〖TOEFL 2009上半年-Dark_Tournament听力组〗jy02885272 的听力备考日志贴

jy02885272UID: 2512481

索引......
〖TOEFL 2009上半年-Dark_Tournament听力组招新大帖〗 [url]https://bbs.gter.net/thread-926650-1-1.html[/url]
1楼 --------- 目录
2楼 --------- 经验总结.....
3楼 --------- 3月11日听写日志（1989-01-p2；1989-05-p3）
4楼 --------- 3月12日听写日志（1990-05-p3；1990-08-p3）
5楼 --------- 3月13日听写日志（1991-05-P2；1992-08-P3）
6楼 --------- 3月14日听写日志（1993-01-P2; 1993-10-P2）
7楼 --------- 3月16日听写日志（1995-08-p5; 1995-12-p5; 1996-01-p3）

jy02885272UID: 2512481

经验总结（每10天一个总结）
第一阶段经验总结（3月11日——3月21日）：
经过10天的听写、跟读和背诵的练习，本人发现原本有xxxx等问题，现在已经解决了哪些问题，还存在哪些问题。
第二阶段经验总结（3月22日——3月31日）：
经过了第二个10天的基础练习，本人又解决了哪些问题，还存在哪些问题没有解决。
第三阶段经验总结（4月1日——4月10日）：
『理论上来讲，现在应该是即将出现或者已经出现量变到质变转化的时候了，所以这个阶段的总结应该会有比较深刻的体会，请大家好好写写啊：）』

jy02885272UID: 2512481

3月11日作业

1989-01-p2

We are rapidlynearing the end of this course in the history ofclassical music.

We have covered severalcenturies in a very short time. Much too short to do the music justice, ofcourse but then this is a survey course. Fromnow until the end of the term, we'll be talkingabout and listening to electroic tune.

You probablly already know it was in the 1930s that musicalcomputers and synthesizers first appeared inuniversities. The first commercial synthesizers were sold about this time, too.

The sophistication andcomplexity of these instruments has now increased to the point that they can produce almost any kinds of sound.

Some alarmists believe thesenew instruments will bring an end to classicalmusic, or they've already have.

You know I don't share inthis view, though I agree we are in the midst ofa revolution in instrumentdesign.

This, however, is not the first such revolution inmusical history and probably not the last one either.

Remember we've already studied a similiar case in the early 19th century.

When the piano replaced the harpsichord and modernbrass and wind instruments came into being.

One of the most important reasons for the greatpopularity of the electronic instruments is of course their relatively cheapprice.

Well, just look at it.

Only about 400 dollars for an electronic keyboard,compared to nearly3000 dollars for a piano.

Naturally, this has done a lotto increase sales of electronic instruments.

But I don't think even the mostardent supporters of the electronicinstruments expect them to completely replace acousticinstruments.

1989-05-p3

Let'slook back in history to an earlier way oflife.

At one time children didn't have to learn any more than how to cope with their physicalenvironment.

They have to learn to be carefularound moving objects, and draw back when they got too close to something dangerous.

They didn't need a special school to learn these things, other than the school of experience , nor wasschool necessary for them to learn how to survive.

Because their parents taught all they neededto know about how to hunt, and to till the soil.

But as thesociety became more complex,people depended more on others who were livingfar away.

So it became important for children to learn to read and write.

Whenmoney was created, they needed to learn to count and calculate.

Children had to know these thingsin order to survive in this new expanded environment.

Because such skills could not belearned simply through first-hand experience, school became necessary so that children could betaught what we now will call, the three Rs:
reading, writing and arithmetic.

jy02885272UID: 2512481

1990-05-p3

WRITE DOWN WHAT YOU HAVE HEARD HERE:

Listen to the lecture. Today I'll be talking about the invention of the camera and photography.

The camera is often thought to be an modern invention.

But as early as 1727, an German physicist discovered that light darkened silver salt a chemical compound.

Using as a camera a big box with a small hole to let the light in, he made temporary images on the salt.

Sliver salt is still the base of film today.

Then a French scientist made the first permanent picture by using a special piece of mental sensitized with silver salt.

A photograph he made in 1826 still exists.

The painter Dagera improved on the process by placing common salt, the kind we eat, on the mental.

This was in 1839, the offical date of the begining of photography.

But the problem was the printing of the photographs.

And it wasn't until other scientists developed the kind of paper we now use that good printing was possible and photography became truly modern.

In 1960s , Mathew Brady was able to take his famous pictures of the American Civil War, thus making portrait poses very popular.

In the 20th century, George Eastman of the United States, simplified film developing, and Edwards Land invented the so-called instant camera with self-developing film.

