[Chasing For '6' Score 小组]第二次作业布置贴

桃太郎UID: 2275108

ARGUMENT

53. Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin-a hormone known to affect some brain functions-would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children-now teenagers-who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.

13年前，研究者研究了一组在受到不熟悉的刺激比如不寻常的气味和未知声音的录音时表现出轻微紧张的25名婴儿。他们发现这些婴儿比其他婴儿更可能在早秋怀孕，而早秋是他们的母亲分泌的melatonin--一种已知会影响一些大脑功能的荷尔蒙--因日照的减少而增加的季节。在今年早些时候所作的跟踪调查中，这些表现出紧张迹象的儿童--现在已经是十几岁--有一半以上认为自己害羞。显然，出生前melatonin的增加导致婴儿期的羞涩并且这种羞涩将延续至生命更晚的阶段。

1．没有证据表明害羞是由M造成的，有环境的原因
2． 样本太小，25名婴儿太少了。而且没有和其他月份出生的婴儿比较。
3．婴儿时期的紧张不一定是害羞，可能是刺激造成的不舒服。
4．没有证据表明M会对婴儿产生影响，有什么功能，是对母亲还是胎儿产生影响？

ISSUE:
11T "All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems." 11． 所有的国家都应该帮助建立起一个全球性的大学，用来培养学生们解决世界上最顽固头疼的社会问题。
问解型：建立全球性大学=》解决顽固问题。
①        支持。面临的很多问题是共同的。如：核战争，环境污染。恐怖主义（terrorism）global university can help to establish a common ground or reach a consensus（the depletion of atmospheric ozone或green-house effect 或space exploration仅凭一个国家的经济实力难以实现需要各国合作
②        不同意。这个学校可能会被国家政权干涉而成为工具，如：经费赞助的多的国家可能要求先解决其国家自身的问题而不解决或不准解决其他问题。例子要想清楚 ！每个国家的学生都能接受平等的教育？假设法。
③        他因法：培养后一代共同解决问题有很多途径，如：利用网络。仅仅一所学校不太能达到目的，因为能去上的学生实在太少了。国际会议。论坛。活动。

桃太郎UID: 2275108

Issue:
152T "The only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay within the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies." 公司的管理者唯一的责任就是在法律规定的范围之内为公司赚尽可能多的钱。
他因法（类似问解论证？题目里有only！）跑题否？
①        确实应该利润最大化。否则竞争激烈，无法生存。而企业做任何事情的前提条件就是生存下来。很多地方也要用钱（给员工发工资需要钱，为公司作宣传打广告要钱，开发新产品新技术要钱）
②        但是赚钱不是corporate executives唯一responsibility，corporate executives have responsibility to give employees motives, including 给员工提供良好的工作环境，为员工塑造融洽的人际关系氛围，给予员工发展和成长的机会。【这里引用赫茨伯格的双因素激励理论】Jack Welch’s intrinsic point of view and unique capability of management propels General Engineer to one of the most competetive companies in the world, earning 400 million dollars in the past two decades.
③        一个公司属于社会的一部分，corporate executives belongs to the company, 所以除了赚钱，corporate executives 还有责任回报社会，：污染、有限的能源、人力资本，有责任为社会承担责任。如：帮助治理污染、开发先进的节能设备。做一些慈善事业【charity undertaking】取之于民，用之于民。这样不仅可以树立公司良好的社会形象，还可以帮助需要帮助的人。而且也体现社会对弱势群体的关注。


ARGUMENT:
143. The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a national newspaper.

"Your recent article on corporate downsizing* in the United States is misleading. The article gives the mistaken impression that many competent workers who lost jobs as a result of downsizing face serious economic hardship, often for years, before finding other suitable employment. But this impression is contradicted by a recent report on the United States economy, which found that since 1992 far more jobs have been created than have been eliminated. The report also demonstrates that many of those who lost their jobs have found new employment. Two-thirds of the newly created jobs have been in industries that tend to pay above-average wages, and the vast majority of these jobs are full-time." Downsizing is the process in which corporations deliberately reduce the number of their employees.

