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发表于 2007-2-13 21:56:59 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
因为是在备考阶段,所以一篇小组作业要细细得找很多资料。如果写完了就把这些启发思路的文章和例子删掉未免可惜,就开了这个贴。
目的很单纯,就是想要把这些高频题目的资料保存下来,为了纪念我的考G岁月,也希望G友们能从中得到启发和收获。这收获不一定来自内容本身,哪怕是来自形式或者方法,也是会让我觉得这帖子是有价值的。

ISSUE43 领导人是否需要最高的道德
To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.
一个公仆如果想成为一位接触的领导者就必须保持最高的伦理和道德标准。

绯闻多的何止一个,,《每日镜报》曾收集整理了十多位美国总统的绯闻资料,往届美国总统的历史充分说明,总统们在绯闻方面的突出“成就”丝毫不亚于他们在世界舞台上的表演,两者“井水不犯河水”。

美国第一任总统华盛顿为他的后辈作出了榜样。

  在1759年与玛莎结婚的前夕,华盛顿向好朋友费尔法克斯的妻子莎丽吐露心声,声称自己非常爱她。

  婚后,华盛顿又与一位名叫玛丽·吉布森的女子保持了微妙的关系。

  与克林顿一样,杰弗逊总统在位时就接受了个人感情方面的调查。在妻子去世以后,杰弗逊与他的女黑奴莎丽·赫明保持了很长的不正常关系。据后来的传闻说,他们的关系始于莎丽14岁那年,持续了36年之久,而且,他们还可能生育了好几个孩子。

  美国第七任总统杰克逊于1791年与情人雷切尔·德尼尔森结婚,但他却不知道,自己的爱妻却是已婚身份。在他们意识到这一点之前的两年,雷切尔只得到了离婚允许,但并没有真的离婚。

  加菲尔德与一位年仅18岁的《纽约时报》女记者露西娅·卡尔亨有染。

  加菲尔德的妻子对此毫不知情,只是在自己被丈夫抛在一旁之后慢慢地忘记了丈夫的存在。

  克利夫兰是个单身汉,他推崇的家庭观念被自己的丑闻所扼杀了。他承认了自己在19世纪70年代初与一位寡妇有关系。这位名叫玛丽亚的寡妇还替克利夫兰生了一个儿子,取名为奥斯卡·克利夫兰。

  虽然克利夫兰从没有肯定小男孩是他的儿子,但他确实在经济上帮助过寡妇母子一段时间。但后来,克利夫兰把寡妇送进了疯人院,把男孩送进了孤儿院。

  威尔逊擅长与女人周旋,就像他善于玩弄政治一样。早年在百慕大群岛度假时,威尔逊就可能欺骗了自己的第一任妻子埃伦,与其他女人私通。

  后来,他又背叛了自己的第二任妻子伊迪斯,与玛丽·赫伯特·派克有染。最终,伊迪斯迫使威尔逊离开了玛丽,但此时,玛丽已经为威尔逊而跟丈夫离婚了。

  哈定与朋友詹姆斯·菲利浦的妻子卡丽保持了长达15年的关系。

  当卡丽在哈定竞选总统之际威胁要把他们的关系公之于众时,哈定为了堵住她的嘴,送给卡丽一辆卡迪拉克,并花钱请她去环球旅行。

  当上总统之后,哈定又与比自己小30岁的女孩南·布里顿发生了关系。他们经常在白宫里鬼混,有一次是靠特工的帮助才使得妻子没有发现他们的奸情。当南为哈定生下一个女儿后,哈定又是花钱让她远走高飞了事。

  罗斯福在白宫当政期间,至少有三段隐情。第一位女主角是罗斯福妻子的秘书———露西·佩奇。在被妻子发现并威胁要离婚之后,罗斯福终止了这段婚外情。但他很快又与自己的秘书玛格丽特勾搭上了,并且与二战时在白宫避难的挪威公主有不正常的关系。

  在二战期间,艾森豪威尔将军有一位女司机凯·萨默斯拜,凯的未婚夫被人杀死了。

  对于艾森豪威尔与凯的关系,有两种说法,一说艾森豪威尔准备退役并与妻子离婚,以与年轻活泼的凯结成夫妇;另一说是,他们是柏拉图式的精神恋爱。

  肯尼迪是所有美国总统中绯闻最多的一位,传闻他的情人比白宫里的卧室还多,在传说中的所有情人中,最有名的要数好莱坞女明星玛丽莲·梦露。而关于肯尼迪与脱衣舞女布雷丝·斯塔尔的传闻最离奇———他们在旅馆鬼混,布雷丝的未婚夫就被困在隔壁房间的聚会上。

  约翰逊曾夸口,他的女人比肯尼迪的还要多。

  一位叫玛德琳·布朗的女人就声称,她的儿子是约翰逊所生。约翰逊还与艾丽丝·格拉斯保持了30年的关系,直到1967年。

  传闻尼克松与一名中国女子玛丽安娜·刘有关系,玛丽安娜是尼克松当副总统时在香港认识的鸡尾酒会女招待。1969年,玛丽安娜搬到了尼克松的老家加利福尼亚州的惠蒂尔居住,但她一直拒绝与尼克松联系。

  1998年,克林顿宣布他“没有与白宫实习生莫尼卡·莱温斯基发生性关系”,但莱温斯基却交出了相反的证据。8个月之后,克林顿被迫宣布:“我承认,我与莱温斯基小姐发生了不正当的关系……我误导了人民,甚至包括我的妻子。”1992年,新闻播音员珍尼弗·弗劳尔也声称,她曾是克林顿的情人。

Mitterrand 'used terror unit phone taps to keep affair secret' 密特朗的桃色事件
A bugging scandal dubbed the French Watergate is finally coming to court today more than two decades after the late President François Mitterrand ordered the tapping of the telephone lines of hundreds of French personalities.
Twelve of the former president's closest aides face charges of violation of privacy for allegedly monitoring conversations to prevent damaging facts about his private life from reaching the public.

The trial in Paris comes after an investigation marked by a suspicious death and anonymous tip-offs.
On trial are Gilles Ménage, his principal private secretary, and the principal private secretaries to two of his prime ministers, one of whom, Louis Schweitzer, is now the head of Renault. Another key defendant is Christian Prouteau, the former head of the GIGN anti-terrorist force.
The telephone bugs were employed by an anti-terrorist unit at the presidential Elysée Palace in the early 1980s, which was created after the bombing of a Jewish district in Paris. At its launch, Mr Mitterrand said the unit's task was to "fight terrorism".
But, according to the prosecution, the unit spent most of its time making sure the public were kept in the dark over the president's extra-marital affair with Anne Pingeot, and about their daughter, Mazarine, now 29.
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The unit eavesdropped on a bewildering array of prominent people from 1983 to 1986, recording more than 3,000 conversations. Many of the notes bear the word "Seen" in the president's own hand. Lawyers for 30 of those cited in the unit's reports will be present today.
The man who came under the closest scrutiny was Jean-Edern Hallier, a writer and former confidant of the president allegedly disgruntled at not receiving a plum post in the Mitterrand administration. Mr Hallier's every move was noted after he voiced plans to publish a book on the president's flamboyant private life, called Tonton and Mazarine – or the Lost Honour of François Mitterrand. Tonton, which means uncle, was the president's nickname.
When he threatened to talk about the book on television, the unit had the show axed. Nowhere was he safe from presidential ears: his concierge, his local café, his publisher and his relations were all tapped. He died in 1997.
The president's other main cause for concern was Edwy Plenel, the current editor-in-chief of Le Monde newspaper and an investigative journalist at the time.

Mr Plenel uncovered a major scandal of the Eighties involving the arrest of three alleged Irish terrorists in Vincennes park. Mr Plenel discovered that the charges had been fabricated, to improve France's anti-terror image. But perhaps most intriguing was the bugging of the beautiful actress, Carole Bouquet. For several weeks in 1985, the president took an intense interest in the phone conversations of the former Chanel model and wife of the actor Gérard Depardieu.
One theory is that Mr Mitterrand simply wanted to learn more about the young star. "If so, then we are leaving behind the century of the Sun King for that of Louis XVIII, who received every evening his police minister to catch up on the latest gallant adventures of Paris," said a counter-intelligence expert in L'Express magazine.

Not all of the allegations are so light-hearted. In one note, Prouteau says that his team has found a troublesome former bodyguard of National Front leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen, in Paraguay. He suggests arresting the man, Dominique Erulin, but offers shadier alternatives. "If you think that this is not opportune or that it would be preferable to neutralise the man, your wish will be carried out," he wrote.
The phone tapping caused a scandal when it was exposed in 1993 but failed to derail Mr Mitterrand, then in office. That the case has reached the courts is testament to Jean-Paul Valat, the investigating magistrate, who has battled successive administrations who hid behind the need to keep "state secrets".

In 1994 the judge was barred access to an internal report. Then, three days after he placed under investigation the man responsible for keeping the records of all the tapped calls, the suspect was found hanged. Two months later, the judge received an anonymous package containing five computer disks containing details of those being bugged. Menage and Prouteau have admitted to overseeing tapping but argued that they were only obeying orders.

They could face a year in jail and a 45,000 euro (£32,000) fine. The trial is expected to last three months.

ISSUE4
No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study.
在任何一个领域当中,除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验,否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。

对于那些对20世纪下半叶至今西方史学思想感兴趣的读者来说,《新史学:自白与对话》的确提供了非常丰富的信息。杰克·古迪是一位人类学家,罗伯特·达恩顿曾是《纽约时报》的记者,纳塔莉·泽蒙·戴维斯不愿意被人称为“职业历史学家”,阿萨·布里格斯也曾沉迷于经济学,凯斯·托马斯将文学材料当成史料来研究社会史……这些跨学科的因素几乎是当今所有社会-文化史大师们的共同特征。我们很难在这些历史学家的专业性著作中获得如此丰厚的背景知识。有了这些知识,我们才能够更明了这些史学大师们的思虑是如何延伸到令自己关注《人与自然世界》(凯斯·托马斯)、《奶酪与虫》(卡罗·金兹堡)、《服装的文化》(丹尼尔·罗什)、《屠猫记:法国文化史钩沉》(罗伯特·达恩顿)这些名著中涉及的主题。正如伯克夫人所说,访谈成了一种更加结构严谨的文本的补充物,它给读者提供的是史学大师们的思想快照。

居里夫人的物理和化学的诺贝尔双奖

数学的二进制对于电脑的推动




[ 本帖最后由 糊涂塌客 于 2007-2-26 00:11 编辑 ]
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approach + 31 谢谢分享

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沙发
发表于 2007-2-13 22:03:25 |只看该作者

呵呵

我是httkdlg

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板凳
发表于 2007-2-15 14:00:36 |只看该作者

有关ISSUE144的资料 艺术家和评论家的关系

ISSUE144
It is the artist, not the critc, who gives society something of lasting value.
艺术家而不是评论家带给了社会一些具有持久价值的东西

CRITIC
One skilled in judging of the merits of literary or artistic works; a connoisseur; an adept; hence, one who examines literary or artistic works, etc., and passes judgment upon them; a reviewer.

