Argument33【0906G 文以载道三月四月小组】第一周第一次作业 by 露珠

露珠UID: 2588328

Argument 33
The following report appeared in an archaeology journal.
'The discovery of distinctively shaped ceramic pots at various prehistoric sites scattered over a wide area has led archaeologists to ask how the pots were spread. Some believe the pot makers migrated to the various sites and carried the pots along with them; others believe the pots were spread by trade and their makers remained in one place. Now, analysis of the bones of prehistoric human skeletons can settle the debate: high levels of a certain metallic element contained in various foods are strongly associated with people who migrated to a new place after childhood. Many of the bones found near the pots at a few sites showed high levels of the metallic element. Therefore, it must be that the pots were spread by migration, not trade.'
在广泛区域分散分布的很多史前遗迹发现的形状独特的陶壶导致考古学家提出疑问：这些壶是如何流传的？有些人相信壶的制造者迁移到别的地方并把壶随之带来；另一些人相信壶是通过贸易流传的，而他们的制造者留在一个地方。现在，对于史前人类骨骼的分析可以解决这个争论: 在多种食物中都含有的某种金属元素的高含量与那些成年后移居到新地方的人有很高的关联性。在一些遗迹的壶附近发现的很多骨头都显示出这种金属元素的高含量。因此，这些壶肯定是通过迁徙而不是贸易来流传的。

提纲:  
1没有证据证明这种金属元素只在某一个地方存在，而其他地方就没有。如果在很多地方有的话，就不成立。
2 就算成立，也只能说明这种骨头附近的壶是由移民传播而来的。其他地方的壶就不一定。
3 就算不同地方的壶旁边的骨头是同一个地方生活的人，也不能能说明是有移民带来的，也许是远行，狩猎，或战争而死在途中。
论者需要提供骨头与壶的比例，这种金属的分布情况等条件才能增强说服力、
The arguer opinionatedly drew the conclusion that migration lead to the distribution of these pots according to some unwarranted reasoning. To substantiate the conclusion, he indicated that metallic element contained in foods would follow the people who migrated to a new place after childhood. In addition, he pointed out that many bones near these pots have a great amount of metallic element. The deduction seems quite sound, however, it commits three logical fallacies.
The precondition of the statement is that these bones belong to individuals who lived in the same place when they were children. Nevertheless, the arguer did not provide strong proof to attest it. Although some bones which has high level of metallic element found around the pots, but there is no definite evidence which shows that only in one place can we find this metallic element, moreover, others has possibility of being. The reasoning will not come into existence on condition that metallic element found in many places. If a lot of regions have the metallic element, it demonstrates that these bones may come from different tracts. The grounds of argument are not convincing and seemingly.
The evidence the author provided is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. Even assuming that the premise come into existence, it just indicates that these pots near bones were spread by migrants but not others. One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. In effect, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all. Unless it can be shown that this site is a representative of all sites, the author can confidently conclude.
The argument can not make out the statement that these pots must follow with migrants. It is also an arbitrary decision. Even if the bones near the pots from dissimilar sites belong to individuals who lived in the same place at the same time, it can not ensure that they appeared in different region because of migration. There are many reasons why people came forth in the other place, such as hunting, excursion and war, afterward died on the way to their destination. They are not migrants, whereas came into being the situation that pots scattered extensively. Admittedly, as the arguer couldn’t guarantee that bones belong to the same place, the probability of trade between different regions should not be excluded which made these pots appear at various sites.
To sum up, the conclusion lacks of credibility. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer should provide the dispersed complexion of metallic element and the proportion of pots with bones. Therefore, if the argument had included the given factors discussed above, it would be more through and logically acceptable.

liuguaguaUID: 2569375

[ 本帖最后由 liuguagua 于 2009-1-11 23:22 编辑 ]

wsggUID: 2553150

写得挺好的。我的交晚了，有时间麻烦你帮我看下，谢谢~

on 露珠
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