If we say that the photography came into existence in 1839, it follows that it has taken more than 100 years for the camera to reach its present condition of technical refinement

1990-08-p3

WRITE DOWN WHAT YOU HAVE HEARD HERE:

Today I would like to talk about the early days of movie making in the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries.

Before the pioneering films of D.W. Griffiths, film makers were limited by several misguided conventions of the era.

According to one, the camera was always fixed at a view view point corresponding to that of the spectator in the theatre, an position now know as the long shot.

It was another convention that the position of the camera never changed in the middle of a scene.

In last week's films, we saw how Griffiths ignored both these limiting conventions, and brought the camera closer to the actor.

This shot, now known as the full shot, was consideredrevolutionary at the time.

For love of Gold, was the name of the film in which we saw the first use of the full shot.

After progressing from the long shot to the full shot, the next logical step for Griffiths was to bring in the camera still closer, in what is now called the
close-up.

The close-up had been used before though only rarely and merely as a visual stunt(特技), as for example, in Edqaed Asport's
"The Great Train Robbery", which was made in 1903.

But not until 1908 in Griffiths' movie called "After Many Years" was the dramatic potential of the close-up first exploited.

In the scene from "After Many Years" that we are about to see, pay special attention to the close-up of Annie Lee's worried face as she awaits her husband's return.

In 1908 this close-up shocked everyone in the Biogress Studio.

But Griffiths had no time for argument. He had another surprise even more radical to offer.

Immediately following the close-up of Annie, he inserted a picture of the object of her thoughts, her husband, casting away on a desert isle.

This cutting from one scene from one another without finishing either of them, brought a torrent of criticism on the experimenter.

有些句子是完完全全听不懂啊~~~~~

jy02885272UID: 2512481

March 13th 1991-05-P2

Listen to the following lecture about Mark Twain. Mark Twain who wrote the story we are going to read, travelled quite a lot, often because circumstances, usually financial circumstances forced him to. He was born in Florida Missouri in 1835, and moved to Hannibal Missouri with his family when he was about four years old. Most people think he was born in Hannibal, but that wasn't true. After his father died when he was about twelve, Twain worked in Hannibal for a while and then left so he could earn more money. He worked for a while as a typesetter on various newspapers and then got a job as a river pilot on the Mississippi. Twain loved this job and many of his books show it. This river job didn't last however, because of the outbreak of the Civil War. Twain was in the confederate army for just two weeks, and then he and his whole company went west to get away from the war and the army. In Nevada(内华达) California Twain prospected for silver and gold without much luck, but did succeeded as a writer. Once that happened, Twain travelled around the country giving lectures and earning enough money to go to Europe.Twain didn't travel much the last ten years of his life, and he didn't pulish much either. Somehow his travel, even when forced, inspired his writings.Like many other popular writers, Twain derived much of the materials for his writing from the wealth and diversity of his own personal experiences.

March 13th 1992-08-P3

Listen to the talk about the history of the Hudson river. Today I would like to begin by disscussing early European settlement along one of our well-known rivers, the Hudson, which empties into the Atlantic to form Newyork bay.

The Hudson river has a couple of interesting physical features that made it very attractive for settlement by the Europeans.

The first is that the river extends inland from the Atlantic Ocean, for more than 150 miles, with no waterfalls or rapids.

Its surface is virtually flat for that entire distance without obstacles. Second, the whole 150-mile stretch is influenced by tides
from the Atlantic Ocean. Routhly every 6 hours the river reverses direction. Flowing north when the tide is rising and south towards the ocean when the tide is going down. Obviously there were no obstacles to prevent settlers from moving further upstream on the Hudson river, and this explains why the Dutch penetrated so far inland. They were the first Europeans to settle in the Hudson valley. Of course to go upstream, the Dutch settlers needed the right kind of boat, and so to navigate the river, they designed a sloop(小帆船) with only one mast but with two (salls?),one rigged(装配) in front of the mast and one behind. The mast was very tall, in many cases over 100 feet tall, so that the large salls could catch winds blowing above the shore line hills. Hudson river sloops(小帆船) carried passengers and cargo. The cargo ranging from coal, lumber(木材) and hay（干草）, to fruit, vegetables and livestock（家畜）. Travelling only ten miles an hour in a good wind, the sloop was not too speedy by modern standards, but it was ideally suited to the Dutch settlement. And in fact when the steam boat eventually was introduced, it couldn't keep up with the sloop.

jy02885272UID: 2512481

March 14th 1993-01-P2

Listen to a lecture in the musicappreciation class. To play their music well, jazz musicians don't need to knowa lot about the rules of harmony and rhythm.

