提纲部分---Myth小组第一次作业---phevos

phevos_xxUID: 2258006

ISSUE类：

31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial."
花在研究上的资金基本都是不错的投资，即使研究的结果是富有争议的。（现实和理想）

总体赞同
一、花在研究上的资金通常是不错的投资。
        The money spent on research is usually a good investment.
        1. 促进科技的进步
                The money spent on research will help improve the science and technology a lot.
        2. 获取较大的profit
                The money spent on research usually makes a great profit.
        3. 某些研究,即使是有争议的研究,能够有深远的影响
                Some research, even when the results of that research are controversial, will have great influence.
二、有些时候，花在研究上的投资不是好投资，尤其是在研究结果比较有争议的时候。
        Sometimes, however, it is not a good investment to spend money on some research, especially the research with controversial results.
        1. 对研究的投资可能被浪费
        2. 如果将钱投入到其它一些急需用钱的地方或许更好
例子:
对核能的研究 + Research of atomic energy
星球大战计划 – Star War
对放射性元素的研究 + Research of radioactivity: the starting point for cancer treatment, for the dating techniques used on ancient objects, rocks and the universe, and for molecular biology and modem genetics.


43"To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."
为了成为一个好的领导，一个官员必须要具有极高的伦理和道德标准。

总体赞同
一、        伦理道德能够影响一个人的言行举止,影响其所作出的计划和决定,这些是领导的基本素质
二、        如果一个领导不具备较高的伦理和道德标准,那么很可能会对社会造成危害.
三、        要想成为一个好的领导,还需要其他的素质


56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."
政府应该把更多的精力放到解决眼前实际的问题中，而不要放到未来可能会产生的问题中。

平衡观点
一、        当前的问题确实是最需要解决的问题
二、        让步转折，长远的问题也是相当重要的，考虑到长远的问题，需要从现在开始进行计划筹备解决方案
三、        如果眼光只看现在的问题，那么对下一代人是不负责任的


59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."
人们把太多的精力放在模型和范例上。人们应该学会独立思考和行动，而不要照搬别人的东西，这样才能做出最好的选择

平衡观点
一、        每个人对面临的问题和环境都是不同的，独立思考与行动有助于保持自己的个性，做出适合于自己的选择
二、        模型和范例同样也是不可或缺的，在刚开始做某件事的时候，总是需要一定的范例来做参考
三、        参考模型和范例并加以独立的思考与升华才是最合理的方式

70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
在任何领域，商业、政治、教育、政府，掌权者应该在5年任期后下台。对任何公司企业来说，取得成功最保险的途径就是聘用新生的人担当领导

比较赞同
一、        掌权者掌权时间过长，容易出现一些问题。腐败、小集团、新思维不能及时注入
二、        聘用新的人担当领导能够引来新变化，通常是能够促进发展的
三、        但是，并非所有的领域都应该如此，某些领域情况特殊以及某些领导人确实优秀

74"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
如果想要和一大群人交流思想，最有效的方法是利用图形，而并非语言

平衡观点
一、        对于简单的一些概念或是思想，图形是一种行之有效的方法
二、        语言同样也是一种非常有效的方法，尤其对于一些难以用图形描述清楚的东西
三、        将图形和语言相互配合使用，才是最合理的方式


88"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."
科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和民族习惯

不太赞同
一、        科学技术确实影响了一些社会风俗和民族习惯
二、        一个社会的风俗和民族习惯是经过历史的积淀而形成的，很多东西不是能被科学技术所影响的
三、        科学技术更不能决定社会的风俗，反之，社会的风俗和民族习惯常常决定科学技术的发展


121"At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."
在过去不同的时期，很多物种的灭绝都是自然因素造成，而并非人类行为。所以，现在我们花费很大的人力物力去拯救濒临灭绝的物种是没有多少价值的。

平衡观点
一、        物种的自然灭绝常常是自然因素造成，而且这样的灭绝不会影响生态平衡。达尔文的自然选择，恐龙的灭绝
二、        确实有部分物种是由于人为的原因而灭绝。
三、        人类应该对一些快要灭绝的物种有选择的进行保护。出于生态平衡的考虑，出于食物链的考虑，出于物种的价值考虑


