Scientific American 60 Second Science听抄（有音频文件）

abstinentUID: 137004

One-Time-Listening Main Idea Generalization:
Maternal sacrifice among spiders and mammals is common. And a study conducted by researchers from Bangalore University on spider eggs hatched by group mothering shows that surrogate mothers sacrifice as much the same as they do to their own children.

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This is Scientific American sixty second science. I'm S.G (Sinfey Grayber), this will just take a minute.

Talk about maternal sacrifice. In a rather freakish twist of nature, baby spiders and some species completely devour their moms. Now researchers have discovered the practice can get even stranger. Scientists from Missouri Bangular University wanted to know spiders participated in cooperative group mothering as some mammals and birds do. They investigated the species of spiders from South California, known for maternal care and communal living. The results appeared in the journal Behavior of ecology and Social Biology. In some experimental nests, the researchers let one group of females intact, but removed ex-eggs from all the one their mothers-to-be; in control groups, there is only one female in her eggs. At the end of the study, they checked the health of the spider babies. In those groups with multiple moms, more eggs successfully hatched and brew was healthier overall. As for the moms, they were almost all sucked dry, living only their crispy excess skeletons. So now at least one species of spiders is known to participate in communal mothering, and under the right circumstances, even the surrogate moms sacrifice everything for the offspring.
订正中...:funk::mad

[ 本帖最后由 abstinent 于 2007-11-9 10:09 编辑 ]

kevinliu6883UID: 2338522

Stephen Jay Gould said that every species designation represents a theory about that organism. The species assignment is more than merely naming. It's a classification of the organism within the context of all the other creeping, crawling, clinging and convoluting life on earth. So once a scientist names a species, the way that organism fits into the web of the life is also announced, close relatives in the same genus, more distant ones in the same class and so on. Almost 300 hundred years ago, before there was a good theory of evolution, Carl Linnaeus invented the modern species classification system. And this week an event takes place that is even rarer than the discovery of a new species. Linnaeus' own annotated copy of his book Systema Naturae will be on public display November 6th at the Harvard Museum of Natural History at Cambridge Massachusetts and November 8th through10th at the botanic garden New York in the Browne’s. The book was published in 1735 and introduced genius species system that is still in use by we Homo sapiens.

kevinliu6883UID: 2338522

based on abstinent

Talk about maternal sacrifice. In a rather freakish twist of nature, baby spiders and some species completely devour their moms. Now researchers have discovered the practice can get even stranger. Scientists from Missouri Bangrian University wanted to know spiders participated in cooperative group mothering as some mammals and birds do. They investigated the species of spiders from South Africa, known for maternal care and communal living. The results appeared in the journal Behavior of Ecology and Social Biology. In some experimental nests, the researchers let one group of females intact, but removed egg set from all to the one of the mothers-to-be; in control groups, there is only one female in her eggs. At the end of the study, they checked the health of the spider babies. In those groups with multiple moms, more eggs were successfully hatched and breeds were healthier overall. As for the moms, they were almost all sucked dry, living only their crispy excess skeletons. So now at least one species of spiders is known to participate in communal mothering, and under the right circumstances, even the surrogate moms sacrifice everything for the offspring.

[ 本帖最后由 kevinliu6883 于 2007-11-9 12:13 编辑 ]

yuuchinUID: 2385150

11.8
NASA Airs Real Reality TV Show  Steve Mirsky
The space shuttle Discovery landed on Wednesday after 15 days’ orbit above the earth. NASA’s TV channel is available on the satellite system I have at home. So at one point during the mission I turned in, and there was the astronaut live in space doing some construction work on the international space station. I’m not a fan of reality TV. I’ve never seen Survivor or the amazing race or any of the other programs that get big raidings. But here was real reality TV including a real survivor, DT, an astronaut who made through mutable levels of tests to get chosen in the first place, who then undergone years of vigorous training and who was at that very moment performing incredibly dangerous work in outer space. And that left me a big baffled. How is it that staged reality TV shows attract tens of millions of viewers, but the televised explicit of people risking their lives in space are pretty much ignored? If you have an explanation,feel free to leave a comment in the podcast section that on news site “60-Second Science.com”.
;d:  please correct~

[ 本帖最后由 yuuchin 于 2007-11-9 16:49 编辑 ]

abstinentUID: 137004

yuuchin把你的11.07得帖上来啊，我好参照你的改正改正啊；
11-07号的那篇还是没弄明白，特别是那个对照试验，没弄明白究竟怎么做的？
我再研究研究……

abstinentUID: 137004

原帖由 kevinliu6883 于 2007-11-9 10:59 发表
Stephen Jay Gould said that every species designation represents a theory about that organism. The species assignment is more than merely naming. It's a classification of the organism within the  ...