Of course they might have aknowledge of both harmony and rhythm, but that kind of knowledge isn't what makes them goodjazz musicians.

What does make them good ishaving a intuitive feeling for how the music works.

For artists in the medium of jazz, the music comes naturally.

It flows almost spontaneously through them.

Their music performance is not planned inadvance.

As they play, they don't monitor themselves in term ofa formal theory of performance.

As a result, jazz is a naturallyexpression of the moods and feelings of the artists,a moment by moment expression of the self.

Now you arein for a treat.

I brought some recordings of myfavorite jazz artists.

We'll spend some time listeningto some examples of really good jazz.

March 14th 1993-10-P2

Listen to a lecture about thehistory of higher education in the UnitedStates.

Three developments in UnitedStates' higher education that you are benefiting from today started more than acentury ago following the Civil War.

(The first of these was the rapidgrowth of technological and professional education to meet the urgent demandsof a complexing industrial and urban society, new schools of technogy,engineering, artitecture, law and medicine.)

Second was the provision forgraduate study, such as what had long existed inFrance and Germany.

Harverd and John Hopkins universities quickly took this lead in this field, but the state universities did not lag far behind.

Third was the increased provision for the education of women.

This included the establishment of new women's colleges, such as Vasa, Welisly and Smith, and the adoption ofco-education in all the state universities as well as many privateinstitutions. These developments, the growth of technological and professionaleducaiton, the provision for graduate study and the increased educationalopportunities for women, began over a centuryago, continue to this day, whenever ten decadessince the end of the Civil War.

jy02885272UID: 2512481

March 16th 1995-08-p5

Listen to partof a lecture given in a marine biology class. To us, the environment in which fish dwell(居住) often seems cold, dark and mysterious.

But there are adventages to livein water.

And they'veplayed an important role in making fish what they are.

One is that water isn't subjectto sudden temporature changes.

Therefore it makes an excellent habitant for a cold-bloodanimal.

Another advantage is the water'sability to easily support body weight.

Protoplasm(细胞质)
has approximately the samedensity as water.

So a fish in water is almostweightless.

This weightlessness in term meanstwo things: 1) A fish can get along with a light weight and a simple bone structure. And 2) Limitations to afish's size are practically(实际上) removed.

Yet there is one basic difficultyto live in water: the fact that (it) is incompressible.

For a fish to move through water, it must actuallyshove it aside.

Most can do this by wiggling back and forth in snakelike motion.

The fish pushes water aside by the forward motion ofits head and with a curve of its body at its flexible tail.

Next, the water flowes back along the fish's narrowingsize, closing in at thetail, and helping the fish propel itselfforward.

March16th 1995-12-p5

Listen to a lecturegiven in a dance history class.

So, why did what isnow called "modern dance", begin in the United States?

To begin to answerthis question, I'll need to back track a little bit and talk about classicballet.

By the late 1800, ballet had lost a lot of its popularity.

Most of the balletdancers who performed in United States were brought over from Europe.

They performed usingthe rigid techniques that had been passed down through the
centuries.

Audiences and dancersin United States were eager for their own contemporary dance form.

And so around 1900,dancers created one.

So how was this moderndance so different from classic ballet?

Almost notably itwan't carefully choregraphed(choregraph v. 设计舞蹈动作).

Instead, the dancedepended on mean improvisation and free personal expression of the dancers.

Music and scenery(n. 风景)were of little importance to the modern dance.

And lightness of movementwasn't important either.

In fact, moderndancers make no attempt at all to concealthe effortinvolved in the dance step.

But even ifimprovisation appealed to audiences, many dance criticists were lest? enthusiasticabout the performances.

They(联系上下文才能与the分辨开）
questioned
the artistic integrityof dancers who were not professionally trained and the artisticvalue of works that
had no formalstructure.

Loi Fore, after performing FireDance, was described as doing little more than turning roundand round like a eggbeater(n.打蛋器, [美俚]直升飞机).

Yet the free personal expression of the pioneerdancers is the basis of the controlled freedom of modern dance today.

March16th 1996-01-p3

In 1871 the firstpassenger elevators were used in office buildingsand allowed architects to buildhigher than people could confortably work.

Another innovationwas in building technique.

In 1887 the steel skeleton wasintroduced and allowed for the construction of tall building that couldwithstand hign winds.

We takefor granted some of the other inventionsthat enabled people to live and work in skyscrapers.

For example, few people realizedthat the telephone was necessary for vertical communications, and that flush toilets and vacuum incinerator(焚化炉) waste disposal possible.

