2772题目讨论-----------&阅读笔记&

H-KevinUID：2182070

8 月 5 日

讨论人员： H-Kevin  iceoolong 敏阿捷
∮&大腿㊣♂

讨论纪录：

4-1 section a

21 第二个为什么不行 independence from the very nation
担不是 had founded the colonies.
担不是 had founded the colonies.
or 首先把这个embarrasing定位到第一段constant embattassment这个地方
那句话说的很明显contradiction is a source of embarrassment  然后就需要知道contradiction是什么
很明显就是I

20  most of the Eastern states had made provisions for the gradual emancipation of slaves.

22 22，第一段THE OTHER
有一个 CORRECT
22只有d和e可能对
而trivial有些过分了
Hamilton just went a step further than Fisher
我觉得最后一句表明了作者对于这个问题的态度 C明显有问题
文章时说hamilton的结果更好
C是说Fisher的popular

23  23的话没有得到这歌approximate sex ratio吧
What is the approximate sex ratio你不能回答
所以三不对

25  predict future events 文章没有说
  25直接定位，然后改写，我觉得应该这么做
that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.



4-1 section b

18 18定位到第一段literary realism处，往后继续读完
  He was also inclined to literary realism in the several senses of that phrase.

19  第二段有一个破折好的位置 the style—that sure index of an author’s literary worth—

20  relaxed style 和 relaxing impulse 是一致的，所以，  When a relaxing impulse was indulged, the style—that sure index of an author’s literary worth—was certain to become verbose。  verbose=wordy

21 找到第二段有F和J的位置
把Hardy的做法取非就行了
various impulses were sacrificed
取非
就是compromise

22  unfortunately, instead of exacting a compromise, simply disappeared.是一个disapproving observation
In this instance, the new impulse was at least an energetic one是 the other of which does not.
那两个不一样的作者和花瓣的条文分别是两个case,就是qualification

24  定位到最后两句
  那不刚好是e 吗？
为什么是d了？
不是PLOT吧，是IMPULSE

26  SUN是THESE STARS 的前身
其实正是因为Sun不一样，才能够用heat balance gravity
也就是说THESE STARS 以前像太阳一样，可以抵制向心力，现在不可以了
就是太阳烧光了就塌了，成了白矮星或中子星

27 C当中要codify的关键是看到这个startling的现象
你看最后一段，先说would be wonderful to observe ...phenomena，然后unfortunately cannot see the singularity...因为光都没了
观察不到，所以没有startling的现象

4-2 section a

18 食内动物更近人的意识，这就是说，晰易不是同一等级的

19 Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds-and yesterday’s unforgotten lessons. The herbivore prey is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.
定位这一句
Using past events as a framework,
最后一句的粗糙翻译 他们的谨慎状态(而不是主动寻找) 还有他们的等待的态度(而不是主动预期) 是一种犹如丝绸般薄的安全感 在explosive endocrine system的影响下 丝绸般薄的安全就是over explosive endocrine system,就是past experience is less helpful

20 D就是和讲predator的地方对应
relationship between movement and forrd

21  大家看第一句
  was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals
还有这一句
It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation.
应该可以表明态度
特别是里面有一个 range from passive to
passive 是劣势,由劣势转为其他,应该是 respect

24  E只是出现在前面，所以也没关系
C和D没有准确的位置，但是E不可能发生

25   Most of them  —  wealthiest one percent
  Most 是很多人
  most of the wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family fortunes.

26 26看题目
看错了肯定
很明显了refreshingly intelligible statistics
两个形容词就说明问题了

27 E的CHANLLENGE 从哪里看出来的
his iconoclastic study
D are well documented 不是. the author’s main point

4-2 section b

17  17的D
  Society as Allegory for the Individual
强调了Society 和Individual 的关系
但是， 文章说的是Society ，Individual 和 Virginia Woolf’s Novels的关系
重点说错了

18  literary critics’ cavalier dismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.

21   She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues;
it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them.

22  . As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, calling into question, rather than asserting, advocating, bearing witness: hers is the satirist’s art.

23   But Virginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist, a satirist and social critic as well as a visionary:

26  because of the enormous quantity of deuterium in the sea.