The small-town drama The Last Picture Show earned eight Oscar nominations and made Peter Bogdanovich the hottest young film director of 1971. Bogdanovich got his start as a critic, historian and eager film buff; he wrote about (and cultivated friendships with) Howard Hawks, Orson Welles and other leading directors before moving behind the camera himself. The screwball comedy What's Up, Doc? (1972, with Barbra Streisand) and then Paper Moon (1973, with the father-daughter combo of Ryan and Tatum O'Neal) were hits, but a series of flops and financial disasters put Bogdanovich's career in turnaround. In the two decades that followed he directed only sporadically, his most successful film being Mask (1985, with Cher). Bogdanovich's romantic life was equally tumultuous: he left his first wife for Cybill Shepherd, his star in The Last Picture Show, and after their breakup he fell in love with the Playboy model-turned-actress Dorothy Stratten. Stratten was shot to death by estranged husband Paul Snider in a 1980 murder-suicide. (The incident was the basis of Bob Fosse's 1983 film Star 80). In 1988 Bogdanovich turned heads by marrying Stratten's 20-year-old sister Louise Hoogstraten; she filed for divorce in 2001. Bogdanovich's many books about film include The Cinema of Alfred Hitchcock (1963), Pieces of Time (1973) and the Hollywood character studies Who the Devil Made It? (1997) and Who the Hell's In It? (2004).

His 1990 film Texasville was a sequel to The Last Picture Show; both films were based on novels by Larry McMurtry... His 2002 film The Cat's Meow was based on the mysterious death of Hollywood pioneer Thomas Ince... Bogdanovich's 1984 book about Stratten was titled The Killing of the Unicorn... Another famous critic-turned-director was Francois Truffaut... He took a recurring acting role in the TV series The Sopranos, playing a psychiatrist who treats psychiatrist Dr. Melfi (Lorraine Bracco).
Smith, Sydney, 1771–1845, English clergyman, writer, and wit, ordained in the Church of England in 1794. In 1798 he went as a tutor to Edinburgh, where he studied medicine, occasionally preached, and with Jeffrey and others founded (1802) the Edinburgh Review. His brilliant contributions were a strong factor in the periodical's success. Moving to London in 1803, Smith lectured on moral philosophy at the Royal Institution and became a well-known figure in literary society. His “Peter Plymley” letters (published anonymously in 1807–8) in defense of Catholic Emancipation were the first of his many appeals for religious toleration. In 1809 he moved to Yorkshire, where he had been given a living of £500 a year. There he also acted as magistrate and village doctor. He went to a parish in Somerset in 1829; in 1831 he was given a residentiary canonry at St. Paul's. Smith's religion was strong and of a practical nature. A lover of justice and truth, he was a life-long defender of the oppressed. His failure to rise higher in the church is attributed to his wide reputation as a master of wit and satire. He is placed among the premier English wits and has been compared to Swift and to Voltaire.

BLOG上的评论
艺术家把评论家们比作吸血虫,而这条虫就像《黑客帝国》里的机器人那样,开始无限膨胀,颇有倒戈的趋势。于是树和藤之间,开展了没完没了的围剿反围剿斗争,互相仇视,又相互依赖。

[ 本帖最后由 糊涂塌客 于 2007-2-23 02:58 编辑 ]

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地板
发表于 2007-2-15 15:00:19 |只看该作者
我觉得scandals不一定要写政治家们的,象咱们平时最常见的八卦新闻也算吧?

这样还可以开辟一个新方向就是宣传scandal还有可能是炒作,想让自己出名

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发表于 2007-2-16 23:12:22 |只看该作者

ISSUE48 精英个人和平庸的大众

ISSUE48
The society of history places toomuch emphasis o individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.
历史研究过于关注个人。历史上最有意义的事件和潮流能够成为可能不是因为几个少数的名人而是一些身份早就被淡忘的人群。


王晓渔:精英和大众的“二人转”模式

   “知识分子怎么看人民”

  一位台湾作家和一位大陆作家在美国碰面。台湾作家问大陆作家:作为一个知识分子,怎么看人民,也就是工人农民?有过插队经历的大陆作家随口就说:我就是人民,我就是农民啊。一时之间,气氛尴尬,不欢而散。在场的朋友后来告诉大陆作家,他离开后台湾作家大怒。大怒的是陈映真,这位因为阅读鲁迅等人著作被国民党判处七年监禁的台湾作家,一定会发出“哀其不幸,怒其不争”的感慨。按照惯例,大陆作家应该满脸严肃地表态,知识分子要与人民心连心、与工人农民手拉手。可是,他偏偏碰上了阿城,一个没有自动入戏的“非暴力不合作者”。

  阿城的回答不算出人意料。根据阶级划分,知识分子的身份早就被确定为工人阶级的一部分,如果不承认自己是人民,将会有“自绝于人民”之嫌。作为台湾左翼知识分子,陈映真应该非常熟悉这套叙事。在农村住过多年的阿城说自己是农民,这是一个事实,陈映真没有理由生气。为什么他会对这种回答如此不满?对此,阿城表示:“在精英看来,也许人民应该是除自己之外的所有人吧。所以才会有‘你怎么看人民’的问题。”当绝大多数人面对一张问题重重的试卷快速书写时,最值得瞩目的不是得分最高者,而是对试卷本身提出疑问者。可以看出,阿城之所以那样回答,并不是沿袭阶级分析的叙事,而是对问题本身进行质疑???为什么会有“你怎么看人民”的问题。这不是无理取闹,我们确实很难想像,两个农民见面互相问对方:作为一个农民,怎么看人民?

  陈映真的问题也不算出人意料,虽然他是一位台湾作家,大陆知识界对类似的问题不太陌生。即使没有陈映真,这种问题依然会不断提出,那种按照惯例生产的回答也会不断出现。知识分子把自己视为“精英”,把人民视为“大众”,这种模式我们再熟悉不过了。在这种框架里,“知识分子怎么看人民”正是“精英怎么看大众”的变相表达。陈映真和阿城之间的“鸡同鸭讲”出自《八十年代访谈录》(查建英著,三联书店,2006),在这本书的封底印着两组常见词,一组和上世纪八十年代有关,一组和上世纪九十年代直至现在有关。除了“权力”等极个别词语同时出现在两组常见词中,其余词语大都是一一对应或者说是对立的关系:激情和现实、土傻和时尚、集体和个人、天真和世故、思想和学术等等。当然,还有精英和大众。在对它们进行具体分析之前,先要追问理论剪刀从何而来。

  一分为二的理论剪刀

  上世纪八十年代留下一把无坚不摧的理论剪刀,任何事物都可以一分为二:文学的评判标准先是政治性和艺术性、随后是思想性和艺术性,中国现代知识分子的心路历程是“启蒙与救亡的双重变奏”。这种理论剪刀到上世纪九十年代以后依然“宝刀不老”,诸如轰动一时的高雅文化和通俗文化、严肃文学和流行文学之争,以及诗歌界的学院和民间之辩,包括《八十年代访谈录》的两组常见词,无不晃动着理论剪刀的影子。“八十年代”和“九十年代”也不再是纯粹的时间概念,而是成为两个相互映照的时代,一个是文化决定论、一个是制度决定论,一个重思想、一个重学术,一个强调公共关怀、一个偏向专业研究。

  理论剪刀的产生由来已久,暂且不说此前的日常话语里充满敌我、好坏、善恶的二元公式,知识分子试图远离这种话语的行为也同样无法逃脱二元公式:顺从和反抗、忠诚和背叛。面对一种垄断性力量,无论亦步亦趋,还是针锋相对,都难以逃脱一种镜像关系。知识分子猛烈攻击“二元对立”的模式,可是攻击本身又重蹈覆辙,拒绝任何“二元对立”只不过是“二元对立”的一种特殊表达方式。除非像阿城那样从中抽身而出,否则很容易迷失在二元公式里,陷入自我循环。所以,不必完全禁用理论剪刀,而是需要对它的过度使用有所控制。

  也有部分学者以“既……又……”这个连词为双面胶水,试图弥合理论剪刀制造的破碎图景,比如强调思想性和艺术性的统一、有学术的思想和有思想的学术、既要文化又要制度等等。这种“二元互补”对“二元对立”构成互补,自然具有它的价值,可是它依然没有改变理论剪刀的规则,最多只是先用剪刀把东西一分为二,再用胶水把分成两半的东西拼在一起。在不久前的一篇文章里,陈映真曾对“知识分子意识的脱群众化和个人主义精英化”进行批评。再联想当年,他见面就问对方“作为一个知识分子,怎么看人民”,就可以发现这种“自剪自拼”模式的问题所在。他在批评的同时已经承认了知识分子和群众、个人主义和非精英的一分为二,已经预设了“脱群众化”和“精英化”是一种普遍存在的常态。虽然破镜可以重圆,但用胶水拼在一起的碎片,无论如何整齐也会留下痕迹。与陈映真一手拿胶水、一手拿剪刀不同,阿城绕开这两者,直接宣称“我就是人民”。这似乎接近于陈映真所谓知识分子应避免脱群众化,背后的预设却截然不同。种种疑问被一一带出:知识分子难道不是群众“不可分割”的一部分?批评“脱群众化”是否在将群众完美化?只有知识分子才会精英化?群众会不会具有个人主义?这些问题的重要性一点也不亚于“知识分子怎么看人民”或者“精英怎么看大众”。

  启蒙的庸俗辩证法

  启蒙是上世纪八十年代的关键词,启蒙叙事是上世纪八十年代的“元话语”,它为其他叙事提供合法性,自身却无需验证。那时所说的启蒙,也正是在精英和大众的二元框架内展开。王朔的小说曾经比阿城的回答更让一些知识分子大光其火,一个很重要的原因便是他“调戏”了精英。在他那里,精英变成煞有介事的精神导师,王朔并没有因此就站到大众的另一方,他同样“调戏”着大众,而这一切都从“调戏”自己做起。如果仅仅是把精英和大众颠倒过来,那只是回到“越有知识越反动”的年代,没有任何颠覆性。可是,王朔“调戏”了启蒙的二元框架。在《八十年代访谈录》里,阿城称王朔的语言最具颠覆性,此言非虚。

  启蒙,按照康德在1784年的哥尼斯堡所作的描述:“启蒙运动就是人类脱离自己所加之于自己的不成熟状态,不成熟状态就是不经别人的引导,就对运用自己的理智无能为力。当其原因不在于缺乏理智,而在于不经别人的引导就缺乏勇气与决心去加以运用时,那么这种不成熟状态就是自己所加之于自己的了。Sapere aude!要有勇气运用你自己的理智!这就是启蒙运动的口号。”(《什么是启蒙运动?》,载《历史理性批判文集》,商务印书馆,1990)二百年后中国的启蒙与此南辕北辙,它所达到的目标恰恰就是康德所说的“不成熟状态”。精英和大众是一种奇特的师徒关系,导师们持双重标准,认为自己可以“不经别人的引导”,却认为大众“对运用自己的理智无能为力”。