Now (as)we've entered the age of super skyscraper(s?), some with more than 200 floors,we see the need for even more technological innovations.

In the area of heating and cooling systemsfor example.

For all their benefits, thesesuper tall buildings do cause problems though.

For one thing, they place anenormous train(队列,链) on parking and traffic row in urban areas.

But let's leave behind these technical concerns and move on to considersome of the design elements that have come to
characterize the age of the skyscraper.

ilovelxlxUID: 2613222

谢谢分享

jy02885272UID: 2512481

March 17th 1996-01-p5
Listen to a lecture in a geology class.
If you flow over certain parts of Nebraskaand Texas by plane, you might notice some largeareas apprearing as bright green circles, manyhundreds of feet across.
This green is unusual in the high plainsarea where the climateis very dry.
These green patches are the result of a new technique for miningunderground water.
In this technique, miners bore deep holesin the ground until they reach a special geological formation called aquifer.
The water, which has collected in these aquifers for hundreds of yearsis called the fossil water, or ground water.
It pumped up through the bored hole and sprayed(喷射)over the ground, to irregate crops.
Raising crops such as cottonand wheat watered in this way creates the fertile green areas that contrast vividly with a natural brownof the plains.
Crop yields have increased dramatically.
However, they've created a seriousenvironmental problem.
The problem is that the water is been removed from many aquifers fasterthan they can be replenished naturally.
Ground water levels have droped rapidly and it's becoming more difficult and expensive to get this water.
In some parts of texas, water level in some of the aquifers have declined by more than 400 feets in 25 years.
This process of using water faster than it can be replaced iswide-spread and serious.

Marth 17th 1996-05-p3
Listen to part of a lecture about the railroad industry.
At the beginning of the centry, the railroads were used to haul(v.拖拉) everything.
Powerful railroad barons made fortunes without having to be accountable to the public, orconsiderable to the customers.
But cars and trucks changed all of that.
And by 1970, the rail industry was beset (v.围攻，困扰)with problems.
Trucks were taking all the new business.
And even so, the rail industry remainedindifferent to customers.
Also many regulations kept the rail industry from adjusting to shiftingmarkets.
But in 1980, the rail industry enteredthe modern era, where whena deregulations bill was passed that allowed railroad companis to make quickadjustments to fees and practices.
Companies reduced their lines by one third and used fewer employees.
They also took steps to minimize damage to products.
And to increase their shipping capacity by stacking(v.堆积) freight(n.货物)containers on railroad cars.
To accommodate these taller loads(n.负荷),underpaths and tunnels(n.隧道) were enlarged.
The image of the rail industry has changed dramatically.
Today companies are very reponsive(adj.反应热烈的)to customers and are gaining increasing marketshares in the shipping industry.
The railroad saftey record is also strong.
Freight trains have an accident rate that is only 1/3 that of thetrucking industry.
Trains also come out ahead of trucks onenvironmental grounds, because they give off only 1/10 to 1/3 the pollution that is emittedby trucks.
And railroading does not wear? out highways as trucks do.

March 17th 1996-N01-p5
Listen to part of a lecture from an American civilization course.
In the late 1400s, when Christopher Columbus returned to Spain from thewestern hemisphere, he brought with him a sample of what the native Americans called maize, or as we call it more often today--corn.
The corn that Columbus introduced to Europe was thedistant descendant(n.后代) of a grass native to Mexico.
The peoples of the Americans probably started to domesticate(n.驯化) these grasses as early as 5000 BC.
After about 1000 years, they haddeveloped a highly productive strands of cornwhich later became the basis for the great pre-Columbian civilizations.
Figuaratively(n.形象地，比喻地) speaking, both the city of the Incas and the temple of the Mayas were built on corn.
Domesticated corn, and the people whocultivate it, developed together.

Without humans to care for it,domesticated corn could not survive.
The kernels are crowded to gather? beneath the strong, protectivehusk and silk.
And the young corn shoot is not strong enough to break through the huskon its own.
If people did not strip(v.剥去) away thehusk and plant individual kernels, the corn would die out.