27   in fact, the deuterium-tritium reaction that nuclear scientists are currently exploring with such zeal produces both alpha particles and neutrons.  不要 zEAL 看成 金属 zinc

iceoolongUID：180112

August 5th

No.4-1
Section A : 20
Section B : 20,22,26

No.4-2
Section A :
Section B : 21, 26,27

继续努力，把和态度有关的词汇总一下，集中记忆一下，多多寻找对应关系，才能
通过改写寻找答案，另外对于文中的破折号也要多注意一下！

zcylobo005UID：2375124

thanks

H-KevinUID：2182070

来自ChaseDream的小安阅读法:

There is a good way to improve reading, try to get my post and try to practice hard on the second round review, you can get a framework of RC and you will hardly do wrong on some question types, and then again the third round review will help you to practice what you learned from the second round, do not ignore this round, because when I finally take test, I have no tip for any question types. The tips I summarized are all translated into a feeling, I can easily correctly choose the answer according to my feelings, you have to practice to get those tips all translated into a habit. Before you practice, try to think “why those answers are wrong?”, “Is there anything common in the wrong answers?”, “And in the right answers?” Try to comprehend what is "related" and what is "unrelated"，do not easily judge, try to comprehend what is "related" and what is "unrelated"?? What is "related" and what is "unrelated" information (choice), that is a very important rule to quickly rule out some wrong choices and the next is “what is conform to the author”, “what is conform to the author's attitude”, and “what is not (also choices)”. If you see, try to read the passage again for the attitude info, this is a great rule to rule out some wrong choices, the attitude thing and I can tell you that, I did all the RC infer question without relocate because I can easily rule out wrong answers, memorize the pattern, and try to practice. Without practice, you can get nothing. But it is the goal; you should do something before hand. First, categorize all the RC questions You should guarantee 100% right on "main idea" type questions, try to collect all detail questions, I mean those with line number or key words, try to get these right answer back to the passage. You will see some question rules. I do not want to tell you because you can get the rules by yourself, if I tell you the detailed rule, you will not certainly get what I mean. Then collect the "structure type", and promise yourself you can do 90% right or higher, it is just easy like "main idea and attitude" thing. Do you know why you should get question types apart? First, you can get suttle feelings about how to make a question Second, you can get info about how to prepare to do those questions when you are reading the passage, it is very important to get the question right, you will see when you finished summarizing, you can easily tell that “oh, I think ETS will make a question in here", when you are reading the passage, when you know there is a structure type questions, you will think following questions when reading: 1. why the author write this paragraph? 2. What he want to tell us? 3. Is there any change in attitude? 4. What is the function of the detail in this paragraph? 5. What may be the relation between this paragraph and the whole passage? That is very important! Not everyone do that when reading, so they have to relocate info and it cost precious time, you should analyze the question like "what can I get the answer when I read", it is equal to "what part of passage I should read carefully when I read", I get all passages reread and underlined what part is the key to question. I mean on the passage using fluerecent pen, it is very clear. Second: try to get all infer question collected, try to contrast the answer and the original text and try to get what is wrong about the wrong questions Why they are all wrong, do not stop on why they are all wrong when you can get some feeling like "too extreme", you should think hard on how to quickly rule out some of them, that is the "related/unrelated" stuff. And the "attitude" stuff, which I mentioned above, the infer questions are very important if you want to get higher scores such as 730+. You should categorize on subject matter, you will see that what the "science" passages want to test you on. The most important is "the whole logic relation between facts and stuffs", you have to get the logic relation between A,B,C,D...A lead to B, C can restrain A. D can restrain B, you must quickly realized that both C and D can restrain B, only A can lead to B, you only should memorize the "either lead to or restrain" relationships between things, do not get it more complicated, you will confused if you do not memorize or memorize too much. So just lead to or restrain, just support or do not support, that is enough for quickly ruling out most confusing wrong answers without relocating. When you get 文科 passages, pay more attention on 列举, when you get economic and management passages, pay more attention to the logic推理顺序and support/unsupported relationship. You can easily get the feeling if you summarize and can get detailed feelings. Third: 1. Try to directly get all the answers from passage because you are familiar with the passages. Do not see the questions, try to get what may be a question here 2. When you finished reading, try to write the frame in Chinese (or English) in a paper. It is quite like to write down 机经, do not read questions, do not read the passage when you write the frame, Why you have to do this? --To know what you have forgotten and the capacity of your memorization and you can improve in the next passage. Every paragraph, five questions and what may be the key point for questions and finally you will improve on the ability to memorize more of the passage framework, the more and the clear you can memorize the frame of the passage, the less time you have to spend on questions, practice in this round and try to get all your tips summarized into reading, you cannot tell clear rules finally, and you have get the all steps. On the third round, try to answer the questions after finish the writing. Why? Try to practice "related/unrelated" and "conform or not conform to the attitude" rule, this is all I know about RC review and try to practice more passages in one day on the second round. The more you can get in one day, the stronger you feel about RC, it's easy to say but very tough.

