[天下无G]第六次作业提纲

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40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
40． 对待学者和研究人员的评价不应该取决于他们的工作是否对整个社会有所贡献。而应该是看他们怎样为了自己的兴趣而奋斗，不管他们的兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多么特殊
1，It is the case that the individual interests are the momentum prompting the researchers and scholars to contribute themselves to the scientific research and inventions, without which it is hard to imagine how they can take the monotonous and boring research and experiments as their careers.
E.g. Copernicus is a good example, as we know, he was majoring in medicine in the university but later on because of his enormous interest in the astronomy he transferred to the researches in the astronomy and finally he created the compelling heliocentric theory.
2, From the societal level we are used to evaluating the contributions of the researchers and the scholars depending on how they have devoted themselves to the development of the human society.
E.g. We sing highly of the scientists such as Einstein, Watson and Crick and many others for their significant discoveries and theories which have prospered the human society in different aspects.
3, Although the scientists’ individual interests are somewhat important, the present criterion to assess a scientist is pragmatically the contribution they have done to the society since the science can be considered as an important industry in the society. Government and the society have invested quite a lot to support the development of the science since we are all expecting there can be more useful and beneficial achievement these researchers can make, so if these researchers just comply to their own interests, maybe sometimes unusual or idiosyncratic or even destructive to the peace of the society, such as someone is devoting himself to breeding a kind of bacteria whose toxin may threaten the substance of the human and other creatures, it can be critical.

208."The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."
208． 人们的眼神、衣着和行动表现了他们的态度和兴趣。你可以通过观察人们的外表和行为来获知这个社会的想法和价值
1, Clothes are something that can reflect the culture and characters of a society and the nation even a race.
E.g. It is widely accepted that people from French dress themselves romantically while Americans prefer to some causal and convenient clothes for their extrovert racial characters, meanwhile the Arabians often wear black clothes and veils because of the religious doctrines.
2, Behaviors can always be a mirror of the society’s ideas and opinions.
E.g. Because of the open-mindedness of Americans they always act passionately to others and show their emotions freely, meanwhile people from England lay more emphasis on the virtuous, respectful actions and dignity, which is decided by their discrepant background of the culture.
3, However, nowadays along with the globalization, there is a tendency that people from different nations with diverse background act in an underlying international means.
4, So we can not only learn the characters and ideas of a society from these superficial factors, but to exert more attention to other factors such as the history and the customers of the people of a society.

141."Most people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity." 141． 大多数人只意识到个体的利益，但实际上个人的成功需要于周围保持一致。（我觉得这个题很难写。。。。）
1，要取得利润就需要在商场上有自己的独创性，新颖的能够使我们获得更大的收益。
Ipod能获得如此大的收益就是因为它能在同种产品中引领一种别样的潮流。
2，可是有时我们需要符合现阶段的市场才能取得更大的经济利益。
手机电池现在是个大问题，消费者们就已经发现各种手机电池规格不统一在使用时有一定的影响。
3，另一方面，一个行业是否能赢取市场是需要其中各个小部门的协作的，若是行业中没有一个众人遵守的行规以及公认的一个准则就难以前进。比如价格等等方面，不能出现为了竞争产生的过高或过低的价格，这样下去会导致行业的衰落。

41"Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
41． 一些非主流的领域，如占星、算命以及偏执在社会中扮演着非常重要的角色，它们满足了人们的那些主流科学满足不了的需要
1，由于科学还有很多无法解释的东西，于是人们只好诉诸于非科学的领域，比如人们想知道自己的命运前途如何，这是科学无法预知的，却可以给人以安稳的心态。
2，另一方面，有的人就利用了人们企图知道一些命运一类的东西来骗取财物，比如迷信一类的。
3，很多时候，过分相信这些会阻碍人的进步，过分强调“天注定”的会使人忽略自身努力的重要性。

69"Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development"
69． 政府应该对科学研究和发展尽量少地加以限制。
1，science is a field that calls for the thought without restriction so that researchers can have enough space to make their hypothesis so that they can make more contributions to the society.
2, However, it is not deniable that the government has the responsibility to ameliorate the human occurrence so that to bridle the direction of the research and discoveries to satisfy the needs of the citizens and the society as a whole is necessary.
3, On the other aspect, the investment to support the development of science is from the budget of the government or the tax the taxpayers, thus there should be proper restriction to the research and science.

177."The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."
177． 对学术的研究改变了我们观察世界的方法。研究了这些学术定律之后，我们看到的世界还是和以前一样，但是却换了一个视角
1, It is the truth that the study of academic disciplines alter the way we perceive the world. Science has bestowed us the power to perceive the world more sensible and objectively.
以前认为生病是鬼神之举，可是现在我们知道了疾病是细菌病毒造成的
2， 有的时候视角还是同一个，只是更加深入了
我们发现遗传是DNA和RNA实现的，在Mendel的基础上
3，但是我们凭借自己的力量其实改变了这个世界，比如我们用知识带来了汽车等等高科技产品，使得这个世界不再是原始的了（interact, correspondingly）

184."It is a grave mistake to theorize before one has data." 184． 在没有数据之前就下结论是大忌
1, Some scientific researches are in need of the accurate data, after all, data are the most cogent evidence to substantiate a theory. Pythagorean theorem.
2, We call for the authenticity and the reliability of the data, without which these data means nothing.
The EX-MIT professor who has been fired by the laboratory had fabricated some important statistics made his thesis unconvincing.
3, On the other side, there are some theories cannot be bolstered by the precise data such as the research on the origin of the universe. We cannot give the data to justify our deduction about the Moving Continents, but we can conclude with the evidence we accumulate safely.

31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial." 31． 花费在研究上的金钱总是很好的投资，即使研究结果是有争论的
1,结果出来之前我们不能预知它是怎样的。
2，有的研究确实有必要坚持，哪怕在短期之内显得很不实际备受争议，比如登月计划在曾经是认为不可能的，可是现在也达成了。
3，可是研究应该要有一个明确的好的方向，比如若是把经费投资在研究威胁人类生存的生化武器上就不好，不如把经费投入到解决更现实的starvation这样的事情上。