136"The absence of choice is a circumstance that is very, very rare."
人们不能选择的情况很少见

赞同，但是题目太宽泛了

一、        人们日常生活中总是会遇到各种各样的选择，很少会遇到不能选择的时候。
二、        但是，我们常常不能够按照我们的意愿来进行选择，尤其是涉及一些社会伦理道德的问题。
三、        人们常常会人为的把选择面进行缩小，以至于造成一种没有选择的局面。

157"There is no such thing as purely objective observation. All observation is subjective; it is always guided by the observer's expectations or desires."
没有哪件事情是客观观察的结果。所有的观察都是主观的；它们在很大程度上决定于观察者的期望和偏好。

不太赞同

一、        人们对事物的观察总是有主观倾向的，很大程度上决定于观察着的期望和偏好。
二、        这些所谓的观察常常是观察者的一种解释。
三、        科学研究中的很多观察都是客观的。科学实验中的数据均是测量而来，是客观的。
A. Everyday experience inform us that different people have different opinion when they observe the same object.
B. However, these sorts of subjective "observations " are actually subjective "interpretations" of what we observe.
C. As the speaker's assertion, there is no such thing as truth and we cannot truly know anything. It runs against the grain of all scientific discovery and knowledge gained in the human history.
D. According to the psychological discipline, given the same spatial perspective and sensory acuity and awareness, just as the video camera does, our observations would all be essentially in accord—that is, observation can be objective.


159"The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds."
人总是比机器聪明，因为机器只不过是人类的工具而已

太抽象了，不好构思，用一篇别人的提纲
A. In terms of memory and computing as well as other technical operations, computers can do much better than human beings.
B. In terms of creation, machines can never surpass human intelligence, for it is illogical that ‘stupid’ human minds can create ‘clever’ artificial intelligence.
C. However, human beings should guard against the abuse of advanced technology and see to it that machines are created to serve human welfare.

160"The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."
一个好的领导最主要的品质就是对某些特定原则和目标的坚持。任何领导，如果他很容易受到大众化观点的影响，那他就一事无成。
A. In the business realm, effective leadership is generally defined as that which achieves the goal of profit maximization in the long term by taking reasonable steps to minimize the social and environmental harm their businesses caused. Thus the two definitions merge, and the statement at issue is ultimately correct.
B.In the political realm the issue is no less complex, (strong but keep pace with the social development)
Example: two British prime ministers Neville Chamberlain and Churchill
In 1938, British Prime Minister Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact with Adolf Hitler, an agreement that gave Czechoslovakia away to Nazi conquest while bringing, as Chamberlain promised, "peace in our time."
C. Consider social-spiritual leadership. Few would disagree that through their ability to inspire others and lift the human spirit Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King were eminently effective in leading others to effect social change through civil disobedience. This brand of leadership, in order to be effective, inherently requires that the leader remain steadfastly committed to principle.

177"The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."
对学术的研究改变了我们观察世界的方法。研究了这些学术定律之后，我们看到的世界还是和以前一样，但是却换了一个视角
一、        学术的研究使我们能够更加全面的看待一件事物。
二、        而且我们常常会有更加深入的认识，虽然表面上看和以前是一样的，但是我们所理解的东西随着我们认识的加深有所改变。
A. Academic discipline provides us with various new methodologies to interpret our world, which reshapes our understanding of the reality.
B. With the change in our perception of the world, the way we interact with our world will also be changed correspondingly.
这个题目也很抽象，没有太多的思路

212"If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."
A. Theoretically, the means taken should be consistent with the ends in view.
B. However, in order to restore peace and social order, individual states or the international community has repeatedly used force in history.
C. We should be alert to the possibility that individuals, organizations or governments tend to plead a worthy goal in excuse of their contemptible means and private interests.


221"The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."
不太赞同
一、        历史研究的能够让我们更清晰的了解某一段历史，消除我们一些错误的想法，以及一些谣言
二、        历史研究更大的目的不是在于消除我们的错觉，而是让我们从中吸取经验，从中总结经验
三、        通过不同历史时期的历史对比，我们能够从中找出共性，这也是一个传承的culture


ARGUE类：

26The following appeared in a memo from the chairperson of the school board in the town of Saluda.