对于已经做完所有gmat阅读的xdjm，建议你把og和补充材料的阅读拿出来（共81篇，也可以挑一部分，比如补充材料第2篇完全可以删掉），

进行横向总结：

1、根据细节题的题目和正确答案把考点在原文中全部画出来。然后看细节题的考法，总结：主要的无外乎取非和关键字替换

2、把所有main idea题看一遍，看其对文章意思的表述方法：有套路，且不走极端

3、把所有结构题看一遍，看其表述方法

4、把态度题看一遍（题目太少，可以再看看gre年代题）

5、最关键的题information题。没什么好方法，锻炼看题目时的记忆力，还有主要从段落意思上看

当你做完这样的总结后，你会形成一种gmat阅读的感觉，并且会在你再次作题时融入你的阅读方法。

对于句子理解上有困难的xdjm（衡量的标志：看阅读时看不懂文章在讲什么），建议你可以尝试训练杨鹏难句（不用练完，练出感觉就可以了）

对于那些对科技类和多生词类文章有困难的xdjm，希望你多练习首字母提炼技术，可以找gre的这类文章练，强迫自己做首字母提炼。

我在复习时总的感觉是，总结的时间远超过作题的时间，我甚至按题材和写作方法对所有题目进行了分类，现在看来，这个工作的帮助似乎不很大，没有题目总结那么有意义，不过目标比较高，时间又有剩余的朋友也可以做一下这个工作。你会发现历史类文章和地理考古类文章都具有鲜明的特色。

阅读第一遍总结的方法我想大家都知道，而且很多人都作了总结，因为任何分类都可以作为总结的依据。当时我第一遍总结的时候，每1-2篇文章要花1个多小时总结，分类较多（因为不知道哪种总结方法最有效），最后并没有太大效果，没有明显的提高，但做了很多分类工作。很多人总结工作做了一半就做不下去了，或者没有想过总结第二遍。我个人的感觉是，第一遍虽然收效小，但是为第二遍总结打下了基础。

第二遍总结与第一遍总结的最大不同在于题目都已经做过一遍了。第一遍总结之所以效果不好首先是因为当时缺乏最起码的对文章的感觉，而且有难句和单词的障碍。（第一遍时按难句和单词的首字母提炼方法训练了一下，有了阅读速度的提高并建立了正确的阅读习惯：不回读，段落之间的回忆思考）第一遍总结之所以效果不好的另一个原因是：一下子读的文章太少，没有形成强烈的对于gmat阅读文章的感觉。所以在第二遍总结时，阅读强度要大（2-3天完成所有80篇文章的总结），这样短时间的强刺激会让你在遗忘前一天作题感觉前迅速把握所读文章的共有特点，以及各种散在不同文章中的相同类型题目的共同特点。

我建议大家第二遍总结时要作以下工作：

1、阅读强度要大，每天计划阅读量要尽量大，比如2-3天内总结完og+补充材料的所有80篇文章。（不建议总结gre和lsat文章，因为阅读和题目的特点不同）

2、detail和information题目的还原，这很重要。最好能划在书上（有影印版的话），加强对题目的感觉

3、注意不同体裁文章的特点。

4、总结完后一个单元（比如8篇文章），再看一遍文章（结合还原后的考点，不作题），然后合上书，把该篇文章的主题、文章结构和考点全部回忆出来（假想你是在为别人写机经）。这是锻炼你的逻辑记忆力（可以提高作题速度），并让你对考点更敏感。