jy02885272UID: 2512481

March 18th 1997-08-p5
Listen to part of a talk in an art history class.
You may remember that a few weeks ago, we discussed the question of what photography is.
Is it art, or it is a method of reproducing images?
Do photographes belong in museums, or just in our homes?
Today I want to talk about a person who tried to make his professional life an answer to such questions.
Alfred Stieglitz went from the United States to Germany to study engineering.
While he was there, he became interested in photography and began to experiment with his camera.
He took pictures under conditions that most photographers considered too difficult.
He took them at night, in the rain, and of people and objects reflected in windows.
When He returned to the United States, he continued these revolutionary efforts.
Stieglitz was the first person to photograph skyscrapers, clouds, and views from an airplane.
What Stieglitz was trying to do in his photographs was what he tried to do throughout his life: make photography an art.
He found that photography could be just as beautiful a form of self-expressions as paining and drawing.
For Stieglitz, his camera was his brush.
While many photographers of the late 1800s and early 1900s, thought of their work as a reproduction of identical images, Stieglitz saw his as a cretive art form.
He understood the power of the camera to capture the moment.
In fact he never retouched(v.润饰,修正) his prints or made copies of them.
If he were in this classroom today, I'm sure he'd say, "well, painyers don't nomally make extra copies of their paintings, do they?"
Marth 18th 1997-10-p5
Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.
I'm glad you brought up the question of our investigations into the makeup of the earth's interior.
In fact since this is the topic of your reading assignment for next time, let me spend these last minutes of class talking about it(that?).
There were several important discoreries in the early(adv.&adj. 早) part of this century that helped geologists develop a more accurate picture of the earth's interior.
The first key discovery had to do with seismic(adj. 地震的) waves.
Remember they are the vibrations caused by earthquakes.
Well, scientists found that they travel thousans of miles through the earth's interior.
This finding enabled geologists to study the inner parts of the earth.
You see, these studies revealed that these vibrations were of two types, compression or P waves, and shear or S waves.
And researchers found that P waves travel through both liquids and solids, while S waves travel only through solid matter.
In 1906, a British Geologist discovered that P waves slowed down at certain depth, but kept traveling deeper.
On the other hand, S waves either disappeared or were reflected back.
So he concluded that the depth marked the boundary between a solid mantle(n.地幔) and the liquid core.
Three years later, another boundary was discovered--that between the mantle and the earth's crust(n.外壳）.
There are still a lot to be learned about the earth.
For instance, geologists know that the core is hot.
Evidence of this is the molten lava that flows out of the volcanoes.
But we are still not sure what the source of the heat is.

March 18th 1998-01-p3
Listen to part of a lecture in a composition class.
By the end of the term, I hope you will
be convinced as I am that formal writing always requires revision(n. 校订,修正).
Sometimes it requires a fairly major rewriting of the paper.
Some students have the mistaken idea that revision means simply making corrections in spelling and gramma.
I call that proofreading.
What I expect you to do with your revise is to evaluate and improve the overall effectiveness of your paper.
But how can you tell if your paper is effective?
Well, for example, start by asking yourself these questions:
Is the topic restricted enough to be fully disscussed within the given length?
Are the main ideas clear?
Are they supported by specific details and examples?
Do they move smoothly from one idea to the next?
You need enough time for possible major overhaul(大修).
That is, you may have to make a lot of changes before your paper becomes really clear to the reader.
So I'll expect a preliminary draft of each paper two weeks before the final due date.
That way I can criticise it and get it back in time for you to revise it.
That you can submit a final draft for grading.
This process may seem like a deal of trouble at first, but I think you'll find it valuable.
In fact, after you finish this course, I doubt you'll ever turn in a termpaper without first revising it carefully。

jy02885272UID: 2512481

March19th 1998-05-p4
Listento a talk in an American history class.
I'mgoing to introduce two current points of view about the motivation for writing the United States Constitutionback in 1787.
Thefirst one is called the idealist view.
Theidealists basically believed that the writers of the Constitution weremovatived by ideas?(ideals).
Whichideas?
Theideas of the revolutionary war, such as libertyand democracy.
Theidealists remind that the young country had a lot of problems, an economic depression, alarge war debts, lawlessness and trade barriersbetween the states.
Theyargue that the representives needed controlthese problems in order for the United States to survive.
Anotherpoint of view is the economic view.
Theeconomic view is that the writers of the constitution were concerned abouttheir own financial interests.
Accordingto them, most people were living wealth for the wealthiest people were afraidof losing their money.
Thewriters wanted a strong central government that would promote trade protect
private property, and perhaps most of all,collect taxes to pay off the United States' large war dets.
Becausea number of those who wrote the constitution hadloaned(贷款) the American Government alot of money during the revoluation.
Whichview is correct?
Well historians who wrote during the calm and proserous1950, found reasons to believe the idealistview.
Thosewho wrote during the trouble (of) 1960s, found support for the economic view point.
I'dsay that neither view is complete. Both the idealist and the economicperspective contribute a part to the whole picture.

