最普通的环境，因为笑最大的敌人是感情。滑稽是情感的暂时麻醉。它诉诸理智，纯粹而简单。然理智必须和他人的理智相沟通。笑似乎需要回音。不管笑看来是多么自然，它总是暗示一种秘密组织的存在；甚至是和其他笑者之间的一种串通，不论是真的或是想像。要了解笑，我们必须把它放回其天然的环境里，亦即社会。

yidi mercuryUID: 195299

17
The Food and Drug administration has recently proposed severe restrictions on the use of antibiotics to promote the health and growth but also encourage the appearance of bacterial strains that are resistant to anti-infective drugs. Already, for example, penicillin and the tetracylines are not as effective therapeutically as they once were. The drug resistance is chiefly confered by tiny circlets of genes, calledplasmins, that can be exchanged between different strains and even different species of bacteria. Plasmins are also one of the two kinds of vehicles [the other being viruses]that molecular biologists depend on when performing gene transplant experiments. Even present guidelines forbid the laboratory use of plasmins bearing genes for resistance to antibiotics. Yet, while congressional debate rages over whether or not to toughen these restrictions on scientists in their laboratories, little congressional attention has been focused on an ill-advised agricultural practice that produces known deleterious effects.
administration n.管理, 经营, 行政部门
restriction n.限制, 约束
antibiotics n.抗生素, 抗生学
promote vt.促进, 发扬, 提升, 提拔, 晋升为
strain n.过度的疲劳, 紧张, 张力, 应变 vt.扭伤, 损伤 v.拉紧, 扯紧, (使)紧张, 尽力
infective adj.会传染的, 有传染性的, 影响别人的, 感染别人的
therapeutically adv. 治疗性地
confer vt.授予(称号、学位等), 赠与, 把...赠与, 协议 v.协商, 交换意见
gene n.[遗传]因子, [遗传]基因
species n.种类, (原)核素 n.[律]式样 n.[宗]圣餐物
vehicle n.交通工具, 车辆, 媒介物, 传达手段
molecular adj.[化]分子的, 由分子组成的
transplant v.移植, 移种, 移民, 迁移 n.移植, 被移植物, 移居者
congressional adj.会议的, 大会的, 国会的
rage n.愤怒, 情绪激动, 狂暴, 精神错乱 vi.大怒, 狂吹, 风行
deleterious adj.有害的, 有毒的
"食物及药品管理局"最近提议严格限制使用抗生素以促进食用动物的健康和成长。加入饲料中的药物杀死了很多微生物，但也促成了一些耐得住抗传染药物的细菌族群的出现。 像盘尼西林和 tetravyclines 类抗生素在治疗上已不如往昔那么有效。 抗药性主要是由极细微的环形基因传递的。 这种基因称作Plasmins 。 它可以在不同族群，甚至不同种的细菌之间互换。Plasmids也是分子生物学家作基因移植实验时仰赖的两种媒介物之一（另一个是病原体）。即使目前的政策方针都禁止实验室内用 Plasmids 来生产抵御抗生素的基因。可是正当国会激烈辩论是否要加重科学家在实验室中的这些限制，国会的注意力却很少集中在，这种产生人皆知晓的有害影响之不智的农业上做法。
18
Our knowledge of the evolution of primate brains comes from two sources: the fossil record and comparisons between the brains of the various kinds of living primates. The fossil record of primate brains consists of casts of the insides of fossil brain cases, called endocranial casts, or endocasts. These casts reproduce details of the surface of the brain, including the patterns of cerebral convolutions. Thus, fossil endocasts provide direct evidence of brain evolution, but the information they provide is only external. Comparative studies of the brains of living primates, on the other hand, while they can provide an enormous amount of information, can only be considered indirect evidence of brain evolution. Although it is tempting to arrange living species in a series of presumed primitive to advanced stages, series of this sort may be misleading if they are taken to represent evolutionary lineages, because each species is specialized for its own ecological niche, and most species combine primitive and advanced features.
evolution n.进展, 发展, 演变, 进化
primate n.首领, 大主教, 灵长类的动物
fossil n.化石, 僵化的事物 adj.化石的, 陈腐的, 守旧的
cerebral adj.脑的, 大脑的
convolution n.回旋, 盘旋, 卷绕
enormous adj.巨大的, 庞大的, <古>极恶的, 凶暴的
lineage n.血统, 世系
ecological adj.生态学的, 社会生态学的
我们对灵长动物头脑的进化知识来自两个来源∶化石记录，以及比较各种活著的灵长动物的脑部。灵长类动物脑部的化石记录是由化石脑壳内部打模制成。这种模叫作 endocranial casts脑壳模，或者简称 endocasts。这些模可复制脑部表面的细节，包括脑回的图案。因此脑壳化石提供了脑部进化的直接证据，不过它们提供的资料仅是表面的。另方面，比较活著的灵长类动物的脑部，虽然可以提供大量的资料，只能算是脑部进化的间接证据。尽管把活著的动物种类，按假设的原始到进步的阶段排成一系列，是丌人的做法，但这样的排列可能会导至错误的结论，如果它们被当成是代表进化的系统；因为每一种类都有它特殊的生态地位，而且大多数的种类都兼含原始和进步的特征。
19
JUST as biologists rarely see a new species arise, linguists rarely see a new language being born. You have to be in the right place at the right time, which usually you are not. But the past few decades have seen an exception. Linguists have been able to follow the formation of a new language in Nicaragua. The catch is that it is not a spoken language but, rather, a sign language which arose spontaneously in deaf children. Ann Senghas, of Columbia University, in New York, one of the linguists who has been studying this language, told the AAAS conference in Seattle about her discoveries. And Susan Goldin-Meadow, of the University of Chicago, who studies the spontaneous emergence of signing in deaf children, filled in the background by showing how such children use hand signals in a different way from everybody else.
biologist n.生物学家
linguist n.语言学家
exception n.除外, 例外, 反对, 异议
catch n.捕捉, 捕获物, (窗)钩 v.捕获, 赶上(车船等), 发觉, 感染（疾病） vi.抓住，燃着
spontaneously adv.自然地, 本能地
emergence n.浮现, 露出, (植物)突出体, 出现
正如生物学家很难发现一种新物种，语言学家也很少能够见证一个新型语言的出现。你必须在适当的时机处于适当的地点，然而这样的情况是非常罕见的。语言学家现在已经追踪到了在尼加拉瓜所出现的一种新语言的发展路径。他们所发现的并不是口语而是一种聋哑儿童所特有的一种符号语言。纽约哥伦比亚大学的Ann Senghas是一位长期研究这种语言的专家。他在西雅图的AAAS会议上发表了其研究成果。芝加哥大学的Susan Goldin-Meadow研究的是聋哑儿童的符号语言的同步出现问题，解释了这样的儿童如何用不同的方式来运用手语的。
注：AAAS=American Academy of Arts and Sciences 美国艺术与科学研究院

yidi mercuryUID: 195299

老样子~~我以前搜集的一点雅思阅读~~~因为有中文~~所以发上来和大家分享~