5、要试着在作阅读和横向总结的过程中培养一种比较固定的最佳阅读速度：这种速度是对文章的理解程度和阅读速度的一个组合。再快些恐怕会看不懂，从而导致正确率的下降；再慢些，正确率提高很少，但阅读占据的时间太多了。注意这种最佳速度应该根据文章体裁和生词量有所调整，而不是单一的。

第三遍总结很简单，1天内通读全部80篇文章，把第二遍总结出来的成果运用一遍，形成固定的思维。

三遍过后，gmat阅读就没有难题了。你已经学会gmat阅读了，但提醒一句：不要忘了，总结出来的是gmat阅读的方法，不要用于gre和lsat阅读。

[ 本帖最后由 H-Kevin 于 2007-8-6 23:02 编辑 ]

iceoolongUID：180112

好文章，顶完再看，学习一下

sunsmile6720UID：2145643

8月6日
参加这个小组已经是第四天，可是今天阅读短文章变得好可怕，甚至有全错的文章！
一个是对题目的不了解，另一个是文章句子分析不清。

H-KevinUID：2182070

8 月 6 日

讨论人员： H-Kevin  iceoolong 敏阿捷 毛毛

讨论纪录：


No 5-1 section a

19  racial prejudice is generated by capitalists，所以 没有capitalists 就没有racial prejudice
19就是文章第一句话，因为unique to the capitalist system所以在noncapitalist society里面不存在

20  20就是因为按照Marxist socilogist对于racial prejudice的定义导致Jews和Chinese被included了
he has to reason that such antagonisms were not really based on race.

24  it is not the quality of the sensory nerve (sensory nerve: 感觉神经) impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view.

25  注意每段开头都有relate correlate之类的词
第一段，第二段开头都有

27  Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view,
这句话 就说明了
明显倾向于没有差异性
namely就说明前后意思一样，读懂任何一个都可以了

No 5-1 section b

17  这里没有列出一个总的句子说是什么THEORY、

21  a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.
NEW THEORY = NEW PROPOSITIONS

24  Does anyone claim that the goal of extraordinary creative activity in the arts differs from that of extraordinary creative activity in the sciences?这句话的答案是什么?
YES
他问有没有什么人这么说，那文中有这句话，那就是作者这么认为

25  作者列了一堆的人物在那，就是说不是所有的HIGHLY CREATIVE ARTISTICE ACRTIVITY 能够超越LIMITS

26  不是发现事实，而是发现一种可以联系很多东西的观点
  两个句子
1,highly creative activity transcends the limits
2, What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather
所以highly creative activity ==a new generalization

27 选的Ａ
Stravinsky  不是Unlike Beethoven,
而应该是like, 因为两个人都没有超越
其他四个不合适，只能用排除法了 B  great European composers文中有提到吗？
贝多芬不就是great European composers
Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach
全是，两个奥地利，两个德国

No 5-2 section a

18 that objects are recognized as wholes in a parallel procedure
是II.的答案
I当中的exactly没有

19 When an object is encountered again,
again

21 为什么c 错了？
这里好像没有提到VARIOUS SOCIETY 吧
应该是various periods.
而且关注的焦点不是INTEREST

24  The Amazons were often characterized, for example, as the equivalents of giants and centaurs,

25  Their customs were presented not as those of a respectable society, but as the very antitheses of ordinary Greek practices.  
antitheses对立
对立 不是hostile 吗？

5-2 section b

17  once thought to be fundamentally
可以被看作是一个前提
Vinaver theory可以被看作是一个前提?
文中就是一直讨论Vinaver theory
e的选项可能错在apparent contradiction
因为文章说是its implications
是含蓄的意思
她陈述了the Vinaver theory，然后别人对这的看法，然后自已分析
ACCUSATION可能也过于严厉了

18  but of rejecting its implications：that they are as separate as the works of a modern novelist.
所以 有 I

19  b是错的，因为irrationality of considering Malory’s romances to be unified.不是Vinaver theory弄出来的
而且Vinaver's theory只是解释了年代上的一些问题，然后说明作品是八个部分
没有证明联合的不合理性
同时e选项
refined but legitimate observations==valid and subtle
1。Vinaver theory that Malory’s eight romances说明V的COMMENT对M的 romances,作评价
2。theory’s refined but legitimate observations说明V的COMMENT valid and subtle
把两点综合一下

20   Part of this response was the natural reaction to the disturbance of set ideas
SET IDEAS 就是once thought to be fundamentally unified,

22  第二段最后一句
The natural radioactivity we find on Earth is the long-lived remnant of the time when now-earthly matter was expelled into space by a major stellar explosion.