March 19th 1999-01-p5
The common broad leaf trees we haveon campus fall into this category, but our pinesdon't.
Now I hope you all followed myadvice and wore comfortable shoes, because as I said, today we are going to doa little field study.
To get started, let me describe a couple of the broadleaf trees we have in front of us.
I'm sure you've all noticed that thisbig tree next to Brett Hall.
It's black walnut(n. 胡桃) thatmust be 80 feet tall.
As a matter of fact, there is a plaque(n. 匾) identifying(标识). It is the tallest black walnut in the state.
And from here we can see the beautiful archway(n. 拱门,拱道) of trees at thecommons.
They are American elms.
The ones along thecommons(n. 平民, 下议院, 公共食堂) were planted when the college was founded 120 years ago.
They have distinctive dark green leafs that lock upsided, because the two sides of the leaf are unequal.
I want you to notice the elm right outside Jackson hall.
Some of the leaves have witheredand turned yellow, maybe due to Dutch elmdisease.
Only a few branches seem affective so far, but if thistree is sick, it'll have to be cutdown.
Well, let's move on, and I will describe what we see aswe go.

March 19th 1999-05-p4
Listen to a lecture given in a mass communications class.
It was an Italian inventor who createdthe first wireless device for sending out radio signals in 1895.
But not until the American inventor LeeDe Forest built the first amplifyingvacuum tube in 1906 that we got the first radio as we know it.
And the first actural radio broadcast was made onChristmas Eve in 1906.
That's when someone working from an experimental stationin Brand Rock, Massachusetts,arranged to program of two short musical selectionsof poem and brief holiday greeting.
The broadcast was heard by wireless operators on shipswith a radio through severalhundred miles.
The followingyear, De Forest began regular radio broadcasts in New  York.
These programswere similar to much of what we heard on the radio today, in that De Forest played only music.
But becausethere was still no home radio receivers, DeForest's audience consisted only of wirelessoperators on ships in New York Harbor.
There is nodoubt that radio broadcasting was quite a novelty in those days.
But it took awhile to catch on commercially, why?
Hmm, for the simple fact that only a few people, in factonly those who tinkered with wireless telegraphsas a hobby ownedreceivers.
It wasn'tuntil the 1920s that someone envisioned mass appeal for radio.
This was radiopioneer David Sarnoff, who predicted that oneday there would be a radio receiver in every home.

jy02885272UID: 2512481

March 20th 2000-05-p3
Listen to part of the talk in a literature class.
Ok, you remember I'vementioned that it is important to read the assignedpoems aloud, so you can develop an appreciation of the sounds of the poetry.
The rhymes, the rhythm, and the repeatition of words or sounds and to get the sense of the interplay between the sounds of the words and their meaning.
This is really critical aswe moved into modern poetry, especially bywriters who place so much importance on sounds that the meaning become allbetter relevent.
Like this lineby Gertrude Stein that I'dlike to quote.
Listen, listen as I saythe words.
Rose, is a rose, is arose, is a rose.
Taken literally this would seem to be an empty statement,one which gives us with no information.
But the purpose of a poem need not be to inform the reader of anything ,but rather to revoke feelings.
To create a sensual as well as phonically pleasing experience.
Now Gertrude Stein was better known for her prose(n.散文) than for her poems.
But I'd like to quote this line becase of its musicality, and because I think it helps open up ourawareness to the unconventional lyricism ofcontemporary poets.
You'll see this in yourhomework tonight as you read the poetry of John Ashbery
, especially ifyou read it out aloud which I recommend you do.
Poets like Ashbery don'trely so much on any form of rhyme scheme ormeter, as on the musical quality of theindividual words themselves.
As I said, Stein wasbetter known for her non-poetic works.
And now I'd like to touchbriefly on her essay intitled "Conversationand Explanation".
This work deals with hertheory of writing, and will help to explain some of the things we've benntalking about.

March 20th 2000-05-p4
Listen to a talk in aclass about United States history.
Last week you recall wedisscussed the early development of railroads in the United States.
Today I want to mention aneven earlier form of transportation, one that brought teh first EuropeanSettlers to America.
And that's the woodensailing ship.
From colonial times, sailing ships were vital to theeconomy.
Many coastal towns depended on fishing or whaling for employment andincome.
This was especially truein northestern states.
And there the wood fromnearby forests and the skills of local designersand workers also formed the basis of animportant shipbuilding industry.
But the big profits was to be madeon trade with faraway places.
And since sea captainsoften become part owners of their ships, they had a strong interest in thecommercial success of their voyages.
So these Yankees(n.美国佬), that's what US sailors and officerscame to be called, they carried on a very profitable trade with other parts ofthe world.
The high point of thistrade came in the mid-19th century, with theintroduction of the clipper ship, the enormous Yankee cilppers with huge sails reaching nearly 200 feet into the sky.
He'd carry passengers andcargo from Newyork, around south America, to San Francisco in less than 3 months, and clearto China in just half an year.
At that time this seemedunbelievably fast and efficient.
But in the 1860s, more reliable steam-powered ships began to take over.
And soon the importantrole of sailing ships in the US economy would come to an end.