  在关于上世纪八十年代的回忆中,一个被反复言说的情节就是文章如何被争相传阅、讲座如何人满为患、聚会如何高朋满座。这是一个事实,也有助于思想的交流和传播,但为什么这个情节会被反复言说?为什么热衷回忆的通常是精英?同样经历过那段时光,为什么大众很少追忆似水年华?作家恺蒂曾经讲过一个故事:她有次在伦敦碰到当年母校的一位风云人物,告诉他当年占位子听他讲座的事情,以后在公共场合碰面,对方总是向别人介绍这是自己的学友,曾排队听他的讲座;有一次通电话,那位风云人物花了整整一个小时追思与恺蒂无关的校园往事,她只好颇不礼貌地打断他:我对您的当年之勇真的不感兴趣了。二十年过去了,上世纪八十年代的精英成为自己的听众,通过空荡荡的回声重获被瞩目的幻觉。与其说他们是在追忆历史,不如说是在缅怀自己,或者在以追忆历史的正当名义缅怀自己。他们痛惜的是文化的失落,还是自己的失落,旁观者很难辨认。

  启蒙者成为先驱,被启蒙者成为后进;启蒙者是觉醒者,被启蒙者是沉睡者;启蒙者呐喊,被启蒙者沉默。理论剪刀再次大显身手,生产“二元对立”;各种双面胶水应运而生,生产“二元互补”。与它们相配套的是一种庸俗辩证法(这里的“庸俗”未必跟“高雅”对应),先把一个事物分为A和B两个方面,然后是阐述两者的辩证关系:没有A就没有B,没有B也就没有A;既不能离开A谈B,也不能离开B谈A,A和B是密不可分的。这种庸俗辩证法看似绕口令,却是万金油,比如没有启蒙者就没有被启蒙者,没有被启蒙者也就没有启蒙者;既不能离开启蒙者谈被启蒙者,也不能离开被启蒙者谈启蒙者,启蒙者和被启蒙者是密不可分的。迄今为止,这种庸俗辩证法依然控制着我们的思维,对启蒙的怀念有时也正是对精英和大众的二元框架的怀念,对那种奇特的师徒关系的怀念,它与康德所说的启蒙基本上没有什么关系。“要时时牢记别人的引导”,这就是中国启蒙运动的宗旨。

  三重冲击波

  理论剪刀、双面胶水和庸俗辩证法,这三大法宝是上世纪八十年代留下的重要文化遗产,并且有趋势作为传家宝代代相传。但它们在后来的历史进程中也遭到重重狙击,首先遭遇了经济上的消费主义。上世纪九十年代初的“脑体倒挂”制造了很多麻烦,让知识分子一下子晕头转向;它也使知识分子在精英和大众两种身份之间无所适从,他们在经济收入上与大众无异,在精神气质上又不愿意认同大众,从而被迫校对自己的位置。理论剪刀的有效性遭到怀疑,虽然有“精神贵族”这个折衷的说法,可它所唤起的已经不是肃然起敬。“人文精神大讨论”折射了部分知识分子对那把剪刀的怀念,精神和物质、理想和现实、灵魂和物欲,对它们的区分最后都试图指向精英和大众的各就各位。不过,被启蒙者已经不再愿意当启蒙者的听众,大众也不再愿意成为精英的学生。

  随后是政治上的自由主义思潮,对精英和大众的关系进行重估,两者之间不再是一种隐形的等级关系,都是人格平等的公民。自由主义的核心价值是个人自由,不管精英还是大众都是如此,这样避免了把精英当作单数、把大众当作复数,把精英等同于个人主义、把大众等同于集体主义。尤其是古典自由主义,承认个人利益与公共利益常常是互相冲突的,只有承认这一点,才会充分注重程序正义的重要性(萨利,《何谓自由主义?》,载《宪政主义与现代国家》,三联书店,2003)。这种冲突同时存在于精英和大众身上,不是精英维护个人利益,大众维护公共利益,“既……又……”的双面胶水并不适用于任何时候。

  文化上的后现代主义对逻格斯中心主义发起冲击,覆巢之下,焉有完卵,庸俗辩证法的哲学基础也被摧毁。精英和大众、高雅和通俗、严肃和流行,它们之间的界限都被打破。后现代主义不是要“雅俗共赏”,而是对雅和俗的分类本身进行批判。进入上世纪九十年代,知识分子的最大失落和不适便是发现自己居然属于自己所要启蒙和批判的大众的一部分。作家、工人和农民具有差异,但是这差异不再是精英和大众的差异,而是一种分工的差异。工人不想成为作家、农民不想成为诗人,与上世纪五十年代末的全民皆诗和八十年代的全民写作相比,虽然文化气氛不再热火朝天,却也避免了文化虚热。

  经济上的消费主义、政治上的自由主义、文化上的后现代主义,对上世纪八十年代的理论剪刀、双面胶水和庸俗辩证法构成挑战,并且动摇了它们的基础。但是,现在宣布这些遗产已经退场还为时过早。它们越是遭受打击,越是坚强地存在于一些上世纪八十年代的大脑之中。比如一些主张后现代主义者,认为现代主义和后现代主义对立或者互补,或者把后现代主义当作原教旨主义,这恰恰不是后现代主义的思维方式。同样,已经不再是精英的精英,大度地表示接受边缘化的现状,这种表述也是建立在精英和大众、中心和边缘的二元框架内。如前所述,我并不反对所有的二元框架,但是从认定精英是中心、大众是边缘到认定精英是边缘、大众是中心,这种转变实在说不上是什么洞见,仍旧是精英和大众的“二人转”模式。

   王晓渔:文化批评家,现供职于同济大学文化批评研究所,先后在《南方都市报》等10余家报刊开设专栏,并在《二十一世纪》(香港)、《人民文学》等发表大量文化评论。 

  
中国图书评论

[ 本帖最后由 糊涂塌客 于 2007-2-23 03:02 编辑 ]

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发表于 2007-2-17 02:11:08 |只看该作者

pushing

好东西,支持一下
I love you! you!!

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发表于 2007-2-17 02:27:42 |只看该作者
这是我BF还有自己找的一些资料,怕这样写完就丢掉怪可惜的,就自己把他们放在一起.
因为是为小组作业准备的,所以就贴上来没怎么整理.

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发表于 2007-2-17 12:51:33 |只看该作者

ISSUE80 学习科学的重要性。学习与兴趣

ISSUE80
All students should be required to take courses in the sciences, even if they have no interest in science.
所有的学生都应该被要求去学习科学课程,即使他们对科学毫无兴趣。

sci·ence 的定义
The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena.
Such activities restricted to a class of natural phenomena.
Such activities applied to an object of inquiry or study.
Science
In common usage the word science is applied to a variety of disciplines or intellectual activities which have certain features in common. Usually a science is characterized by the possibility of making precise statements which are susceptible of some sort of check or proof. This often implies that the situations with which the special science is concerned can be made to recur in order to submit themselves to check, although this is by no means always the case. There are observational sciences such as astronomy or geology in which repetition of a situation at will is intrinsically impossible, and the possible precision is limited to precision of description.

A common method of classifying sciences is to refer to them as either exact sciences or descriptive sciences. Examples of the former are physics and, to a lesser degree, chemistry; and of the latter, taxonomical botany or zoology. The exact sciences are in general characterized by the possibility of exact measurement. One of the most important tasks of a descriptive science is to develop a method of description or classification that will permit precision of reference to the subject matter.

Science of Everyday Things
Ever wonder why you sing best in the shower? Science is not just in the classroom — it's everywhere, from the food you eat to the unique acoustics of your bathroom. Explore the practical side of science with Science of Everyday Things. These in-depth and comprehensive essays, complete with bibliographies for further reading, will give you all the momentum you need to keep learning until science really does become everyday.

学习与兴趣

[url=][/url]cqxwl 发表于 2005-12-28 15:31:00

卡尔威特教育孩子主张:“要培养孩子多方面的兴趣,在具有兴趣的基础上,让他们快乐地去获得知识。”没有兴趣,就没有学习。兴趣是学习的先决条件和动力。这种科学的教育方法,使小卡尔愉快的学到了渊博的知识,他没有因为要学那么多东西而苦恼,反而会很愉快,很轻松,很幸福,并且使他终生幸福,终生愉快。
小卡尔说:“其实,快乐的天才是很容易产生的,只要学习时能做到充分利用时间,该学习时就确实用功,该玩时就尽情的玩个痛快。如果所有的孩子都能这样做的话,那么,世上一定会多出许多天才来。”
我们现实生活中,许多学生对学习没有兴趣,只是被迫坐在教室里,但心早已跑出去了,看似在读书,但心不专。如此三心二意,课上完了,老师究竟讲了些什么,自己还不知道呢。自习课上,做着练习想着玩。别人早已完成了作业,但他还没做出一个题。如此对学习没兴趣,只是在应付时间,这那里还能学好呢?这不仅浪费了时间,同时也浪费了生命。
要让孩子学得好,就必须引导孩子对所学知识产生兴趣,有了浓厚的学习兴趣,就会产生巨大的学习动力。就会集中精力去学习、去听课、复习、做作业。这是真正的用功。只有在这种情况下,才能收到事半功倍的学习效果。
我们切不可只在时间上刻意下功夫,重要的是确实是对这门功课产生了兴趣,确实是用功学习。
培养孩子的兴趣,父母负有重要责任,要用种种手段激发孩子的兴趣,要培养孩子多方面的兴趣。如:对音乐、画画、听故事、写字、读书等等。而读书在所有兴趣中是最重要的。因为读书是一切乐趣的源泉。家长要从孩子第一本书开始,选好第一本书,激发孩子对读书的兴趣。当孩子听了家长讲的许多故事,都是从书上学来的,你又鼓励,引导他通过读书,就会自己了解那些有趣的故事。孩子就会摇摇欲试。只要孩子有了一定的识字基础,就会主动的去读书。孩子读的书,不要怕他对一些字词不懂,只要多读,当然还可以查字典,会慢慢读懂的。
相信通过我们的努力,小卡尔一样的天才定会在我们身边茁壮成长。

学习兴趣是学生有选择地、积极愉快地学习的一种心理倾向,它是学习动机中最现实,最活跃成分,是推进学生进行自主学习的源动力。学生只有对学习产生浓厚的兴趣,才会专心听讲,积极思考,从而学到新的知识。如果学生对数学学习产生了兴趣,就会表现出对数学学习的一种特殊情感,学习起来乐此不疲,正所谓“乐学之下无负担”。
一位教育家也曾说过:“如果人们吃饭没有食欲,勉强地把食物吞到胃里去,其结果只能引起恶心和呕吐,至少是消化不良,健康不佳。反之,即他乐意接受,并且很好地消化它。”同样的道理,成功的教学也不应是强制性,而应该是激发学生的学习兴趣。爱因斯坦说:“兴趣是最好的老师。”因为它是学生主动学习,积极思维,勇于探索的强大内驱力。而兴趣总是在一定的情境中产生的


[ 本帖最后由 糊涂塌客 于 2007-2-23 03:09 编辑 ]

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Pisces双鱼座 荣誉版主

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发表于 2007-2-17 13:12:14 |只看该作者
good job

come on, add oil

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发表于 2007-2-20 16:45:29 |只看该作者

Issue48 历史研究和关注个人: 拓展思路,GTER外找的的一些习作.以供参考

ISSUE48 - "The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."
历史研究过于关注个人。历史上最有意义的事件和潮流能够成为可能不是因为几个少数的名人而是一些身份早就被淡忘的人群。

第一篇
History is full of shining stars, Washington, Roosevelt, Churchill, Mao Zedong...Not only historians but also common people would like to research them to know the past or the key to their success.