24  第一段中讲了两个吧
第一个 If these exchanges are below one electron volt,
第二个 If one goes to higher energy exchanges,

25  As long as we are dealing with the atomic or nuclear realm, these new types of particles do not occur and the nucleons remain inert.

26  would probably be
题目是让你expect
As long as we are dealing with the atomic or nuclear realm, these new types of particles do not occur and the nucleons remain inert. But at subnuclear energy levels, the nucleons and mesons appear to be composed of quarks, so that the quarks and gluons figure as (figure as: 扮演...角色) elementary particles.
从这两句EXPECT

iceoolongUID：180112

No.5-1
Section A : 21
Section B : 17, 22, 25, 27

No.5-2
Section A : 21
Section B : 17, 18, 19, 27

老毛病不断，为啥总是把问题和选项理解错误呢，这个问题太严重了！
还有一个就是对于套路比较明显的题目掌握不错，考点也能猜到一些，但是有些文章
直接摸不着头脑，继续训练。继续总结和态度有关的词汇，并且加紧背单词！
对了，不要主观臆断，一定要找对应，并且找最准确的对应，比如说文中说是1，如果
选项里说非常少也不行，要精确，除非别的答案都错了

H-KevinUID：2182070

8 月 7 日

讨论人员： H-Kevin  iceoolong 敏阿捷 毛毛 大腿

讨论纪录：

No 6-1 section a

18  他们to find north 后来要  northeasterly course to compensate的方式弥补，反过来，如果不弥补就是答案了
compass sense是一种简单方式，不会弥补
  它原来的目的是EAST，后来被打歪了，如果只是SENSE的话，它感觉不到被打到SOUTH，只会在SOUTH那个点，选择往东方向

19  celestial navigation与fantastic map sense有联系,因为fantastic map sense不成立，自然就怀疑celestial navigation
a fantastic map sense 前面是一个but，句子到这里已经截至了。后面的in a new method of accounting 和前面没有任何关系

22  整个基调是在评价,特别是一开始就是个正的评价
a work of criticism是a work that criticize the black author's fictions
这本书本身是一个评论的书，然后文章在讨论这本书的正确性
theoretical background 那里错了呢？
不是BACKGROUND

25  A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acceptability of their themes
强调政治
对,作者强掉literary rather than sociopolitical criteria


No 6-1 section b

18  就在第2句定位吧
Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrate

24 段文章的中心句很多时候不在第一句
长文章可以定位,短文章我觉地更重要的是理解
文章中human behavior. frailties 和human morphology相比,笔墨都用在前者上面了,肯定不是 parallel development
看第二句
human morphology---------> human behavior. == details of human behavior ------------>imposing constraints
两个转折才引到正文的重点,第二断也是说constraints

25  comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now.
comprehend thoroughly===control to any extent over
understand how badly they guide us===hey function
a full understanding of why those frailties evolved and of how they function
control to any extent over 其实是  control over, to any extent

26  26题觉得不必深究了，非常不典型，答案也怪怪的

27  看那句话. frailties are presently maladaptive
Yet!! beneath the overlay of cultural details, are said to be biological in direction. and therefore as natural to as as are our appendixes
然后由于文化细节的覆盖，这些frailties才被认为biological
文化细节就是human environment
它能够覆盖，所以一定outspace


No 6-2 section a

19  排除法
排e
原文是 juxtaposed terms, 题目是  abstract terms
able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances


20  B的the first theory，即这个理论已经成型，而首段末句说的是first suggestion，也就是说首次暗示了这种现象，还没有形成理论
a 应该是对的， The converse observation, 后面就是理论加例子

22  首段末句，说 algal defenses against grazing，如果说它们之间根本没关系，就可以question Hardy’s principle了
HARDAY的实险跟四季没有多大关系
按照逻辑题型来解
它们之间根本没关系,就说不上Hardy’s principle了
所以weaken

23  Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.这个从哪里体现？
  Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods, usually accounting for 80 percent of the community grazing rate.  
Cladocerans        copepods  就是  the individual type of zooplankton

25  overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.