"For the past five years, Mr. Charles Schade has been the music director at Steel City High School, and during that time the school band from Steel City High has won three regional band competitions. In addition, the quality of the music rehearsal facilities and musical instruments at Steel City High has improved markedly over the past five years. Because of such successes at Steel City High, the Saluda school board should hire Mr. Schade to plan and direct the general music education programs for the entire Saluda school system."
1. 不合理的假设：schs所取得的成绩均是由于cs的原因。
CS担任5年的md以后，schs获得3次地区冠军，以前如何？
乐器和排练设备主要看学校的投入，不完全是cs的功劳
2. 用cs来做一个总规划，这与前文做的md有所不同，是否能胜任？


42The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.

"In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign."
1.        生态旅游是否能够真的使得游客人数上升？人均收入提高？
a)        机场人数上升不能说明游客上升了，有可能是转机的。
b)        人均收入比上年增加10%，没有上年比前年的数据，以及通货膨胀的统计，很难说明生态旅游是否产生了积极作用，人均收入通常都会有所增长。
2． 即使生态旅游确实能够带来上述好处，仍然不能说明能够保护自然环境。
3． 两国的国情不一定一样，需要有所考虑。


48The following appeared in a newspaper article published in the country of Corpora.

"Twenty years ago, one half of all citizens in Corpora met the standards for adequate physical fitness as then defined by the national advisory board on physical fitness. Today, the board says that only one quarter of all citizens are adequately fit and suggests that spending too much time using computers may be the reason. But since overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does."
1. 20年前c城1/2达标,现在全国1/4达标,相互之间缺乏可对比性.作者没有给提供20年前全国的数据或者是现在c城的数据,我们不能得出健康水平降低的结论.
2. 即使健康水平降低了,在寻找降低的原因时,作者否定了board提出的电脑对健康的影响,而提出了经济衰退对健康的影响.对于经济衰退的影响,作者没有做出令人信服的论证.
3. 经济复苏了,健康水平一定会随之提高? 无据攻击


141The following appeared in a newsletter distributed at a recent political rally.

"Over the past year, the Consolidated Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over one million square miles of land in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and environmental disaster, since West Fredonia is home to several endangered animal species. But such disaster can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper until the company abandons its mining plans."
1. 作者所提出的解决方案不可行,对ccc生产的铜所制造的产品能够影响ccc的采矿计划?铜是初加工产品,顾客不可能知道铜从何而来.
2.        ccc买了一块地,这块地全部是用来采矿的?即使都用来采矿,一定会影响到稀有物种的生存?
3.        更何况,没有任何证据表明ccc会造成作者所谓的污染. 无据攻击

237The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.

"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here."
1.作者的认为,D市的减税促进了经济的增长.但是,并没有提出足够的证据来说明这一点.首先,2个公司,300个职位,样本数量太小,我们既不能说这个政策吸引了投资,也不能说这就是经济增长的体现.
2.即使d市的政策确实促进了经济的增长,减少了失业率,同样缺乏足够的证据来说明b市可以采取这样的方式.两市很可能情况不同,地理位置不同,发展水平不同,人才吸引力不同.
3 另外,作者强调private company 但是并没有说明d市的两家公司是pc, 同时还指出所谓的最快方式,没有比较,如何知道是最快?



57The following appeared in a newsletter on nutrition and health.

"Although the multimineral Zorba pill was designed as a simple dietary supplement, a study of first-time ulcer patients who took Zorba suggests that Zorba actually helps prevent ulcers. The study showed that only 25 percent of those ulcer patients who took Zorba under a doctor's direction developed new ulcers, compared to a 75 percent recurrence rate among ulcer patients who did not take Zorba. Clearly, then, Zorba will be highly effective in preventing recurrent ulcers and if health experts inform the general public of this fact, many first-time ulcers can be prevented as well."
1. 样本不具有对比性,在医生指导下服用的患者与自由服用的患者两者不具有可对比性. 自由服用的患者很可能由于缺乏指导,从而用药不合适,以至于复发率较高.因此,这个survey不能支持作者关于zorba能够预防ulcers的论点.
2.关于此survey,样本是否具有代表性?患者的体质以及医生以及治疗均有可能造成差别
3. 即使这个药能够预防复发,但是作者说它能够预防初发是毫无道理的.此药是营养补充药,正常人没事不会去吃这个玩,所以更不可能预防初发.