Admittedly without efforts of groups of people behind these famous individuals, nothing can be changed in history. Take a general for instance, thousands of common soldiers died in a war but the winning of the was is attributed to the general only. No one can deny the truth that the war will definitely lose without those soldiers. The general gives out commands, but commands themselves do not work automatically. The winning of a war depends on a wise and brave general, and the general depends on his army including every ordinary soldiers. The most significant events and trends could not happen due to the power of one hero no matter how powerful he/she is. The same is true not only in the army, but also for leaders in political field, scientific field and so forth.

However, if we scrutiny the evolution of history to find out the most original reason for those most significant events and trends, we will not blame that the study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. It is the famous few, not the majority who are waiting for orders to conquer tough situations, give the right commands or make out right policies at the right place and the right time. Without their resolution and wisdom--how can people pass through economic depression in a few years without Roosevelt? How can people gradually diminish race discrimination without Lincoln or Martin Luther King? It is those famous individuals exerted more important influence on the history events and trends.

What's more, it is difficult to do research on those groups of people behind such heroes. Or we can say, the value of the majority of people is less significant compare to those famous few. There are millions of soldiers of an army, every single of them is almost useless to the war, but when they combined together, the power is frightful. Such scene happens in every field. Each single people plays like a small part of a giant machine, without thousands of these small parts, there will be no scope to display the ability of "those famous few", however, without the maneuver of "the famous few", the machine is definitely of no use at all. Advisable suggestion is: just let historians to study the person who know how to assemble a machine and manipulate it not numerous parts of it.

The research of history does not wrongly place too much emphasis on those famous individuals, because without them, only through groups of people can we gain nothing of today's society and history is probably another vision.

第二篇
First of all, it is true that groups of people pushed wheel of history keep on going. As we all know from the history books, using of tools differs human from monkey. But is it one man one day began to use tools? No, it is because of long time searching and falling, that group of human began to know how to make tools little by little. The same thing happened to the language invention, not only one person did that but so many persons together. These people are not recorded in paper or something else. Even nobody know them, we only know they are a group of ancient people.
   
However, individuals are now playing a significant role in history that they build some trends, make some great events. In politics, it is Geroge Washington who led to build a new country - USA. In science, it is Newton who founded the foundation of classical physics that open out nature mystery. In art, it is Picasso who is the soul of tachisme and open a new trends in painting. These elitists obsorb knowledge from common lives and common people, but their thoughts are not the same as ordinary man. Then they break the ties then built significant events and trends.
   
On the other hand, it is useful for historian pay more attention on this individuals. History is just like a line, a time line. On this line, there are some important points. By studing these points, historian can needle the whole history without research all the points. And these shining points can be remembered by human easily, which can engourage them to learn from the famous men. These behaviour will improve people build more significant wonders. For example, Washinton built the USA, his spirit of liberty, adamancy, and server for the people of all the country encharaged many back presidents. Abraham Lincoln freed the black slaves and won the civil war.

To sum up, though common people really build up the history everyday, it is the elitists made most wonderful times and lead the hitory to where it should go.


第三篇
From the day that I began study history, the most thing I learned is about the great man. In my childhood memory, the history was consisting with several heroes. According to my personal experience, I agree the statement that the study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. Groups of people were also made the most significant events and trends in history, and their contributions to the history should not be neglected.

Obviously, I admit that great men truly play an important role in the history. Turn out the history book, there are a lot of recordation about great men. Such as Washington, who is a leader of the American Revolution; Abraham Lincoln who extricated slaves from the disaster altered fate of America; Chairman Mao, who leaded Chinese to emancipate from colony.  Their personal spirits need us to respect, and their courage need us to learn. In vital situation, the great men accurately made the decision and led the whole thing to the bright future. We need the great men and the great men impulse the progress of the history. Great men can set a good example for others, and their spirit and courage will evoke people's motivation. Society may benefit from the great men.

However, groups of people were the main force of the history. A few of great men can not dominate the history. Their contributions were the largest part of the history.  

On the one hand, the great man is the one delegate of the groups of the people. Behind the hero, there is a large number of people, who help the hero become the hero. To illustrate this statement, take Neil Armstrong for instance. He was the first person to step on the moon. All around the world, people considered Neil Armstrong great man. But we can’t erase the efforts of a large number of scientists and engineers. Without their works, landing on the moon was still a dream. It is the mass rather than Armstrong change the history. He is just the delegate of the mass. We should not forget identities of groups of people. On the other hand, any revolution could achieve its goal without accepting by groups of people, such as the American War for Independence and the China’s War for Liberation. Either of them had a broad mass base. With the mass’ support, the evolutions could get success. Just depend on several great men, such as Lincoln and Chairman Mao, the evolutions may fail. It is the groups of people rather than the heroes create the history.


Moreover, the overemphasis of the individual will lead to the personal heroism. This quality will hinder the progress of the modern society. First, take the daily work for instance. In now days, cooperation become more and more important. The complex work can not be accomplished by one people. It needs team work. In one team, if every one has the personal heroism, and every body wants to be the hero, this team may not efficient. The quality of personal heroism is not satisfied the modern life.

All in all, the history should not pay more attention on the individuals; groups of people were the main force of the history. Thus, the study of history places emphasis not only on key individual, but also on the mass.

资料
【阅读专题】换一副笔墨细说大历史
2005-12-12 10:33:14   来源:南方都市报   

  
  换一副笔墨细说大历史
  近期《主角与配角》、《帝国的惆怅》等历史类书籍的热销,与其说是读者对历史题材感兴趣,不如说是读者为这类历史写法所吸引
  
  访谈
  
  随着“正说”历史系列、《帝国政界往事》等书的流行,人们将这些受市场欢迎的历史作品归为“大众史学”。近期几本新书,《主角与配角》、《野史记》、《历史的坏脾气》和《帝国的惆怅》等书,都注重从人性、从细节的角度去考量历史。作者是如何看待这些史书的专业性与流行之间的关系?记者为此采访了《主角与配角》的作者傅国涌和《帝国的惆怅》的作者易中天。
  
  傅国涌 写历史书不能单纯追求好看
  
  《主角与配角:近代中国大转型的台前幕后》,傅国涌著,长江文艺出版社2005年7月版,29.8元。
  南方都市报:你的新书《主角与配角》独辟蹊径,从历史人物的“角色意识”这个新颖角度剖析近代中国历史的变革。这种历史研究方法似乎更关注个人性以及历史的细节,和传统方法不太一样。
  傅国涌:我之所以要写这样一本书,就是痛感以往的史书总是从宏大叙事出发,从既定的框框出发,不重视关键人物的性格、气质,常常忽视他们人性中的弱点对历史的影响。实际上,历史是由许多个人书写的,这些个人的内心世界,他们的性格、品质、思想取向等看似细小的因素,有时候却是更本质的。在我看来,有一点以往常常被忽略了,那就是在近代历史舞台上起支配作用的还是主角意识,很少有人愿意主动、自愿地扮演配角。
  传统史学将历史看做一堆堆死木头,而历史是活的,从人性和细节切入可以使历史更真实,更有现场感。不过,单纯的细节也构不成历史。如果没有对历史纵深的透视,没有个人的视角和看法,堆砌细节就会流为逸事、记趣的文字,是没有价值的。
  南方都市报:现在流行的历史类图书,像《正说清朝十二帝》、《帝国政界往事》等书,有人称它们为“大众史学”或另类史学。你是怎么看这些书的?
  傅国涌:我没有看过这些书。我只看史料。但是我对戏说历史一类的书是不赞同的。如果历史一味追求好看,追求大众化、娱乐化,不惜加上文学、想像的成份,那是对历史的不尊重。当然,如果这些书依据的史料可信,没有混入虚构,有自己一家之言那我觉得无可厚非。
  南方都市报:那你觉得历史书是不是应该向大众普及?是不是应该写得更好看,更好懂?
  傅国涌:虽然二十五史都是官修历史,面目严肃,但我们的历史一直有很好的演义传统。最有名的通俗史学作品就是《三国演义》,以及后来的《隋唐演义》等一批作品。这些书对于在大众中普及一般的历史知识是有一定意义的,但它们主要还是文学,对真正理解历史还远远不够。当代的,像黄仁宇、唐德刚等人的书可以说是比较好地结合了专业性和可读性。
  我的看法是,写历史书还是不能单纯追求好看。历史首先要追求的就是真,真相,这是根本,好看是第二位的。如果能做到真,这样的历史本身就会很好看。真实的历史本来就要比很多文学家精心写的剧本还要好看。关键在于你能不能全面地、真实地展现它。我之所以反对传统史学的一些做法,主要不是它不好看,而是它有失真的地方。比如它只关注权力史、帝王将相;比如它为尊者讳,为权力者讳,只说皇帝好的一面;还有它看人往往是脸谱化的,要么忠臣,要么奸臣;要么君子,要么小人,都是二元化的。丰满的、活生生的历史不是这样的。
   
    易中天 我的书并非通俗读物
   
  《帝国的惆怅:中国传统社会的政治与人性》,易中天著,文汇出版社2005年8月版,26.00元。
  南方都市报:你的书《帝国的惆怅》在市场上很受欢迎,你在写这本书时的定位是怎样的?
  易中天:我给这本书的定位是写给“关心历史的非专业人士”。书受到欢迎,我觉得首先是读者有对历史的需求。我写书时的总体想法是还原历史,包括三个方面,一是要有史实,有史料依据;二是要有史识,就是对历史的见解;三是要有史感,就是能够设身处地地站在古人的位置上,让自己回到历史现场中去感受、思考问题。历史本身是有生命的,不是僵尸。如果这三个方面都能做到的话,写出来的历史就是完整的、鲜活的,不同的读者都能够从中看到自己想要的东西。据我了解,喜欢这本书的人有政府官员,有企业家、白领,也有大学的老师学生,有人从中看到为官之道、制度变迁;有人从中看到用人之道,有人看到管理之道、人生哲学。
  南方都市报:作为专业学者,你给非专业人士写历史书的时候最注重什么?
  易中天:注意,我不是历史学者。我的专业不是历史,我只是门外汉。但正因为我是门外汉,所以我知道那些非专业人士需要什么。我对自己写历史书的第一个要求就是好看,没有阅读障碍。这是最低要求。其次是要趣味盎然;最高的要求就是要能够启迪智慧。
  南方都市报:那如何保证写出来的历史的客观和真实性呢?
  易中天:我只能保证自己写的句句有来历,有史料根据,但就连二十四史都没有人敢说句句是真,包括《史记》、《三国志》都早有人指责不真实,那我怎么敢保证那些史料都是真的,自己写的每一句都是真的呢?在这方面,历史精神与逻辑是否真实才是更重要的。
  南方都市报:你的这种写作方法有没有受到谁的影响?比如黄仁宇。你这么看重历史的可读性是不是出于向大众普及历史的想法?
  易中天:我确实受黄仁宇影响比较大,我很喜欢他的《万历十五年》。但我的书并不是通俗的、普及性的东西。我们常常有一个很大的误区,总认为那些谁也看不懂的就是阳春白雪,而大家都看得懂的东西就是下里巴人。事实上大师写的东西往往才是最好读最好懂的。像黄仁宇的作品,像钱穆大师的作品,都是很好读的。《万历十五年》和“正说”历史那一类书是两个概念,通俗作品只要好读就达到目的了,但黄仁宇的作品、大言不惭地说包括我的作品,都不是单纯的可读,还给人以回味、咀嚼、反思和感悟。
  本报记者 田志凌
  