No 6-2 section b

19  There are many formations that contain water but are not part of the hydrologic cycle because of geologic changes that have isolated them underground.

20  讨论文章涉及的两个观点
第二段开头反对第一段的观点，文章的重点是要支持第二段提出的另一个观点
  开始有个观点，但是又被转折掉了，到了第二段，又开始用新的证据说明开始的观点

23  By about 1870 improvements in agricultural technology made possible the full exploitation of areas that were most suitable for extensive farming on a mechanized basis.

27 almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of
uninterrupted 是重点词
  农民的不满和这个平行,所以希望的不是连续的,同向减少

iceoolongUID：180112

No.6-1
Section A: 18, 25
Section B: 25, 26, 27

No.6-2
Section A: 19, 24
Section B:
今天做完了之后再考虑应该怎么提高阅读的水平，看着错的不太多，但是没有限时啊！
自己有哪些问题自己知道，单词需要提高，对长难句分析需要提高，对阅读的敏锐的
嗅觉也需要提高。看了看集中突破的介绍，决定尝试着开始限时，像上面说的15－18
分钟去做题，这样就需要更加仔细的总结自己出现的问题。

lovecryUID：2290136

好东西呀~~谢谢！

pinerixUID：2376486

哇塞！这么多的阅读！

Iris0907UID：2332406

停了几天阅读,发现还是应该抽空做的.今天又恢复了决定每天一套NO题,慢慢做,争取月底做完第一遍.今天做了NO3-1,进度贴在第一页了
大家都加油哦!:loveliness:

[ 本帖最后由 Iris0907 于 2007-8-9 01:07 编辑 ]

H-KevinUID：2182070

8 月 8 日

讨论人员： H-Kevin  iceoolong  毛毛 HAPPYS2B

讨论纪录：


No 7-1 section a

20  20应该看child drawing前面这句话
从Since .....not possible
It is like a drawing a child might make by sticking indivisible discs of color onto a canvas. 的翻译不会
21   The quantum theory (quantum theory: 量子论), however, suggests otherwise,
你看文中这个句子的前后两句，前面说分得很清楚，后面一个however给转折了

22  他说感觉上是，其实意思就是实际不是


No 7-1 section b

20   Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law
你看这个句子，就是全文的主题


21  D错的，看最后一段第一句
Jewish law and canon lasw 是作为一方和Islamic law compare
comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.

22  This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal, ethical, and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law.

23  application of the sacred law and many of the regulations framed by Islamic states
many of the regulations==== frequently been at odds with
Islamic law, on the other hand, was never supported by an organized institution
也是at odd 表示争执,就是 never support

25  Canon and Islamic aw, on the contrary, were dominated by the dualism of religion and state, where the state was not, in contrast with Judaism, an alien power but the political expression of the same religion.
说明II是错的
他们这两个没有interference
26   in Christianity it appeared as the struggle for political power on the part of a tightly organized ecclesiastical hierarchy, and canon law was one of its political weapons.

No 7-2 section a

17  17   it yields alumina, the intermediate product required for the production of aluminum.
题目in order to be classified as an aluminum ore， 而不是 ore

20  Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects come
  testify   fashionable ===vogue even though r and verifiability

21   it also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own,
最后一段的这一句
past itself.====past events
an integrity and will of its own==========complex and having their own individuality
我们把complex的意思搞错了
其实是 合成的, 综合的，联合体的意思

22  This central duality of legal subject matter and religious norm is additional to the variety of legal, ethical, and ritual rules that is typical of sacred law.

23  explanations that might cause them to question their own conclusions
我看不出来//
第三段最后两句吧


No 7-2 section b

17  我觉得c d都差不多意思
研究的不是religion啊
研究的是poetry

18  tone 气氛------- 热烈 炽热fervor

19   But before Wagner a secular outlook that analyzed Black poetry solely within the context of political and social protest was dominant in the field
tradition ,early

H-KevinUID：2182070

恩，还是做一点阅读热热手，到了后期也不用那么紧张了 :)