March 20th 2000-05-p5
Listen to part of a talkin a class on early childhood education.
The professor isdiscussing penmanship(n.书法): the quality of one's handwriting.
As you prepare to becomeelementary school teachers, you will be hearing a lot of discussing about relevance of teaching penmanship.
Now years ago when I wasstudying education in collage, reading, writing, and arithmetic(n.算术)were the basics of elementary school education.
It went without saying that writing meant firstand foremost(n.最重要的) penmanship.
That is the neatness of the child's handwriting.
Back then penmanship wasoften taught as a separate subject, from the first grade right up through thesixth grade, long after the children had moved from writing in block capital letters to cursive script.
It was considered soimportant that sometimes prizes were even awarded for the best handwriting.
But when we move ahead a few decades into the 1980s, we see teachers and administratorsand even parents, telling us that teaching penmanship is a waste of time.
With computers, they said, children can successfullymanipulate the keyboard or mouse of their home computers before they can evenhold a pensil.
This change in attitudehad an impact on the classroom.
In your homework for this week you'll be looking at what (state wide curriculum standards in the US say)about penmanship.
You'll see that in manystates penmanship has been de-emphasized in a required cirruculum, especially in the later yearsof elementary school.
In canifornia for example,the curriculum calls for fourth-grade studentsto, and I quote, write fluently and legibly in cursive or joined Italics(n.斜体字), essentially a level appropriate forfourth-graders.
But after this, thecurriculum makes no further mention of penmanship in grades five, six orbeyond.
Any higher level ofquality and neatness is simply not among the curricular(adj.课程的)objectives.
Your assignment is to lookat what the curriculum standards for all 50 states say about penmanship.

jy02885272UID: 2512481

March 23th 2000-10-p3
Listen to part of a talk in a physics class.
Okay, since we have been talking about mechanicsand (then?) we still have a few minutes, let metell you a little about the ancient Greeks at what they thought aboutmechanics.
They came up with a system that for them seems todiscribe and explain the different motions of different materials.
In morethan 2000 years ago, Aristotle the ancient Greekphilosopher assumed that all the matter on earthwas made up of four prime substances, earth, water, airand fire.
Under this system, earth is the densest, water isnext, air is less dense than water, and fire is the least dense of all.
The heaviest objects were made of earth and water,and lighter objects contains significant amounts of fire or air.
So when Aristotle observed that different types ofmatter have different characteristics, he assumed that this was because thatdifferent types of matter were conposed of different amounts of the fourprimary substances.
And Aristotle believesthat the motions of objects could also be explained by the basic natures of thefour primary substances.
Uh..For example. There was the basic motion of upor down.
Aristotle noticed that when he released most objects, they would drop downward.
But he also knew that somethings would riseupward, like smoke.
Aristotle consider anobject downward or upward motion to be the resultof the dominant nature of the object.
So according to Aristotle, matter like rocks wereprimarily composed of earth.
Therefore, they naturally wanted to move towardsthe center of earth, because this was where allthings earth? rested.
But fire had a different resting place?, the sky.
So smoke would naturally rise when it was released, because it was driving toward its natural resting place.

March 23th 2000-08-p5
Listen to part of a talk in a literature class. Theprofessor is duscussing the poetry of ancient Greece. We'regoing to start our discussion of poetry in western Europe with the Illiad and the Odyssey.
These two great poems stands out as great examples of theearliest European poems.
They are believed to have been written sometime between800 BC and 700 BC, partly because the poems refer to the social conditions of that time, conditions that have been validated by the findingsof archiologists.
But just who(连读) wasthe poet who laid down these cornerstones ofwestern literature?
Well, tradition ascribes them to a man named Homer, but we know virtually nothingabout this Homer.
In fact, some saythat such a poet never existed at all, that neither the Illiad nor the Odysseywas written by a single poet,
but rathereach poem is composed of the writings of severalpeople.
This, anyway, was the view of a school of literarycritics in the 18th century known as the Analysts.
The Analysts pointedtwo internal evidence, such as variations in the literary devices used in thepoem, to argue that each work was in fact a collection of several poems byseveral Greek authors.
Opposing the Analysts were a second group of scholars, called the Unitarians.
They insisted that the Illiad and the Odysseycould weld the? work of a single poetic genious.
To support their argument, they stressed amongother things, the consistency of the charactersportrayed in the storys.
This wouldn't havebeen possible they said if they were writen by many different poets.
Now how we look at the Homeric question today hasbeen greatly influenced by someone named Milkman Parry,an American scholar who first presented his ideas about Homer in the 1930s.
So let's take a look at Parry's research and how it affects what modern scholars think aboutHomer.