  主、配角二分下的公民
  
  近代以降,英雄豪杰、乱世枭雄在中国历史这个大舞台上你方下台我登场,一幕幕悲喜剧如此迅速地切换,煞是精彩,令后来者眼花缭乱。简单用“善”、“恶”的标签为这些清末民初的历史人物排队,实在太过于粗暴。而不将这些性格鲜明的人物作区分,又心有不甘。傅国涌先生在《主角与配角》中就试图用“主角”与“配角”的二分视角,拨开历史迷雾,审视近代中国大转型时期诸多革命家、思想家以及知识分子等历史人物的心路历程。
  傅先生在书中用“剧本之争”与“角色之争”来比喻近代政治人物之间的争执。所谓“剧本之争”是指政治人物间政治取向不同,比如孙中山要共和,康有为提倡改良,水火不容。所以两派人物始终未能通力合作,以实现中国在二十世纪初的政治现代化。相反,革命与改良的此消彼长却让善权术的袁世凯坐收渔翁之利。所谓“角色之争”是指谁做主角与配角的问题,主角是历史舞台的中心,配角甘心做陪衬辅助主角。比如孙中山与黄兴,傅先生称之为“配角和主角的最佳模式”。所以革命党内部章太炎与孙中山、陈其美与陶成章之争,不是革命正统所能解释的,真是“一山不容二虎”!
  傅先生开篇就说:“翻开‘二十五史’,不难发现我们这个民族最发达的莫过于主角意识和看客意识,看客其实也是想着当主角的。虽然他们各自怀有不同观点、不同政见,但骨子里还是缺乏健全的角色意识所致,鲜有人愿意主动、自愿地扮演配角,更不要说堂堂正正的群众演员角色。”康有为、孙中山、宋教仁、章太炎甚至袁世凯,他们中没有一个是酒囊饭袋,他们都有能力将二十世纪初的中国带向一个现代化的道路。可惜他们之间各怀心思,没有形成历史的合力,最终演变成暗杀和兵戎相见者,中国离现代化的轨迹也渐行渐远。
  但幸运的是,在那个喧嚣的舞台上依然不合时宜地出现了几位阳光式人物,为读者和我们这些后来人一丝安慰。“常败将军”黄兴就有强烈的配角意识,在国内的影响力可能超过大部分时间都在国外的孙中山,但从未有过取代孙中山的打算,同时又能坚持自己独立的判断。不过作者依然感慨,黄兴太过“谦让”,实在是“雄而不英”。蔡锷“为国民争人格”反对袁家帝制,情愿做学生唐继尧的属下。作者最为推崇的是宋教仁式的“当仁不让”,书中引用了宋教仁的一句话“夫人立志为总理,岂恶事哉?”但宋氏强烈的入政意识的目的并非让袁家当国,而是要仿效西方式政治选举制度,通过公开公正的选举走上执政之路,使中国走上现代化道路。只可惜,在中国最有可能走上宪政之路时,宋教仁倒在了罪恶的枪口之下,之后的历史只留下一声叹息。
  傅先生本人也坦言自古中国老百姓要么做顺民,要么做暴民,强烈的主角意识背后是对“权力”的迷恋,“普天之下,莫非王土”是对神化“主角”的最好注释,争不得主角之人也往往鲜有好下场,比如项羽、张献忠、杨秀清之流。历史细节的不断重复强化着后人“成王败寇”的畸形心态。多少世代累积起来的政治文化心理,也并非剪了辫子就算了事。在责任面前“当仁不让”,在权力面前“功成身退”,在失败面前“急流勇退”,进退自如,这才是健全的“角色意识”。
  所谓健全的“角色意识”,我们可以期待杰出人物阳光般质地的心灵,比如宋教仁,但他们只是时代的异类。健全的“角色意识”只可能生长在适宜的土壤里。所谓“主角”或者“配角”也都从群众演员中来,只有在具有独立思想和健全人格并堂堂正正地争取自己的权益的现代人中才能产生健康的“主角”,后者被称之为公民。遗憾的是,当代人也不敢妄言,我们已经进入所谓“公民社会”。二十世纪初的那场纷争,可能直到现在还只开了个头。
  石剑峰
  
  看,那个人讲的故事!
  
  《野史记:传说中的近代中国》,高芾著,中国社会科学出版社2005年12月版,29.00元。
  产自蜀地的高芾君,是个很擅长讲故事的人。平日里朋友们聚会聊天时,他那些古灵精怪的八卦段子,往往是饭桌上最受欢迎的佐料。尽管偶尔也会神经短路,摆一个将别人的素材张冠李戴到自己头上的乌龙,但因为高同学思维敏捷,品位独特,同样的故事在他嘴里经常能翻出别样的新意和趣味来,所以当事人大多一笑置之,不予计较。不过,听高芾摆龙门阵要时刻打起十二分的精神,他喜欢发问,尤其酷爱反问,在侃侃而谈、意兴遄飞时,最常脱口而出的便是“不然呢”、“那怎样”之类。当然,熟悉他的朋友都知道,此时并不需要绞尽脑汁去想答案,大可以也反问一句:“那你以为呢”,高同学立马便会自己唧唧歪歪地说下去。因为熟识高君的风格,所以读他的新作《野史记》,对我而言是一件心情愉悦的事情,常常会在看到某一节某一段时,忍不住会心一笑,仿佛能看见作者从纸背后跳将出来,眉目生动地反问:“你以为呢?”
  事实上,《野史记》就是一本讲故事的书,而且是一本很有趣的故事书。当这些文字以“夕花朝拾”的名义在《南方周末》上出现时,我相信读者诸君都已经领教了高芾的能耐。如今修成正果,结集为书,高君也终于得到了专场个人秀的机会,将他的全套行头淋漓尽致地披挂出来。更何况这些长长短短的文字,不过是高君数年学术生涯的副产品,端上台面却也一样花红柳绿,各有风味。而且只有这个时候你才能发现,那些零散篇章并非随意为之、茫无头绪,对于近现代中国的社会、政治、文化和人物,作者有着自己的完整思考。在看到精心设计的“政事本纪”、“报人世家”、“大学列传”和“文坛行状”等标题时,我猜不少人都会和我一样,忍俊不禁之余,又会恍然大悟地感叹一句:原来如此!
  对于普通的读者而言,读《野史记》也许看重的是“传说”,那个逝去时代中的人和事,在今人看来都多少有一些传奇色彩和陌生感。而在研究近现代中国历史的学者们眼中,这些道听途说的所谓“掌故”或许并没有那么神秘,一辈子摩挲把玩,哪天不要将蔡元培、袁世凯、胡适之这些名字念叨上几回!但是,要在那些泛黄的书页和报纸中读出“好玩”来,将原来板着面孔的档案资料演义成“野的《史记》”,需要的不仅仅是知识的累积,独到的视角和敏锐的洞察力更加关键。只有这样,方能想人所不曾想,言人所未能言,在边角旮旯里找到珍珠。
  故事人人会讲,但要讲得既有趣味又有格调,绝非易事。“换一副笔墨”说来简单,但如何将别人的典故说出自己的味道来,作者的技巧十分重要。在后记中高芾自己招供,在《野史记》的叙事模式上,受到数位相声大师的影响,同时也得益于表演工作坊和相声瓦舍对口语叙事传统的传承发扬。当我们的眼睛已经习惯了那些高高在上、自重身份的正史之后,《野史记》的“说书”风格确实能给人别致的新鲜感:不做作,不煽情,放得下身段,舍得了颜面。尽管偶尔有些地方会觉得作者用力太过,但还是不得不承认,书袋子原来也可以掉得这般妙趣横生,这般引人入胜。
  除此之外,作者在还原历史、体贴人物方面也下了不少功夫。从这个角度来看,我格外欣赏《警察故事》、《紫禁城里的小吃摊》、《监狱里的故事》和《首都》这几篇。作者将自己假设成了某个具体情境中的人物,而且都是巡警、游商、狱吏等贩夫走卒之流,想像通过这些小市民的所见所闻,看到汪精卫、赛金花、彭翼仲是何模样,“林清之变”、“迁都南京”等重大事件在街头巷尾又是怎样议论,这显然是一个别具匠心的创意。总之,高君努力为我们掀开了历史帷幕的一角,将读者的思绪带回到若干年前的那个时刻,借此触摸到了那段早已消逝的时光。再辅之以精心挑选的图片,很难不让人产生“昔日重来”的恍惚感。用高君的话说,这是“一种温热的感触”。
  颜浩
  
  相关阅读
  
《历史的坏脾气》
  张鸣著,中国档案出版社,2005年10月版,22.00元。
  这是“一个大教授的小文章”、“一个历史学者的不合时宜的思考”,李零先生题写了书名,吴思先生评说“张鸣说史,总是能化繁为简,睿智,明白,让人眼前一亮”。
  这部书共分五辑:军阀有性格、晚近人物脸谱、历史的坏脾气、不确定的道路、庶民的世界。无论是讲民国史上的军阀、晚清以来的“大人物”,还是历史上的各种制度问题、社会问题,抑或是讲文人讲娼妓讲乡村世界,核心的思想都是要检视历史中种种劣根性,检讨困扰着我们的历史甚至现实生活的种种“坏脾气”。
  
  《庚子勤王与晚清政局》
  桑兵著,北京大学出版社,2004年4月版,37.00元。
  历史研究总是在梳理脉络和澄清细节之间往复循环。庚子年,中国北部地区的义和团成为历史叙述的“中心”,而维新势力在南方以及海外的继续发展,包括武力“勤王”的军事筹备等等活动,则因牵涉海内外、事关隐秘而一直史实不清。中山大学历史系桑兵教授的这本近著,让读者对于清末戊戌之后,庚子年间的政局变幻,有了更加细微的认识。本书将大量公私材料、海内外文献排比解读,对庚子年间的相关史实细致考辨。作者以康有为、唐才常等维新势力在庚子年的活动为叙述重点,囊括保皇会、中国议会、兴汉会、革命党、台湾民主国内渡官绅、新加坡华侨、广东秘密社会、东亚同文会广东支部等重要社会势力群体,从不同视角剖开晚清变幻不定的政治风云。据此,对庚子之后各派政治势力的消长和演变趋势,我们也可以有新的认识基础。
  
20世纪的历史学”国际学术研讨会概览---截选

   俄罗斯历史学家、俄罗斯科学院世界历史研究所副所长列宾娜教授报告的题目是“俄罗斯 史学中的新趋势和历史研究中微观方法与宏观方法的相互关系”。她说,由于俄罗斯社会发 生了前所未有的剧烈变化,古典主义的史学观点逐渐被其他理论和观点所取代,然而,史学 研究的普及和发展已成为一种明显趋势。近10年来,俄罗斯历史学家尤为关注个人、民族和 全球的相互关系,以及个人在其中所扮演的角色。最近,为数众多的俄罗斯历史档案纷纷解 密,然而,许多史学工作者所推崇的理论观点仍然是十分陈旧的。值得一提的是,在俄罗斯 史学界,新的史学方法逐渐被应用于各个研究领域,历史学家企图用新的材料来说明过去难 以解决的问题,因此,史学研究往往又重蹈编年史研究的覆辙。除了方法论研究之外,俄罗 斯史学界的对外交流逐步扩大,相应的学术成果也日渐增多。近年来,在俄罗斯史学界,出 现了 一些新的史学流派和理论,如历史人类学等。历史人类学主要研究家庭史和个人历史,该学 派的组成人员大多来自史学研究的各个专业领域。
  列宾娜教授指出,宏观方法与微观方法的关系也是俄罗斯史学界时下讨论的热门话题之一 。显而易见的是,对个人和偶发事件的研究最易于体现宏观方法与微观方法之间的关系,因 此我们可以看到,在不同的历史条件下,个人心态的变化是不足为奇的。应当说,个人历史 是一个较为特殊的领域,因此,一些历史学家十分注重研究个人的心理活动、社会的文化背 景,以及个人活动与社会文化之间的关系,从而在一定程度上反映出社会发展进程的某些特 点。列宾娜还认为,一般而言,人们往往会根据结果来寻找事物发展的原因,因而对历史发 展进程中发生的某些事件视而不见,更忽视了个人在历史事件中的作用。尽管个人因素往往 是带有偶然性的,但个人因素的变化对历史发展进程的影响却常常是至关重要的,这一点已 为众多的历史事实所证实。



[ 本帖最后由 糊涂塌客 于 2007-2-21 04:30 编辑 ]

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发表于 2007-2-20 17:56:25 |只看该作者
真的要赞一下了!
好帖!