你们最近关于美国集体裁员的文章是有误导性的。该文章给人们一种错误的印象，即很多在企业面临严重经济困难的时候裁员而导致失业的有能力的工人通常要用几年的时间找到另一份合适的工作。但这种感觉与最近一次关于美国经济的报告相矛盾，报告发现自1992年以来新增的就业机会数量远超过消失的岗位数量。该报告也指出很多失业人员已经找到了新工作。新增就业机会中有三分之二是那些提供高于平均水平薪酬的企业提供的，而且这些岗位绝大多数是全职工作。

1。新增的就业机会是否能满足需要。可能失业人员因为知识技能的原因找不到合适的工作。
2．经济问题。很多失业人员找到新工作所花的时间是多少，这期间的经济压力。找到的工作是否薪水可以满足需要新增的就业机会中那2/3是否能让被裁员的人得到。工种限制，年龄限制，技术限制。
3．“很多”数据模糊。

桃太郎UID: 2275108

呼呼,刚到家~~补上今天的

ARGUMENT:
45. The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.

"Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over
it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea."

北极鹿生活在加拿大极地区域的岛屿上。它们全年都通过冰块在岛屿间移动来寻找食物。它们的栖居地局限在那些温暖得足以维持它们所需的植物生长，并且在一年的至少某些时候冷到足以让岛屿间的海面结冰以使它们能够在岛屿间旅行的地方。然而，根据当地猎人的报告，鹿的数量正在下降。由于这一报告正好与最近导致海洋冰面融化的全球变暖趋势同时发生，我们可以得出结论：北极鹿数量的下降是它们无法按它们原有的迁移习惯穿越结冰海面的结果。

1。全球温度上升不表明当地气温有所上升，冰面有融化，使北极鹿不能迁徙。
2．没有证据说温度上升鹿就会死，可能改变生活习惯，但不一定会死。
3．不一定数量真的减少，可能只是猎人没找到。
4．北极鹿数量减少可能是因为其他原因，植物减少，过度猎杀。


ISSUE

120 "So much is new and complex today that looking back for an understanding of the past provides little guidance for living in the present." 120． 现在的生活日新月异，对过去的研究学习没有实际的指导意义
①        在现代社会，科技的进步导致传统观念和过去人类积累的经验都面临挑战euthanasia；nuclear warfare
②        At the individual level, 从历史中得到鼓舞,吸取经验教训。如：Edison; perpetual motion machine
③        At the nation level, only seek into history can we learn how events cone into being.如：苏联解体，冷战后的世界格局。
④        尽管表面上看来，现代社会的新型和复杂性是古代社会不具备的，但是本质上，都是人类社会发展中的各个台阶，应当符合历史发展的客观规律。

桃太郎UID: 2275108

ISSUE:

141 "Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that ' personal economic success requires conformity." 141．虽然大多数人都承认个人的利益，但是事实上个人的经济成功需要的是合作（服从、一致）。
比较型：个性vs.合作
①      个性很重要，创新精神。What is created is new, and the new opens up path that expand human possibilities.从平凡处发现生机，makes them always unconventional. 随着社会的发展，人们的需求越来越趋于个性化、多样化从供应者角度，产品差异化是保持竞争的有效手段；如Dell电脑的自我配置服务；
②      勇于冒险。如：风险投资venture investment. It is conformist who invests, along with most other investors, in areas that are currently the most profitable, and popular.
③      服从和合作也很重要.社会化大生产。服从一致在某种程度上意味着合作，对于经济的成功有着重要作用；例如，现代经济市场中强调的所谓供应链管理，就是包含生产者上游、下游在内的整个供应链实体的和谐统一，形成强大的资金、技术基础，共担风险，共享利润，仅凭一人之力很难获取经济的成功

ARGUMENT:
145. A new study collected data that shows that people who snore are more likely to gain weight than are people who do not snore. It is well known that many people who snore also stop breathing frequently during the night for a few seconds, a condition called sleep apnea. The interruption of breathing wakes the person-often so briefly that the waking goes unnoticed-and can leave the person too tired during the day to exercise. Anyone who snores, therefore, should try to eat less than the average person and to exercise more.

一项新的调查所收集的数据显示打呼噜的人比不打呼噜的人更容易长胖。我们知道很多打呼噜的人夜间也经常有数秒钟的呼吸停顿，这种现象被称为睡眠呼吸中断。这种呼吸的停顿导致本人醒来--通常十分短暂以至于不被察觉--并且会使本人在白天很累而无力锻炼。因此，所有打呼噜的人都应该比正常人少吃多锻炼。

1。没有证据说打鼾是导致打鼾的原因，调查的可信性。甚至有可能是因为胖才打鼾。
2．推理的每一步都有问题。第一，有多少打鼾的人会有呼吸停顿；第二，呼吸停顿会不会导致人在白天很累；第三，就算很累就不会运动吗，就一定会长胖吗
3．方法的可行性和必要性。没说这些人吃得多，方法不一定有效。