【天下无G askme习作】第13次作业 新年快乐 快考了 大家帮忙看着打个分吧

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TOPIC: ISSUE48 - "The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten."
WORDS: 688          TIME: 0:45:00          DATE: 2007-2-17

Ever since humans came into being, a great many of brilliant persons and celebrities have played important roles in history and provided great impetus for development of humans. It, hence, often causes many debates and most of them are over the issue: whether the most significant events and trends are attributable to great individuals or groups of forgotten people. In my opinion, while great persons exerted profound influence on humans, groups of people are important and indispensable factors in history.

To begin with, many significant events are attributable to great persons. As we know, the power of an individual, sometimes, is far more than what we might imagine. In history, from time to time, personal charm, ability, and even fortune are powerful enough to put conspicuous influence on technology, arts and politics and in turn on history. In the past, some scientists' creative thinking and theory great changed our world and history. For supporting examples, one need look no further than Newton. On his own, Newton, inspired by an apple, founded the theory and gravity, by which other scientists, both contemporary and later, are able not only to understand why things fall onto ground, but also to predict and design the motivation of things. Thanks to this great theory, humans brought about a great many of revolutions in engineering, astronomy, and other aspects, which, in turn, shaped the appearance of the world in future and was considered as one of the most significant events. To honor his contribution, the theory of gravity and its principles bear Newton's name. What's more, some great politic events are owing to contemporary great politicians. The statement brings immediately to minds Roosevelt and his New Deal. When faced with depression and threat of fascism, Roosevelt, the famous American president, bravely changed the economic system and led America to rise of economy. In this sense, he changed the future and history of a country. In short, these examples are used to point out that when studying history, we can attribute some significant events to some great persons.

On the contrary, although individuals are powerful at times, groups of people are much more than the former. No matter how wise and strong an individual is, he or she is only one of thousands of people living in the world. When faced some great projects or events, an individual's power is too little to do anything. Under this circumstance, many great buildings need groups of people. For instance, the Great Wall, one of wonders in the world, was built by thousands of people, although coerced by a despot. Without numerous people, hardly could the Great Wall exist, let alone attract innumerous tourists. Thus, it is numerous people, not the despot, who completed the greatest wonder. In addition, wars, though cruel, result from groups of people. If we cast a look back at the Age of Spring and Autumn in China, at that time wars between two countries often involved more than millions of soldiers. Aside from these, there are lots of people to provide food, weapon and equipment. Had not these people participated, the wars and the subsequent events would never appear. In short, history informs us that groups of people also shape the world and make great contribution.

Finally, individuals and groups of people often lend support to each other to complete a significant event. Because individuals need mass support and groups of people need direction and guidance, they are agreeable to collaborate to fulfill a certain things. Many excellent leaders are good at calling on multitude's help. For example, Martin Luther King, who was too weak to go against thousands of whites, called on all Blacks to express their discontent and anger to the government, to the law, and to the inequality of society. Thanks to King and his followers, the inequality in America has been great reduced. Without this perfect collaboration, America would not fulfill its promise and principle on democratic values.

To sum up, without individuals, we have no direction; without groups of people, we have no strength. It is their effort that we have our history and appearance of the world today.


TOPIC: ARGUMENT51 - The following appeared in a medical newsletter.

"Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment."
WORDS: 490          TIME: 0:30:00          DATE: 2007-2-17

Giving some facts and analysis, the argument that all patients, diagnosed with muscle strain, would be advised to take antibiotics seems logical. However, a careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless it is.

First of all, the conclusion rests on the study that patients who used antibiotics recover more quickly than those who did not use. However, the study cited here is too vague to be informative. First, we are not informed about how many patients attended this experiment. If the number of patients is small and accounts for quite small a proportion of the total patients, the sample is not representative enough to reflect the general situation of patients. It is possible that the rest of patients' recovering requires a constable amount of time, no matter whether they are given antibiotics. In addition, the arguer fails to provide any information about the difference between the two groups of patients. If the groups of patients who took antibiotics were less injured, they were naturally faster to recover than the other group.  In short, without ruling out these possibilities, the conclusion is unconvincing.

Furthermore, aside from antibiotics, it is possible that other factors might be instead responsible for the recover. As the arguer points out, the second group takes sugar pills every day during recuperation. Perhaps, this kind of sugar pills is helpful to facilitate the recover and thus the advice for antibiotics is absurd. What's more, the difference between the ability and methods of doctors can also attribute to duration of the recover. If Dr. Newland is better at treating such patients than Dr. Alton, the patients might also recover sooner. For example, if Dr. Newland has studied infections 40 years, compared to Dr. Alton's 2 years, the former knows better which kind of medicine to take and how to do exercise to accelerate recover. Thus, any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the conclusion.

Finally, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if antibiotics can accelerate the recuperation, it does not follow that we should advise all patients to take antibiotics as part of their treatment. Perhaps, antibiotics are only conspicuously helpful for those who have the most severe muscle strain. Under this circumstance, it is highly possible these patients have been badly injected and need antibiotics to kill poisonous microorganism. In addition, to some patients, antibiotics might have side effect, such as psychological displacement, disorder in heartbeat and blood pressure. On no account should we give antibiotics to these patients. In short, lacking such information, the arguer's conclusion is premature at best.

To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited here lends no strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen this argument, the arguer should provide more evidence about the situation of the two groups of patients. To better evaluate this argument, we need more information regarding the positive effect of antibiotics in recuperation of muscle strain.

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