牛啊，这个是标准答案啊

yuuchinUID: 2385150

原帖由 abstinent 于 2007-11-9 22:37 发表

牛啊，这个是标准答案啊

可是那个creeping, crawling...最后那个词怎么都听不出来:confused:

yuuchinUID: 2385150

11.07我是based on yours...
那个实验对照组的，kevinliu6883的挺标准类~

kevinliu6883UID: 2338522

Space shuttle Discovery landed on Wednesday after 15 days of orbiting above the earth. NASA’s TV channel is available on the satellite system that I have at home. So one point during mission I tuned in. And there was an astronaut’s alive in space doing some construction work on the International Space Station. I am not fan of a reality TV. I have never seen a survivor or amazing race, or any other programs that get big ratings. But here was a real reality TV including a real survivor, Daniel Tinny, an astronaut who made through multiple level tests to get chosen at first place, who then was on years-regular training, and who was at that moment performing incredibly dangerous work in outer space. And that left me a bit of baffled. How is it that stage reality TV show attract tens millions of viewers? But televising that explains people risk their lives at space are pretty much ignored. If you have an explanation, feel free to leave comment to padcast section of our new site 60 seconds science.com

yuuchinUID: 2385150

原来是multiple level ...;)

yuuchinUID: 2385150

homework 60-Second Psych 11.8

The General Gist of False Memories
Which do you trust more? A memory of a dinner party where you specifically recall sitting next to your apologic? Or a memory that was just a fun time? Well, Duke University neuroscientist
Said we trust both memories a lot, even though the general impression type of memories false. Researchers tested the memories of subjects using bring the imaging through FMRI, and they found one subject had high confidence in memories that were true. There was increased activity in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) but based at the brain there exist processes that details of an event. But once subject had high confidence in memories for things that had never happened, they should more active in the frontal parietal network (FPN) at the top of the brain. This is nearly the process still of a feeling of an event. As we age, we tend to lose the ability to recall the specific but we do remember general impression. However, these are the ones that often false. Hmm, how I’m fortunate. Well, according to the Duke scientists, all Alzheimer (老年痴呆?)patients tend to be different. They lose both kinds of memories equally and this maybe a useful tool for early diagnosis.

based on
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071107074350.htm

[ 本帖最后由 yuuchin 于 2007-11-11 11:13 编辑 ]

kevinliu6883UID: 2338522

ScienceDaily (Nov. 7, 2007) — Buttery popcorn or fresh green vegetables? Your answer tells a lot about you.


Now, scientists say that the way that thousands of tiny worms have answered that question likely reveals a lot about you and your brain, too.

In the experiment at the University of Rochester Medical Center, worms that are hermaphrodites (with characteristics of both females and males) went for the buttery smell, while the males -- the other of the two sexes in these worms -- opted for the scent of fresh vegetables. But when researchers tricked a few nerve cells in hermaphrodites into sensing that they were in a male worm, suddenly they too preferred the smell of fresh vegetables.

While the olfactory likes and dislikes of the tiny roundworm known as C. elegans is the stuff of distinctive cocktail conversation, trivia is the furthest thing on the minds of Rochester scientists who did the study, which is being published in the Nov. 6 issue of Current Biology.

Geneticist Douglas Portman, Ph.D., and graduate student KyungHwa Lee ultimately hope to understand gender differences in diseases like autism, depression, and attention-deficit disorder. Many more boys than girls are diagnosed with ADD and autism, and many more girls than boys are diagnosed with depression. While proposed explanations abound, few scientists debate the notion that the brains of the sexes are in some ways fundamentally different.

The experiments with humble C. elegans, nearly invisible to the naked eye and common in soil worldwide, make up one way that scientists are exploring the roots of a host of conditions that affect the human brain. The research project was funded by Autism Speaks, an organization dedicated to autism awareness and research.

