Argument140 『勇往直前小组』第二次作业linshao

linshaoUID：2338229

ARGUMENT140 - The following appeared in a report of the Committee on Faculty Promotions and Salaries at Elm City University.
"During her seventeen years as a professor of botany, Professor Thomas has proved herself to be well worth her annual salary of $50,000. Her classes are among the largest at the university, demonstrating her popularity among students. Moreover, the money she has brought to the university in research grants has exceeded her salary in each of the last two years. Therefore, in consideration of Professor Thomas' demonstrated teaching and research abilities, we recommend that she receive a $10,000 raise and a promotion to Department Chairperson; without such a raise and promotion, we fear that Professor Thomas will leave Elm City University for another college."
在Thomas教授作为植物学教授的17年里，她证明了自己确实是值50000元年薪的。她的班级是本校最大的班级之一，这说明她在学生中间的受欢迎度。而且，她给学校带来的研究捐助在过去两年中都超过了她的年薪。因此，鉴于Thomas教授已被证实的教学和研究能力，我们建议将她的年薪增加10000元，并提升为系主任；如果没有这些加薪和提升，我们担心Thomas教授将会离开Elm City大学到别的学校就职。
In this report, an Elm City University committee recommends increasing Professor Thomas' salary and promoting her Department Chairperson because of her effectiveness as a teacher and researcher. To support this recommendation the report points out that Thomas' classes are among the largest at the University and that last two years the money she attracted to the University exceeded her salary. The committee argues that unless the University increase Thomas' salary, she is likely to leave for another college. For several reasons, the evidence provided little credible support for the recommends.

First, although her classes are among the largest at the university, the committee needs more details about her classes. It is entirely possible that her classes are all compulsory one, which compel the student to attend. And the condition of the students in her classes is another factor need to be considered. If most of the students do anything other than listening, we cannot conclude that she is popular in the students. Without considering the sort of all her classes and the response of her students, the committee cannot conclude that Thomas is an effective teacher and therefore should be granted a raise and a promotion.

Secondly, the author noted that the money she has brought to the university in research grants has exceeded her salary in each of the last two years, which proves nothing about either her teaching abilities or her research abilities. It is possible that the grants her get in recently two years are the only money she had ever got in her seventeen years' application. Even if she had the enough ability to get research funds, lacking of the specific sum of the grants she brought to the university, Thomas would appear undeserving of the raise and promotion.

Thirdly, the author provided no evidence that could support the promotion. All the material in hand did not indicate that Prof. Thomas hold that ability to be a Chairperson of the Department, although she was popular in students and able to earn research grants. Lacking such evidence, the committee cannot bolster this recommend.