97The following appeared in a memo from the manager of television station KICK.

"A nationwide survey reveals that a sizeable majority of men would like to see additional sports programs on television. After television station WACK increased its sports broadcasts, its share of the television audience in its viewing area almost doubled. To gain a larger audience share in our area, and thus increase company profits, KICK should also revise its broadcast schedule to include more sports coverage."
1. 作者提出建议的基本原因在于w电视台的成功,然而这是含混不清的. 作者认为w电视台增加了收视率,因为他们增加了体育节目. 但是没有任何论据证明这两者有必然联系. 没有排除他因
2. 即使增加体育节目能够增加收视率,由于考虑范围的不同(全国对地区) ,我们难以说明这个措施对k是适用的.
3. 增加体育节目只是对男人有用.不过女人和小孩是否会喜欢?是否会获得相反的效果?

109The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Maple City newspaper.

"Twenty years ago Pine City established strict laws designed to limit the number of new buildings that could be constructed in the city. Since that time the average housing prices in Pine City have increased considerably. Chestnut City, which is about the same size as Pine City, has over the past twenty years experienced an increase in average housing prices similar to Pine City, but Chestnut City never established any laws that limit new building construction. So it is clear that laws limiting new construction have no effect on average housing prices. So if Maple City were to establish strict laws that limit new building construction, these laws will have no effect on average housing prices."
1.平均房价的显著上涨应该扣除通货膨胀的因素
2. 两地的对比是否具有可对比性?地理位置,地形,经济
3. 同样,mc与上两座城市也缺乏可比较性
4. 政策的时效性,20年前的东西了

142The article entitled 'Eating Iron' in last month's issue of Eating for Health reported that a recent study found a correlation between high levels of iron in the diet and an increased risk of heart disease. Further, it is well established that there is a link between large amounts of red meat in the diet and heart disease, and red meat is high in iron. On the basis of the study and the well-established link between red meat and heart disease, we can conclude that the correlation between high iron levels and heart disease, then, is most probably a function of the correlation between red meat and heart disease.
1. 作者认为”红肉吃多了会增加心脏病的概率”是因为红肉中含较高的铁导致,这个看法是不合理的.红肉中还含有很多成分,这些成分也是有可能导致心脏病的发生的.作者没有提供任何数据或是实验.
2. 作者的结论也是不清晰的. 他认为红肉就等同于高铁含量,但是,两者并没有定量的进行描述.红肉的铁含量或许在食物种算是高的,但是是否达到了hight level的水平?


153The following is from an editorial in the Midvale Observer, a local newspaper.

"Ever since the 1950's, when television sets began to appear in the average home, the rate of crimes committed by teenagers in the country of Alta has steadily increased. This increase in teenage crime parallels the increase in violence shown on television. According to several national studies, even very young children who watch a great number of television shows featuring violent scenes display more violent behavior within their home environment than do children who do not watch violent shows. Furthermore, in a survey conducted by the Observer, over 90 percent of the respondents were parents who indicated that prime-time television—programs that are shown between 7 p.m. and 9 p.m.—should show less violence. Therefore, in order to lower the rate of teenage crime in Alta, television viewers should demand that television programmers reduce the amount of violence shown during prime time."
1.没有证据证明少年犯罪率的提高与电视上的暴力镜头有因果关系.
2.调查的样本缺乏代表性.只有回应者的数据,而没有告诉我们回应者占调查人数的百分比.
3.来自全国的调查也只能说明看了暴力节目能表现得有暴力行为,但是这和暴力犯罪完全不能等同


179The following is a memorandum written by the director of personnel to the president of the Cedar Corporation.