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发表于 2007-2-23 02:51:13 |只看该作者

ISSUE121 物种灭绝和人类的关系

ISSUE121
At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especiaally at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.
在过去不同的地质时期,许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝。因此,人类社会为了挽救濒危物种而付出的巨大努力,尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价, 这样做是毫无道理的。


Causes of Endangerment

When discussing the causes of endangerment, it is important to understand that individual species are not the only factors involved in this dilemma. Endangerment is a broad issue, one that involves the habitats and environments where species live and interact with one another. Although some measures are being taken to help specific cases of endangerment, the universal problem cannot be solved until humans protect the natural environments where endangered species dwell.

There are many reasons why a particular species may become endangered. Although these factors can be analyzed and grouped, there are many causes that appear repeatedly. Below are several factors leading to endangerment:

Habitat Destruction

Our planet is continually changing, causing habitats to be altered and modified. Natural changes tend to occur at a gradual pace, usually causing only a slight impact on individual species. However, when changes occur at a fast pace, there is little or no time for individual species to react and adjust to new circumstances. This can create disastrous results, and for this reason, rapid habitat loss is the primary cause of species endangerment. The strongest forces in rapid habitat loss are human beings. Nearly every region of the earth has been affected by human activity, particularly during this past century. The loss of microbes in soils that formerly supported tropical forests, the extinction of fish and various aquatic species in polluted habitats, and changes in global climate brought about by the release of greenhouse gases are all results of human activity.

It can be difficult for an individual to recognize the effects that humans have had on specific species. It is hard to identify or predict human effects on individual species and habitats, especially during a human lifetime. But it is quite apparent that human activity has greatly contributed to species endangerment. For example, although tropical forests may look as though they are lush, they are actually highly susceptible to destruction. This is because the soils in which they grow are lacking in nutrients. It may take Centuries to re-grow a forest that was cut down by humans or destroyed by fire, and many of the world's severely threatened animals and plants live in these forests. If the current rate of forest loss continues, huge quantities of plant and animal species will disappear.

Introduction of Exotic Species

Native species are those plants and animals that are part of a specific geographic area, and have ordinarily been a part of that particular biological landscape for a lengthy period of time. They are well adapted to their local environment and are accustomed to the presence of other native species within the same general habitat. Exotic species, however, are interlopers. These species are introduced into new environments by way of human activities, either intentionally or accidentally. These interlopers are viewed by the native species as foreign elements. They may cause no obvious problems and may eventual be considered as natural as any native species in the habitat. However, exotic species may also seriously disrupt delicate ecological balances and may produce a plethora of unintended yet harmful consequences.

The worst of these unintended yet harmful consequences arise when introduced exotic species put native species in jeopardy by preying on them. This can alter the natural habitat and can cause a greater competition for food. Species have been biologically introduced to environments all over the world, and the most destructive effects have occurred on islands. Introduced insects, rats, pigs, cats, and other foreign species have actually caused the endangerment and extinction of hundreds of species during the past five centuries. Exotic species are certainly a factor leading to endangerment.

Overexploitation

A species that faces overexploitation is one that may become severely endangered or even extinct due to the rate in which the species is being used. Unrestricted whaling during the 20th century is an example of overexploitation, and the whaling industry brought many species of whales to extremely low population sizes. When several whale species were nearly extinct, a number of nations (including the United States) agreed to abide by an international moratorium on whaling. Due to this moratorium, some whale species, such as the grey whale, have made remarkable comebacks, while others remain threatened or endangered.

Due to the trade in animal parts, many species continue to suffer high rates of exploitation. Even today, there are demands for items such as rhino horns and tiger bones in several areas of Asia. It is here that there exists a strong market for traditional medicines made from these animal parts.

More Factors

Disease, pollution, and limited distribution are more factors that threaten various plant and animal species. If a species does not have the natural genetic protection against particular pathogens, an introduced disease can have severe effects on that specie. For example, rabies and canine distemper viruses are presently destroying carnivore populations in East Africa. Domestic animals often transmit the diseases that affect wild populations, demonstrating again how human activities lie at the root of most causes of endangerment. Pollution has seriously affected multiple terrestrial and aquatic species, and limited distributions are frequently a consequence of other threats; populations confined to few small areas due to of habitat loss, for example, may be disastrously affected by random factors.
          Charles Darwin showed that extinction of a species is part of the evolutionary process. There is no reason at all to be concerned about the disappearance of a species. In fact, a steady rate of extinction is a normal process in the course of evolution, and is called the background rate of extinction. Species have slowly evolved and disappeared throughout geologic time because of climatic changes and the inability to adapt to survive competition and predation.           But people who make this argument have overlooked one very important fact: since the 1600s, humans have rapidly accelerated the rate of extinction because of population growth and resource consumption. Today, most of the world's habitats are changing faster than most species can evolve, or adapt to such changes. The current global extinction rate is estimated at about 20,000 species per year, exponentially greater than the background extinction rate. Many biologists believe that we are in the middle of the greatest mass extinction episode since the disappearance of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.          From what is known about present-day populations and from evolutionary theory, the change in either the physical or the biological environment is the key to extinction. But the vulnerability of a species depends on a wide variety of factors, such as its total population size, geographical distribution, reproductive ability, ecological relations with other species, and genetic characteristics. For example, more emphasis is put on the greater vulnerability of species that reproduce slowly as contrasted with those that reproduce rapidly. Other factors, such as food-plant specialization, may make many fast reproducers more vulnerable than species that reproduce more slowly. No matter how fast an insect species that depends on a certain plan can reproduce, it will still go extinct if that plant's habitat is destroyed.          It has been estimated that about one half billion species have lived at one time or another, and today's existing species are only 2% of those that have ever evolved. The other 98% have either died out or evolved into something sufficiently different to be called a new species.


Elephant
IINTRODUCTION

Elephant, huge mammal characterized by a long muscular snout and two long, curved tusks. Highly intelligent and strong, elephants are the largest land animals and are among the longest-lived, with life spans of 60 years or more. Healthy, full-grown elephants have no natural enemies other than humans.
Throughout history, people have prized elephants for their great size and strength. On the battlefield, soldiers astride elephants have trampled and terrified enemies. Elephants also have been trained to carry heavy supplies through jungles and to haul huge logs from the forests where they once lived.
Elephants have long been revered and honored, and in Thailand, India, and other Southeast Asian countries, beautifully decorated elephants still play a significant role in traditional religious ceremonies. According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha chose the form of a white elephant as one of his many earthly incarnations, and the rare appearance of a white elephant is still heralded as a manifestation of the gods.
Over the past 40 million years, more than 600 species of elephants have roamed the earth. Today only two species are alive—the African elephant and the Asian elephant. Climate fluctuations over the millennia and resulting vegetation changes caused the extinction of many elephant species, but human impact has also taken its toll. At the turn of the 20th century, elephants numbered from 5 million to 10 million, but widespread hunting and habitat destruction reduced their numbers to an estimated 640,000 by the end of the century. Present-day efforts to save elephants may be inadequate, and biologists are unsure if elephants as a species will survive.

The Elephantoidea group, which evolved 8 million to 10 million years ago, includes the mammoth and Stegolophodon. The mammoth also lived during the Ice Age and was covered with a thick, woolly coat. Unlike the mastodon’s forward-curving tusks, the mammoth’s tusks curved backward. The mammoth displayed a prominent hump on its back. Mammoths roamed North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia, were hunted by early humans, and died out about 8000 years ago. Stegolophodon evolved about the same time as the mammoth and inhabited Europe, Asia, and Africa. Its tusks and other features were intermediate between the mammoth and modern-day elephants. Stegolophodon’s descendants are the African and Asian elephants of today.



地球:每小时一个物种灭绝
     

   新华社北京电  (记者  王立彬)钟表的时针每走一个数字,就有一个历经千百万年进化的生物从地球上永远消失。

    国家濒危物种进出口管理办公室提供的信息显示了这一惊人的生命灭绝过程。

    据科学家估计,由于人类活动的强烈干扰,近代物种的丧失速度比自然灭绝速度快1000倍,比形成速度快100万倍,物种的丧失速度由大致每天一个种加快到每小时一个种。目前,世界上已有593种鸟、400多种兽、209种两栖爬行动物以及20000多种高等植物濒于灭绝。这些濒于灭绝的物种大多数与人类的关系十分密切,对人类的生存与发展具有十分重要的意义。造成物种灭绝的原因,除不可抗拒的自然历史及自然灾害因素外,人为活动是其主要原因。特别是由于商业贸易而导致人类对野生动植物资源的掠夺式利用,是造成物种濒危乃至灭绝的重要因素。

    野生动植物是宝贵的自然资源,是生态环境的重要组成部分,也是人类生存与发展不可或缺的物质基础。可以说人类社会的发展史,就是人类利用野生动植物资源不断发展的历史。然而,人为活动加剧特别是自工业化革命以来的近200年里,伴随着人口数量膨胀和经济的快速发展,野生动植物的种类和数量以惊人的速度在减少。

    《人民日报海外版》 (2001年05月19日第九版)  


