argument错误模版

hermitliUID: 2112907

刚考完argument, 现把我复习时总结的错误模版发上来，多是别人的我总结到一起了，看有用么
A false survey/study

First of all, the author provides no assurances that the survey/study on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. While we are informed only the results of … survey, the arguer fails to make clear the exact number of those participants or their percentage in the national population, as well as the geographical distribution of these citizens (the time-span of the survey, the percentage of the respondents) If the participants are confined in a certain group, or if the number of respondents is out of statistical significance, the survey cannot represent the whole/ general population. In the absence of all this information, it is impossible foe us to evaluate the conclusion that is …

A false analogy
明显类比，指出明显相似处，否定相似点
First of all, the argument is based on a false analogy. / the arguer simply assumes that… but he does not provide any evidence that … are indeed comparable. / as we know, … differ conspicuously. / it is true that both… but even here exist fundamental differences:… / therefore, even though…proved effective in doing… there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for…// as a result, a and b do not establish a warranted analogy. so we cannot safely assume that (两者无法比)  
一般类比，A行B也行，否定可比性
In addition, the comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective. The arguer discovers that using… is effective for A. However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding the actual degree of using. It is likely that …Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.

** the author unfairly assumes that a bears some relation to b. / however, the author provides no evidence to support that this is the case, nor does the author establish a causal relationship between a and b. / it is highly possible that other factors might contribute to the b/change/progress. / for example, … it is also likely b just resulted from … / lacking evidence that links a to b, it is presumptuous to suggest that a was responsible for b. （无法建立必然的因果关系）  

** the evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. / one example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. / based on a specific example of… , it is logically unsounded to make suggestion for all… / in fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all. / unless it can be shown that … is representative of all…, the conclusion that… is completely unwarranted. （单个事例不能说明整体问题）  

** by concluding that sb must do a or must do b, the author commits a fallacy of “false dilemma”. / the author assumes that a and b are the only available solutions to the problem. / however, it is possible that other factors might also contribute to the problem. for example,… / if so, just doing a and b would not solve the problem. （还有其他原因）  

in addition, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. / even if… , which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that… / it is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to b… / for instance,… / besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning… / unless… , which is unknown from this argument, there is no guarantee that… // without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to b, the author cannot confidently conclude that…(结论得出过早，考虑不周到 )  




** the arguer assumes that just because one event follows another, the second event has been caused by the first. / however, no evidence is provided to support that this is the case. / the mere fact that a occurs before b does not necessarily establish a causal relationship between a and b. / it is highly possible that other factors might also bring about these same results. / for instance,… in addition,… / without ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to b, the author cannot confidently conclude that…  

** the recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of doing sth are available. / however, the arguer fails to offer any evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption. it is highly possible that means other than this would better solve the problem. / without considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of doing sth, the author cannot confidently conclude that…  

** the arguer assumes the characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group. / however, there is no guarantee that this is the case, nor does the author provide any evidence to substantiate this assumption. it is very likely that… / lacking such evidence the author cannot draw any firm conclusion. （整体规律不一定适用于个人）  

** it is assumed without justification that background conditions have remained the same at different times / conditions. /Nonetheless, the arguer obviously neglected that evidence of ten years ago has little worthiness for future construction. It is possible that many factors such as economic conditions and desirability of sth have changed over this time span. Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that …（从过去不能推知现在和将来）  

finally, the arguer provides no assurances that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. / lacking information about the number of … surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to assess the validity of the results. /for example, if… were surveyed but only… responded, the conclusion that… would be highly suspected. / another problem is the representativeness of the respondents. were they representative of all the…? were… chosen for the survey chosen randomly or did they volunteer for the survey?… / lacking such evidence the author cannot draw any firm conclusion based on the study.   

法律: enact several new law clauses 警察: enhance its police enforcement
经济萧条: economy situation, Perhaps the general economy is expected to turn down.
供求: I would need more information comparing the supply of and demand for sth.
通货膨胀: inflation 道德文化: morality of people, the culture of the area 民心士气:morale
增加: the increase in A does not promise the correspondent increase in B
比较比例: If the arguer can present with specified items of the percentages done on different kind of food, then we can have a more precise picture of someone’s future.
抱怨: customers would go to other stores immediately when they get dissatisfaction with it.

盈利: Even if … sb do not necessarily earn a substantial profit by doing sth. The memo provides no information about the costs involved in manufacturing and distributing and so on. The consumers might be insufficient in number to ensure a profit for the store. And it is equally possible that there are a lot of competitors in the area. In short, without more information about supply, demand, and production costs, it is impossible to determine whether the company can earn a profit from doing sth.

影响因素: sb unfairly relies on the assumption that this course of action we responsible for sth. However, it is entirely possible that one or more other factors were instead responsible for it. Sth is a function of sth. Perhaps … Or perhaps Either scenatio would provide an alternative explanation for sth.

^小叶子^UID: 2279693

哇~~~~~~
沙发~~~
此处留标记~
日后来下载~
谢谢LZ,祝你考试遇到自己写过的~西西

qianjun1986UID: 2228518

谢谢楼主了

marvinchenUID: 2537741

看标题还以为是不能用的模版——“错误模版”。。。。。。。。呵呵，不好意思。。。。。。下来看看，谢了

杭州地霸UID: 2718001

谢谢！