"For so many diseases, like autism or mood disorders, it's clear that they either are more prevalent in one sex than the other, or they manifest themselves differently. But no one really knows why," said Portman, assistant professor of Biomedical Genetics. "We think that sex differences in the brain may play a role. If we can understand these differences, it may give us some clues about how we can diagnose, prevent, and treat these diseases more effectively."

C. elegans is a one-millimeter-long critter that provides a unique window onto the human brain. Back in 1998, the worm gained fame as the first multi-celled organism to have its genome sequenced. About half of the organism's approximate 22,000 genes have direct counterparts in people, but its nervous system is far simpler. Indeed, researchers have identified and named every one of the male worm's 383 neurons, while barely scratching the surface of the hundreds of billions of neurons in the human brain.

Portman and Lee are using the organism to try to work out some of the fundamental rules that govern the nervous systems not only of worms but also people.

"The key to neurons is how they talk to each other. In a human brain, there are trillions of such connections. In a worm, there are thousands -- still a considerable challenge to understand, but it's much more do-able, and it's a stepping-stone to understanding how the human brain works. The architecture is much simpler to try to understand," Portman said.

The team is focusing on sex differences in the nerve cells of the critters, which come in two sexes: males, and hermaphrodites, basically females that are able to reproduce on their own because they can produce both egg and sperm. The two sexes share a core nervous system made up of 294 neurons that are exactly the same; hermaphrodites have eight additional neurons, while males have 87 additional neurons. (The male devotes a large portion of its nervous system to its ability to copulate, but that's another story altogether.)

The team ran hundreds of experiments in which worms in Petri dishes were given 45 minutes to crawl toward one of two scents. One difference stood out: Hermaphrodites more often crawled toward the buttery-popcorn smell of diacetyl, while males preferred the scent of pyrazine, which resembles the smell of fresh vegetables like green peppers and peas.

Then, researchers flipped a key genetic switch in the hermaphrodites, effectively making a few of their neurons think that they were actually part of a male worm. Immediately, they began behaving like males, crawling toward the scent of pyrazine. With a single genetic modification, the hermaphrodites began acting like males. Even though most of these worms looked like regular hermaphrodites, they behaved according to the sexual "identity" of a just a few of their neurons.

"This work reveals an unexpected way that sex can influence the function of the brain," said Portman, who is also a member of the Center for Neural Development and Disease and the Department of Biology. "It would be logical to think that all differences in the behavior of the sexes would result from neurons that are in one sex but not the other. We did not find that. Instead, we found that the behavior of nerve cells that are present in both sexes can be modified by the sexual status of the organism. That tells us that there's a surprising, unexpected dimension of sex differences in brain function.

"It's far too soon to say what results like this might mean for our understanding of the human brain," said Portman. "But autism is a perfect example of a disorder where we know very little about what is actually happening in the brain. The incidence of the disorder is increasing, and it's clear that boys are affected more often than girls. At the same time, it's unknown how or why a difference in sex chromosomes translates to differences in how brain cells function or to our susceptibility to different disorders. That's what we hope to learn, ultimately for the benefit of people."

Adapted from materials provided by University of Rochester Medical Center.

marlnoborUID: 2406642

太傻上也有这活动

yuuchinUID: 2385150

:funk: 好长哦这个是哪里的呢？

yuuchinUID: 2385150

goodnight~and happy bachelordom day!
11.9
Researchers Sniff Out Brain Sex Differences
The psychological conditions vary by sex. More boys are diagnosed with autism and more girls with depression. Scientists at the University of Rochester medical center want to understand any such sex differences. So the researchers studied the smell and gender in merely microscopic roundworms. What can we learn about our brains from tiny worms? Well, these creatures have relatively simple and well-match nerve system, some are male and some are hermaphrodites. Scientists presented the worms with two scents. One smelled like very buttery popcorn, another like green vegetables. Hermaphrodites mostly crawled toward buttery popcorn while males preferred vegetables. Then scientists manipulated some of the hermaphrodites's neurons to behave like they were male. And the newly male worms now crawled towards the green peppery smell. What does this tell us about male and female brains? Well, not much, yet. But what surprise researchers is that brain neurons present in both sexes like those registered smell preference have different characteristics depending on the sex of the worm. This is a step on the path scientists hope will lead to great understanding of our own sex difference and metal illness.

[ 本帖最后由 yuuchin 于 2007-11-11 10:43 编辑 ]