平均每小时一个物种消失人类活动危害比自然灭绝高1000倍http://www.sina.com.cn 2006年03月24日05:05 浙江日报   3月20日,联合国生物多样性大会秘书长在《全球生物多样性展望》报告中说:“事实上,我们目前正在制造地球历史上的第六次大灭绝。这也是自恐龙在6500万年前消失以来规模最大的灭绝。”
  报告中提到,全球人口不断增加,导致了污染、城市扩张、森林遭到砍伐、“外来物种”入侵和全球变暖等诸多问题,从而对动植物的生存环境造成了破坏。估计目前的灭绝 速度是历史上的1000倍。   从珊瑚礁到热带雨林,各种生物都面临着日益严峻的威胁。根据世界自然保护联盟编撰的名单,有844种动植物在过去的500年里灭绝,其中包括渡渡鸟和金蟾蜍。该联盟表示,实际灭绝数量可能远不止844种。
  英国皇家学会会员、剑桥大学教授西蒙·莫瑞斯说:“人类活动引起的全球气温变暖与距今约4500万年前地球经历的一次气温变暖十分相似。它们都导致了大量动植物种类灭绝。”
  曾经在中国南京参加第四次国际寒武纪大会的多位著名古生物学家也表示,目前物种消失与地球历史上的生物灭绝事件惊人相似,是工业革命拉开了这次生物灭绝的序幕。
  科学界普遍认为,地球生命演化史经历过5次大规模的生物灭绝,虽然具体原因众说纷纭,但可以肯定的是,这些都与环境急剧变化有密切关系。除了恐龙消失之外,前五次灭绝的原因可能是小行星撞击、火山爆发或者气候骤然发生变化。最严重的一次生物大灭绝发生在距今约2.5亿年,导致超过95%的地球生物灭绝。
  “除了星体撞击、全球性火山爆发等突发事件,我们正在经历的生物灭绝,比地球生命史上其他灭绝事件更为恶劣。”中国西北大学早期生命研究所所长舒德干说。
  这位近年来在《科学》和《自然》杂志上发表了10余篇早期生命研究文章的科学家说,以前的生物大灭绝都属于自然灾害,但这一次是人为的。
  科学家发现,人类活动造成的物种灭绝比自然灭绝的速度高1000倍,平均每小时就有一个物种灭绝,如夏威夷画眉和康定云杉已经消失。




[ 本帖最后由 糊涂塌客 于 2007-2-24 05:27 编辑 ]

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发表于 2007-2-25 23:06:28 |只看该作者

ISSUE130 教育之下一代

ISSUE130
How children are socialized today determines the estiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society.
现在孩子的社会化程度决定了社会的命运。可惜的是, 我们还没有学会教孩子怎么去建设一个更好的社会。


Socialization, process by which people, especially children, learn acceptable and unacceptable behaviors for a given environment.
socialize
To place under government or group ownership or control.
使社会主义化:置于社会或集体所有或控制之下
To make fit for companionship with others; make sociable.
使合群:使适合和别人在一起;使合群
To convert or adapt to the needs of society.
使适应社会的需要
v.intr.(不及物动词)
To take part in social activities.
参加社会活动

Processes of Social Influence
Although born helpless, human infants are equipped at birth with reflexes that orient them toward people. They are responsive to faces, turn their head toward voices, and mimic certain facial gestures on cue. It seems that human beings are inherently social animals. All over the world, people experience joy when they form new social attachments and react with loneliness and despair when these bonds are broken—as when separated from a loved one by distance, divorce, or death. Research shows that people who have a network of family and friends are happier and healthier and live longer than those who are more isolated. People need people, which is why social situations can have such a profound effect on our thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

Sociocultural Theory
Many developmental scientists believe that children do not proceed through universal stages or processes of development. To sociocultural theorists, children’s growth is deeply guided by the values, goals, and expectations of their culture. In this perspective, children acquire skills valued by their culture—such as reading, managing crops, or using an abacus—through the guidance and support of older people. Thus, developmental abilities may differ for children in different societies, and development cannot be separated from its cultural context.

One of the pioneers of sociocultural theory was Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, whose writings in the 1920s and 1930s emphasized how children’s interaction with adults contributes to the development of skills. According to Vygotsky, sensitive adults are aware of a child’s readiness for new challenges, and they structure appropriate activities to help the child develop new skills. Adults act as mentors and teachers, leading the child into the zone of proximal development—Vygotsky’s term for the range of skills that the child cannot perform unaided but can master with adult assistance. A parent may encourage simple number concepts, for example, by counting beads with the child or measuring cooking ingredients together, filling in the numbers that the child cannot remember. As children participate in such experiences daily with parents, teachers, and others, they gradually learn the culture’s practices, skills, and values.
Sociocultural theory highlights how children incorporate culture into their reasoning, social interaction, and self-understanding. It also explains why children growing up in different societies are likely to have significantly different skills. Theorists like Vygotsky are sometimes criticized, however, for neglecting the influence of biological maturation, which guides childhood growth independently of culture.

Child Development,
physical, intellectual, social, and emotional changes that occur from birth to adolescence. Although people change throughout their lives, developmental changes are especially dramatic in childhood. During this period, a dependent, vulnerable newborn grows into a capable young person who has mastered language, is self-aware, can think and reason with sophistication, has a distinctive personality, and socializes effortlessly with others. Many abilities and characteristics developed in childhood last a lifetime.
Some developments in behavior and thought are very similar for all children. Around the world, most infants begin to focus their eyes, sit up, and learn to walk at comparable ages, and children begin to acquire language and develop logical reasoning skills at approximately the same time. These aspects of individual growth are highly predictable. Other aspects of development show a much wider range of individual differences. Whether a child becomes outgoing or shy, intellectually advanced or average, or energetic or subdued depends on many unique influences whose effects are difficult to predict at the child’s birth.
A variety of factors influence child development. Heredity guides every aspect of physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and personality development. Family members, peer groups, the school environment, and the community influence how children think, socialize, and become self-aware. Biological factors such as nutrition, medical care, and environmental hazards in the air and water affect the growth of the body and mind. Economic and political institutions, the media, and cultural values all guide how children live their lives. Critical life events, such as a family crisis or a national emergency, can alter the growth of personality and identity. Most important of all, children contribute significantly to their own development. This occurs as they strive to understand their experiences, respond in individual ways to the people around them, and choose activities, friends, and interests. Thus, the factors that guide development arise from both outside and within the person.
Why is the study of child development important? One reason is that it provides practical guidance for parents, teachers, child-care providers, and others who care for children. A second reason is that it enables society to support healthy growth. Understanding early brain development, for example, means that parents can provide better opportunities for intellectual stimulation, and society can reduce or eliminate obstacles to healthy brain growth. Third, the study of child development helps therapists and educators better assist children with special needs, such as those with emotional or learning difficulties. Finally, understanding child development contributes to self-understanding. We know ourselves better by recognizing the influences that have made us into the people we are today.

现在对未来的影响

儿童时期是一个人社会性发展的关键时期,而家庭教育是儿童社会性发展的基础。家庭教育对儿童社会性发展具有启蒙性、持久性、感染性和情感性等特点。在儿童社会性发展的过程中,家庭教育存在着价值观狭隘、教育方式偏失、教育内容片面和教育行为背离等现象。应该自觉加强家庭教育社会化、拓宽社会化的内容,加强对家庭教育的指导,形成家庭、学校和社会三者连动的教育网络,以促进学生社会性发展。


解读:中国未成年人留学热的冷思考

出国留学在我国已有100多年的历史,尤其是改革开放以来,神州大地的留学热潮不断升温,出国留学人数猛增。根据教育部《2004年留学工作年鉴》公布的数字,自1978年到2003年底,我国各类出国留学人员总数达到70.02万人,留学国别108个。仅2003年,各类出国留学人员的数
量就有11.73万人之多,其中自费留学占93.05%。
 社会隐忧
 中国已经成为世界上最大的留学生输出国,庞大的留学大军令世人惊叹。然而,教育部的统计数字中还遗漏了一批数量也在飞速扩张的未成年留学生队伍。所谓“未成年留学生”是指在国外的中、小学就读的未满18岁的留学生。尽管教育部官方称未满18岁的未成年人出国留学不能被称为留学生,他们也因此未被包括在教育部有关留学生的统计数据中,但时下这股未成年人留学风潮却是谁也不能无视其存在的。
 尽管缺乏官方的统计数据,但不少人估算,如今未成年留学生已经占到自费留学生人数的一半。在南方一些城市,办理出国留学的中学生甚至占到所有出国人员的70%至80%。一项对上海市14所学校的428名初中生和高中生的问卷调查表明,47.4%的初中生和42.9%的高中生有留学的打算,超过六成的中学生父母对子女的出国留学计划持支持态度。而在各种留学咨询中,中学生及其父母占了咨询者的三成以上。
 与未成年人出国留学同时升温的是媒体对未成年人留学问题的种种负面报道。除了对其自理能力、自制能力的普遍指摘,更有媒体历数未成年留学生的种种“劣迹”:吃喝玩乐,比富斗阔,挥霍无度;恋爱同居,傍款傍洋,未婚先孕;乃至吸毒赌博,绑架敲诈,涉嫌血案……未成年留学生俨然已成为整个社会的隐忧。
 未成年人是国家的未来,未成年人教育的成败关乎民族的兴衰。随着社会开放程度的提高,出国留学逐渐成为人们接受教育的又一现实途径。那么,出国留学究竟会给未成年人的成长带来什么样的影响?眼下的这股未成年人留学潮又是如何形成的呢?
 父母推动
 未成年人出国留学原因是多方面的,他们的父母在其中起到了重要作用。国内巨大的升学和就业压力是许多家庭送孩子出国留学的一个重要原因。客观地说,未成年人出国留学是当前缓解国内高等教育资源短缺问题的一条较为有效的现实途径。据中国青少年研究中心调查显示,95%的父母希望孩子读大学,44.5%的父母希望孩子读博士甚至博士后,但是即使在中国连续扩招的情况下,同龄人能够进入大学的比例也仅在15%左右,而且10年内不会有太大变化。为了逃避巨大的升学和就业压力,为孩子谋得更远大的前程,一些家庭选择了送孩子出国留学这条路。
 中外教育模式的不同是父母送未成年人出国留学的另一原因。我国教育由于长期受应试教育的导向,较为重视基础知识的掌握,课程难度大,而忽视了对学生能力的培养;课程设置也往往不能吸引学生的兴趣,致使学生找不到自由发挥的空间。相比较而言,国外的教育则更注重学生个性的张扬,注重培养学生的独立思考和解决问题能力。出于对国内现有教育模式的不满和对国外灵活、务实的教育模式的向往,一些家庭更愿意将孩子送出国门接受教育。
 另外,随着中国国际化程度越来越高,一些父母逐渐意识到拥有国际视野和流利的外语将成为孩子未来竞争的重要砝码。不少父母为孩子选定的留学目标即是“开阔眼界,学一门外语”。
 一些父母的不理性观念也在一定程度上促成了未成年人留学潮的形成。有些父母盲目崇拜留学镀金,主观认定“出国就高人一等、留学回来就吃香”;有些父母虚荣心作祟,把孩子出国留学当作自我炫耀的招牌;有些父母怀着赌博心理,幼稚地推卸责任,反正孩子在国内也学不好,送到国外换个环境说不定会有所改善;有些则在留学中介的巧舌如簧之下,稀里糊涂地就把孩子送了出去;更有一些企图通过对孩子的教育投资,把自己来路不明的钱洗干净;而孩子一时的图新鲜、赶时髦也会迫使一些父母做出送孩子出国留学的决定。
 经济的发展和教育市场的国际化无疑是父母们得以将送孩子留学的想法转为现实的重要基础。改革开放使中国人的富裕程度有了极大的提高,产生了一批高收入阶层,高额的留学费用对他们来说已不成问题;教育市场的国际化则让众多的国外学校为中国孩子敞开了大门,出国留学成了越来越容易的事情。
 失败原因
 出国留学不再是难事,但留学生活对于未成年人来说却远非易事。一直以来,对未成年人出国留学是否合适这一问题,社会上就存在争议。有人认为出国留学可以锻炼孩子独立生活和思考能力,为他们的未来发展奠定良好的基础;也有人认为,未成年人缺乏自我管理和监督的能力,出去后很容易学坏。而最近一段时间有关“留学垃圾”的报道更让想送孩子出国的父母们忧心忡忡,犹豫不决。
 许多未成年人在国外的留学生涯招致失败的原因很多,主要有下面几点:
 第一,未成年留学生原有的社会支持系统被破坏,而新的社会支持系统一时难以建立。未成年人身心没有成熟,社会化程度偏低,是社会的弱势群体。所以,他们离不开来自家庭和学校的特别关爱,离不开父母和同伴的情感支持。如果缺失了这些成长的必要条件,他们将成为精神上的流浪儿,未来的生活必然是险象环生。到国外留学,对很多孩子来说都是第一次独立生活,面对一个崭新的环境,面对文化的碰撞和教育方式的变化,而又缺少来自父母和同伴的社会支持,不少未成年留学生会感到孤立无援,对生活和学业失去信心,甚至因前途渺茫而自暴自弃。
 第二,未成年人正处于同一性的探索之中,异国文化与祖国文化的冲突将使这一过程变得尤为艰难。在这一年龄段,每个人都会迫切地想弄清楚自己是谁,自己想成为什么样的人。而对这一问题的回答,必然会受到整个社会的文化观念、理想价值的影响。未成年留学生来到异国他乡,由于没有充分的准备,很容易遭受一连串的文化震撼,在内心激起难以舒解的郁闷和焦虑,极易导致情绪失控和人际交往上的冲突。
 第三,国内严格监管与国外宽松自由的环境形成了巨大的反差,相当多的未成年留学生感到不知所措,难以适应。一些缺乏自制力的孩子很可能会信马由缰,为所欲为,放任自流,导致学业荒废,有的还会走上犯罪的道路。
 最后,未成年留学生问题的凸显与留学生队伍的良莠不齐也有很大关系。许多未成年人不是因为在国内素质优良而出国,恰好相反,他们在中国竞争越来越激烈的学校中面临被淘汰的命运,才不得不借出国留学来避免失败的体验。这些学生不仅本身学习基础较差,而且在人格和习惯方面往往有许多缺陷,当他们来到一个缺乏密切监护的陌生环境,发生各种问题是可想而知的。
 理性选择
 当然,对未成年人出国留学,也不能一概否定。如果未成年人有良好的素质,又具有适当的监护条件,在出国留学过程中,将东西方文化有机地结合起来,会培养出现代的人才。海外留学生活所培养起来的独立意识和对自己负责的态度,开放的心态,包容的胸怀和对世界的真实认识是能够让他们终生受益的真正收获。
 基于上述的状况和分析,我们不能不重新审视未成年人出国留学的问题。从未成年人身心发展的特点和中国的国情出发,我们认为,绝大多数未成年人应当在国内读完小学和中学,有条件的争取在国内读完大学,然后再考虑出国留学。这或许是一个比较明智的选择。中国驻法国使馆教育参赞白章德近日在接受记者采访时也认为,选择好留学的时段是避免出现问题的重要一环,出国留学一般以大学毕业以后为佳。我们赞同他的分析,留学选择在大学毕业后是最经济的,更为重要的是,大学以后,学生的世界观才真正形成,有了判断是非的能力,能较好地适应变化了的社会环境。
浅析家庭社会化存在的问题及对策分析