"It would be a mistake to rehire the Good-Taste Company to supply the food in our employee cafeteria next year. It is the second most expensive caterer in the city. In addition, its prices have risen in each of the last three years, and it refuses to provide meals for people on special diets. Just last month three employees complained to me that they no longer eat in the cafeteria because they find the experience 'unbearable.' Our company should instead hire Discount Foods. Discount is a family-owned local company and it offers a varied menu of fish and poultry. I recently tasted a sample lunch at one of the many companies that Discount serves and it was delicious—an indication that hiring Discount will lead to improved employee satisfaction."
1. g公司的价格上涨是否是普遍的?有可能各大食物公司的价格都在上涨.
2.关于3个员工的抱怨也是缺少调查的,究竟是由于餐厅本身的原因还是由于g公司的原因不得而知
3.d公司与g公司缺乏对比,我们难以确定两个公司究竟谁更适合.对比价格,服务
4. 作者认为d公司的东西好吃仅仅基于一份样品,缺乏代表性

180The following is a recommendation from the personnel director to the president of Acme Publishing Company.

"Many other companies have recently stated that having their employees take the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course has greatly improved productivity. One graduate of the course was able to read a five-hundred-page report in only two hours; another graduate rose from an assistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year. Obviously, the faster you can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday. Moreover, Easy Read costs only $500 per employee—a small price to pay when you consider the benefits to Acme. Included in this fee is a three-week seminar in Spruce City and a lifelong subscription to the Easy Read newsletter. Clearly, Acme would benefit greatly by requiring all of our employees to take the Easy Read course."
1. 样本数量 2个?
2. 参加了课程就会升职?阅读更快?因果关系错误
3. 别的公司需要类比本公司也需要,错误类比
4. 没有必要让所有人去培训一次

190The following is a letter to the editor of the Glenville Gazette, a local newspaper.

"Over the past few years, the number of people who have purchased advance tickets for the Glenville Summer Concert series has declined, indicating lack of community support. Although the weather has been unpredictable in the past few years, this cannot be the reason for the decline in advance ticket purchases, because many people attended the concerts even in bad weather. Clearly, then, the reason for the decline is the choice of music, so the organizers of the concert should feature more modern music in the future and should be sure to include music composed by Richerts, whose recordings Glenville residents purchase more often than any other contemporary recordings. This strategy will undoubtedly increase advance ticket purchases and will increase attendance at the concerts."
1.坏天气参加音乐会并不说明天气对人们买预售票没有影响.
2.音乐会的预售票减少,并不能说明来听音乐会的人数减少了
3.即使来听音乐会的人减少了,也不能说明g的居民不喜欢.
4.关于改变演奏音乐的理由也是不合理的


214In each city in the region of Treehaven, the majority of the money spent on government-run public school education comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's cities differ, however, in the value they place on public education. For example, Parson City typically budgets twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its public schools—even though both cities have about the same number of residents. It seems clear, therefore, that Parson City residents care more about public school education than do Blue City residents.
作者认为p比b的市民更关注教育,来源于p的公立学校预算是b的两倍.
首先,我们需要知道两市的总财政预算是多少,以及用于公立学校的预算所占百分比,如果p市经济实力雄厚,那么总财政预算就会较大.
其次,对公立学校的投入不能反映市民对于教育的关注,那主要是政府的事情.
    另外我们还需要知道两地的学生有多少,每个人的平均教育经费是多少.


205The following appeared in a recommendation from the president of Amburg's Chamber of Commerce.

"Last October the city of Belleville installed high intensity lighting in its central business district, and vandalism there declined almost immediately. The city of Amburg has recently begun police patrols on bicycles in its business district but the rate of vandalism there remains constant. Since high intensity lighting is apparently the most effective way to combat crime, we should install such lighting throughout Amburg. By reducing crime in this way, we can revitalize the declining neighborhoods in our city."
1. 将b和a进行对比,仅仅说明高照度灯光能够减少破坏公物的行为,但是对于犯罪来说,或许派警察去巡逻更有用.这里将破坏公物与犯罪混为一谈.
2.即使能够减少犯罪,减少犯罪和阻止衰退也没有必然联系