In conclusion, the recommendation is ill-founded. To strengthen it the committee must provide clear evidence that Thomas is an effective teacher and specific evidence of her research ability. Finally, the committee must review whether Thomas fit for the position of Chairperson.   Lacking of the overall information about the application and her ability, the raise and promotion is unreasonable.
提纲：
ARGUMENT203 - The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.
"At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals."
在Saluda镇的小型非盈利医院，患者平均逗留时间是两天；在邻近的Megaville市的大型盈利医院，患者平均逗留时间为6天。而且，Saluda医院患者的治愈率大约是Megaville医院的两倍。Saluda平均每个患者对应的医务人员的数量比Megaville医院多，而且地方医院关于服务的投诉也较少。这些数据表明小型非盈利医院的治疗比大型盈利医院更加经济，质量更高。
1，  没有直接的对比数字，无法得出S比M质量更高，提供的住院天数没有意义。重病的人一般去大医院，而且由于S是非营利的，对资源使用控制并不完全视病情需要，不排除有可能病人没好就让人走人;
2，  无法得出S比M更加经济，因为S不赢利，M赢利，不过如果把治疗效果考虑进来，情况就要复杂一些。提供的每位医生看病人的比较没有意义。因为S没有钱支付更多的人员工资，所以每个人看的病人多，每位病人得到的治疗少，但又不能保证医生水平会比M高，所以这一点是不被保证的;
3，  S比M投诉也较少,，因为不知道两家医院接待病人的情况所以无从比较。另外，S非营利可能，病人也就不抱怨了，或者是穷人，不愿惹麻烦。而M就不一样了，因为营利，人们对它会挑剔一些。
ARGUMENT154 - The following appeared in the editorial section of a health and fitness magazine.
"In a study of the effects of exercise on longevity, medical researchers tracked 500 middle-aged men over a 20-year period. The subjects represented a variety of occupations in several different parts of the country and responded to an annual survey in which they were asked: How often and how strenuously do you exercise? Of those who responded, the men who reported that they engaged in vigorous outdoor exercise nearly every day lived longer than the men who reported that they exercised mildly only once or twice a week. Given the clear link that this study establishes between longevity and exercise, doctors should not recommend moderate exercise to their patients but should instead encourage vigorous outdoor exercise on a daily basis."
在一次关于锻炼对寿命的影响的调查中，医务人员在20年的期间跟踪了500名中年男子。调查对象覆盖了全国若干不同地区的多种职业，他们每年回答一次问卷，在问卷中他们被问道：你锻炼的频率和强度如何？在那些回答了问卷的人中，那些报告说自己几乎每天都参加激烈的户外运动的人比那些报告说自己每周仅仅温和地锻炼一两次的人活的长。鉴于这一调查所建立的长寿与锻炼之间的明显联系，医生不应该建议患者进行温和的运动而应该鼓励他们每天都参加激烈的户外运动。
1,文中没有直接证据证明频繁的激烈室外运动比中等运动更使人长寿，问卷调查的样本太小，其结果的可信度大大降低了；有可能哪些喜欢激烈运动的人只是非常特殊的情况，不具备代表性；
2，同时把巨烈和频率放在一起，这是两个概念，而且不一定同时，也许分开会有效；
3，论据研究有问题。人的状况不一样，身体好的人，可能会比其它人更喜欢运动，尤其是一些强度大的运动。而且只问卷只有中年男人，没有包括女人。
ARGUMENT168 - Typically, as people age, their bone mass decreases, making them more vulnerable to bone fractures. A recent study concludes that the most effective way to reduce the risk of fractures in later life is to take twice the recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium daily. The three-year study followed a group of French women in their eighties who were nursing-home residents. The women were given daily supplements of twice the recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium. In addition, the women participated in a light weightlifting program. After three years, these women showed a much lower rate of hip fractures than is average for their age.
通常当人们衰老的时候，他们的骨质减少，使他们容易骨折。最近一项研究认为在老年减少骨折危险的最好办法就是每天服用双倍于推荐用量的维生素D和钙。这项为期三年的研究跟踪了一组在养老院生活的80多岁的法国妇女。她们每天被给予两倍于推荐用量的维生素D和钙。而且，这些妇女参加了轻微的举重活动。三年之后，这些妇女髋关节骨折的发生率低于同龄人的平均水平。
1，  论断不具有代表性，也没有提人数，而且仅限于某种女人；
2，  髋关节骨折少了，其它骨折没提，没有排除其它因素，比如她们比以前更加小心了。另外营养品里是不是还有其它成份在起作用。所以不足以说明该方法可以减少骨折危险；
3，没有直接的证据证明VD和钙能够counteract the vulnerability caused by the bone mass decrease.
ARGUMENT222 - The following article appeared in a recent issue of a college newspaper.
"Among all students who graduated from Hooper University over the past five years, more physical science majors than social science majors found permanent jobs within a year of graduation. In a survey of recent Hooper University graduates, most physical science majors said they believed that the prestige of Hooper University's physical science programs helped them significantly in finding a job. In contrast, social science majors who found permanent employment attributed their success to their own personal initiative. Therefore, to ensure that social science majors find permanent jobs, Hooper University should offer additional social science courses and hire several new faculty members who already have national reputations in the social sciences."
在过去五年从Hooper大学毕业的所有学生中，物理学专业的毕业生在毕业一年内找到固定工作的人数要多于社会科学的毕业生。在一次对于Hooper大学最近的毕业生的调查中，多数物理学专业的学生说他们认为Hooper大学物理学科的声望在他们找工作的过程中起到了极大的作用。相比之下，找到固定工作的社会科学毕业生则把他们的成功归因于他们自己的能动性。因此，为保证社科毕业生找到固定工作，Hooper大学应该提供更多的社科课程并雇佣一些已经在社科领域获得全国声誉的新教员。
1，  没有直接证据证明H校目前的社会学系不好；
2，  毕业后一年里是否找到终生工作不能说明H校社会学系的学生不好找工作，可能有学生不愿接受，或者没有找到合适的；
3，  找工作与职业市场有关系，可能理科学生本来就比社会学的工作多；
4，  学生把找工作上的成功归因于他们自己的能动性，可能理科学生比较谦虚，而社会学的学生比较实诚；
5，多提供课程和找新的有名望的老师并不能保证更多的社会学系的学生能找到终身职业。