[ 2006-4-10 11:19:00 | By: 快乐人生 ]

“父母是孩子的第一任教师,家庭是孩子的第一所学校”,家庭教育对儿童的成长与社会化具有先读性作用,在家庭环境中,孩子能学习语言、民族风俗、社会经验、个性品德、技能技巧等知识。从某种程度上说,家庭社会化功能发挥得越好,子女越容易成功地担任自己的社会角色。而在现实生活中,我们不难发现,在家庭教育中存在着诸多不利于子女成功现实社会化的因素,若任其发展,很难想象能培养出一个合格的人,这里只是从执行者的角度去浅析存在的问题,针对这些问题,提出一些相应的对策。
一、       社会化存在的问题
(一)、不正常的期望值
作为父母,“望子成龙,望女成凤”理所应当,但是期望值过高,只会适得其反。有许多父母企图引导子女持久的学习兴趣,确定他们的发展方向,按自己的意愿,价值观、得失观为子女设计一条道路,并强迫他们走下去,压抑了子女的积极性。比如说,有一对父母由于自己没有实现大学梦,他们便非让自己的子女去挤独木桥不可,而丝毫不理子女的兴趣和能力。其实一些高级知识分子也有这种倾向,总希望自己的子女能拿比自己更高的学历,本无可非议,但若超过了子女所能忍耐的程度,只会引起他们无谓的烦恼。
父母对子女过高的期望往往通过无微不至的照顾来表达,对于已懂事的子女来说,若是自己不按父母的意愿办事学习,定会辜负他们的期望,感到对不起父母的悉心照顾,于是只有努力迎合父母,一旦失败,他们定会有负罪感,心理承受力极差。让子女背着沉重的心理压力去面对生活,显然是不正常的,这种超负荷运转只会抑制子女独立性与完整个性的健康发展。
(二)、不正确的教育方式
父母采取不正确的教育方式,是家庭社会化存在的一个重要问题,主要表现为以下几种:
1.过分溺爱,一切围着孩子转。中国实行计划生育政策至今已有20年,“小皇帝”也越来越多,外祖父母、祖父母、父母都围着孩子转,家庭关系以子女为轴心,娇惯溺爱,过分保护,物质享受上无限制地迁就满足子女的需求,日常生活中的一切事务均由父母代劳,剥夺了子女学习生活技能的机会,导致他们生活能力差,意志力差,经不起任何挫折,养成好吃懒做、自私任性、鄙视和厌恶学习劳动的不良习惯。韩非子曾经说:“慈母有败子”,凡事都要有个“度”,全家围着转的溺爱型的教育方式,不是爱,而是害,在家里被爱包围的子女们一旦走出家庭,定会经不起任何风波,甚至连起码的生活能力都缺乏,若到了一个新的集体中,都以自我为中心,要求别人迁就自己,岂不是要乱套?
2. 过分严厉,或者放任自流。有些家长认识到一味地溺爱的弊端,但他们很容易走上另一个极端,他们倍加关心子女的一言一行,对每一次小测验的名次分数都锱铢必较,不让子女做自己想做的事,采取高压政策逼迫子女按照自己规定的方式去做,若稍有不如意,只会利用简单粗暴的严厉惩罚,轻则骂,重则打,导致子女自卑心理的产生,干什么事都畏手畏脚,生怕出错,还有一个极端便是放任自流,撒手不管,有的父母认为子女太让自己失望了,干脆懒得管教,对子女不闻不问,无意中会给子女心灵笼罩上一层阴影,懂事的孩子会产生负罪感,进一步转变为沉重的心理压力,不大懂事的孩子乐得挣脱父母的管教,干脆破罐子破摔,混混算了。
3.重智轻德,忽视全面发展。父母非常关注子女的学习成绩,只督促子女学习,片面追求升学率,忽视子女个性的全面发展,他们只要子女好好学习,其他事务全由自己包办,而极少关注于子女思想情绪等其他各方面的变化。这样的家庭培养出来的孩子往往智商高、情商低、意志脆弱、内心苦闷却无人倾诉,甚至可能造成冷漠以至性格上的畸形。此外,由于父母教育价值观与社会对个体要求的价值标准存在偏差,主流文化得不到家庭教育的积极配合,学习教育学生要德、智、体、美、劳全面发展,要爱集体、爱劳动等,父母却给子女传递智育可以取代其它四育的思想,给教育带来负效应。
(三)不良的家庭教育环境
一个好的家庭环境是一所好的学校,而现代家庭仍存在许多不良影响。
1.        残缺家庭。随着离婚率的不断上升,单亲家庭越来越多,有的是夫妻长期两地分居或者夫妻关系不和,这样的家庭中,家庭成员缺乏依恋亲情关系,会给子女造成心理上的阴影,产生孤独感。
2.        失调的家庭气氛。现代许多家庭有夜以继日搓麻将的习惯,一方面影响了子女正常的休息和学习,减少了子女与父母相处的机会,另一方面让子女造成赌博是合理合法的行为的错觉,这也是对主流文化的一个负面影响,又如父亲和母亲不同的教育方式以及父母身教与言教的不协调,都会造成子女个性的双重性。
3.        封闭式的新型住宅。现代住房(尤其是在城市)的封闭性制约和减少了家庭邻里之间的人际交往,家庭生活空间的狭小导致心理空间的狭小,现代孩子缺少与外界的交往,不能经历较全面的人际关系,他们更多的是与电视打交道,所体会的生活感受也很狭隘。
二、       关于家庭社会化问题的对策分析
通过上文的论述,我们发现,家庭社会化的确存在诸多不良的因素,笔者特从以下几方面提出简要的相应对策。
1.  遵循适度原则,凡事要有个度。对父母来说,一味溺爱和过分严厉都是不可取的,都是感情用事的行为,不妨转变一下教育方式,理智地将爱藏起一半,让子女从小“自找苦吃”,导致子女自己去感受生活。
2.  提高父母的文化素质和教育能力。家庭教育中往往会出现父母对子女的期望值与父母自身素质失调的情况,这就要求父母能不断地学习,接受继续教育,提高自身的素质,让父母与子女一起进步,互相协调,这是家庭教育中理想的状态。
3.  父母要加强和子女思想交流和感情联络,尽量尊重子女的意见和态度,弥合两辈人的代沟,设身处地地站在子女和自身的双重角度上去考虑问题,清除与子女之间的心理偏差,不要以绝对的权威去压孩子,而是与子女建立起朋友式的和谐关系。
4.  父母要为子女创设一个温馨的家庭环境,不仅仅是物质上的条件,更重要的是要有丰富的精神世界,家庭和睦,家庭成员间相亲相爱,父母要率先垂范、言行一致,教会子女做人做事,节假日时也可以带着子女走近大自然。
5.  家庭、学校、社会要共同努力,内外结合,形成合力,统一协调。主流文化的统一标准来要求个体,作为学校方面,还可以积极创设和提供一些必要的同学、伙伴集体的教育因素,弥补独生子女的独处性,让他们体会在集体中的角色,作为家庭和社会,自然要积极配合,让全社会都来关注子女们的社会化。
综上所述,家庭社会化存在许多问题,但远远不足这些,对策也远非这般简单,不是可以挑刺,作为教育工作者,就是要发现问题,分析问题,解决问题,为家庭教育的执行者提供必要的参考,共同培养出既适应社会要求又有健全个性的社会一分子。



[ 本帖最后由 糊涂塌客 于 2007-2-26 15:15 编辑 ]

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发表于 2007-2-25 23:12:40 |只看该作者

回复 #13 糊涂塌客 的帖子

向楼主致敬!:handshake

要向楼主学习呀!

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发表于 2007-2-25 23:55:27 |只看该作者

回复 #14 aunknown 的帖子

:handshake 谢谢你:loveliness:

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