高加索UID：2246937

In this report, an Elm City University committee recommends increasing Professor Thomas' salary and promoting her Department Chairperson because of her effectiveness as a teacher and researcher. To support this recommendation the report points out that Thomas' classes are among the largest at the University and that last two years the money she attracted to the University exceeded her salary. The committee argues that unless the University increase Thomas' salary, she is likely to leave for another college. For several reasons, the evidence provided little credible support for the recommends.（原题观点改写得很好啊，要点都写到了）

First, although her classes are among the largest at the university, the committee needs more details about her classes. It is entirely possible that her classes are all compulsory one, which compel the student to attend. And the condition of the students in her classes is another factor need to be considered. If most of the students do anything other than listening, we cannot conclude that she is popular in the students. Without considering the sort of all her classes and the response of her students, the committee cannot conclude that Thomas is an effective teacher and therefore should be granted a raise and a promotion.（论证很清晰）

Secondly, the author noted that the money she has brought to the university in research grants has exceeded her salary in each of the last two years, which proves nothing about either her teaching abilities or her research abilities. (提教学水平就好，因为原题中的证据就是一一对应的，科研经费就是对应科研水平的）It is possible that the grants her get in recently two years are the only money she had ever got in her seventeen years' application. Even if she had the enough ability to get research funds, lacking of the specific sum of the grants she brought to the university, Thomas would appear undeserving of the raise and promotion.

Thirdly, the author provided no evidence that could support the promotion. All the material in hand did not indicate that Prof. Thomas hold that ability to be a Chairperson of the Department, although she was popular in students and able to earn research grants. （再说说可能缺乏哪方面的素质更有说服力）Lacking such evidence, the committee cannot bolster this recommend.

In conclusion, the recommendation is ill-founded. To strengthen it the committee must provide clear evidence that Thomas is an effective teacher and specific evidence of her research ability. Finally, the committee must review whether Thomas fit for the position of Chairperson.   Lacking of the overall information about the application and her ability, the raise and promotion is unreasonable.（驳论点都总结到了）

论证语言依然很专业，第一个驳论点的主题句你再看一下，觉得不是那么有力度。加油~

linshaoUID：2338229

谢谢组长！

strontium023UID：2316968

In this report, an Elm City University committee recommends increasing Professor Thomas' salary and promoting her Department Chairperson because of her effectiveness as a teacher and researcher. To support this recommendation the report points out that Thomas' classes are among the largest at the University and that last two years the money she attracted to the University exceeded her salary. The committee argues that unless the University increase Thomas' salary,（还有升职的条件） she is likely to leave for another college. For several reasons, the evidence provided little credible support for the recommends.（今天的开头比昨天的要灵活一些。）

First, although her classes are among the largest at the university, the committee needs more details about her classes. It is entirely possible that her classes are all compulsory one, which compel the student to attend.（必修课这里想得挺好） And the condition of the students in her classes is another factor need to be considered. If most of the students do anything other than listening, we cannot conclude that she is popular in the students. Without considering the sort of all her classes and the response of her students, the committee cannot conclude that Thomas is an effective teacher and therefore should be granted a raise and a promotion.（这一段假设提得很好，很结合实际）

Secondly, the author noted that the money she has brought to the university in research grants has exceeded her salary in each of the last two years, which proves nothing about either her teaching abilities or her research abilities. It is possible that the grants her（she） get in recently(recent) two years are the only money she had ever got in her seventeen years' application. Even if she had the enough ability to get research funds, lacking of the specific sum of the grants she brought to the university, Thomas would appear undeserving of the raise and promotion.(这段反驳的观点很好，而且表述得很清楚)

Thirdly, the author provided no evidence that could support the promotion. All the material in hand did not indicate that Prof. Thomas hold that ability to be a Chairperson of the Department, although（我觉得用even if 比较好，表示假设即使前面的条件成立）she was popular in students and able to earn research grants. Lacking such evidence, the committee cannot bolster this recommend.

（觉得漏了很重要的一点，没对她为什么要走进行说明啊。）

linshaoUID：2338229

谢谢 strontium023 !
我也觉得少了一点,关于Thomas will leave ECU的可能性没有提到．