March 23th 2001-01-p3
Listen to a talk given by a history professor. The cattleranching(放牧) industry started inthe new western United States in the late 1800s.
As the industry developed, so did the horse ridingcontests(contents?) that we called rodeos(n.骑术表演).
Rodeos weren'talways the big entertainment shows that we seenowadays.
The first ones were small contests started as a form of competition among people historically referredto as cowboys, although they did include bothmen and women.
One duty of the cowboys was to guide herds ofcattle from the grassy ranges into towns around the railroads lines, where the cows wereloaded on to trains.
The cowboys would gather in the nearest cow townsto compete for the unofficial title of best horse rider, they would demonstratethe riding skills they had learned as a matter of survival.
The audience was composedmainly of other cowboys, who watched the
competitors(competitions) critically(quietly?), since they knew what the events were allabout.
Rodeo contests took different turn in the 1890s, when organizersbegan to hold cowboys sports during every agricultural fairs(农特产展示会).
What was different was the audience. It consistedof mostly of people who were unfamiliar withlife on the range.
They were amazed by the skill of the riders, andthe intelligence of the horses.
The rodeos at agricultural fairs became so popularthat rancher(n.大农场主) andbusiness people began to organize rodeos as independent events separate fromfairs.
The organizers built largearenas and earned money by requiringspectators to pay for admission.
One of the most notable rodeo of this type isstill held annually in Wyoming.
It's called Frontierdays.
Well Frontier days is not the first independentrodeo, it is the oldest annual show taking place every year since 1987.

March 23th 2001-01-p4
Listen to part of a talk in a biology class. We've beenlook at fear from a biological perspective, andsomeone asked whether the tendency to be fearfulis genetic.
What some studies done with miceindicate that mammals do inherit fearfulness tosome degree.
In one study for instance, a group of mices was placed in a brightly lit open box with no hidingplaces.
Some of the mices wondered around the box and didn't appearto be bothered about being so exposed..
But other mices didn't move. They stayed up against one wall which indicated that they wereafraid.
Well, when fearful mices,or you might say anxious mices, like the ones who stayed in one place,
When mice like these werebred with one another repeatedly, after about 12or so generations, then one of the offspringshowed similar signs of fearfulness.
And even when the new born mouse from this generation wasraised by amother, and with other mice who were not fearful, that mouse still tended to befearful as an adult.
Now why is this?
Well, it's thought that specific genes in an animal' body have an influence on anxious behavior.
These are genes that are associated with paticular nerve-cellreceptors in the brain.
And the degree of overall fearfulness in the mammals seemto depend in large part on the presence or absence of these nerve-cellreceptors.
And this appear to applies to humans as well by the way.
But while a tendency towards anxiety and fearmay well be an inherited trait, the specific form that the fear takeshas more to do with the individual's environment.
So a particular fear, like a fear of snakes or a fear ofspider, say, is not genetic, but the overalltendency to have fearfull responses is.

jy02885272UID: 2512481

March 24th 2001-01-p5
Listen to part of a talk in a geology class. Onetype of natural springs geographersare interested in is artesian(adj.自流井的)spring.
Hiking through the woods some of you may have beensurprised to see water flowing from an openingin the ground that was nowhere near a stream orriver.
That may have been an artesian spring.
To help you understand why water might flow likethis from underground, I'd like to explain the two basic conditions that arenecessary for their formations.
The first condition is that water must be contained in anaquifer.
An aquifer is an underground layer of rock orsediment that has poles or holes in it.
And this porousrock allows water to flow through it freely.
The aquifer must be inclinedso that the upper end of it is exposed to the air at the surface of the ground.
Rain water entersit through the exposed end and travels downwardto the lower portions of the aquifer.
The second condition is that above and below theaquifer there must be layers of nonporous rock or clay(n.黏土，泥土).
These are called aquicludes(n.含水土层), andthey will block or hinder the flow of water.
Aquicludes prevent water from draining(n.流干) out ofaquifers.
So, lets go back to our artesian springs.
They are usually located above ground near thelower end of inclined aquifers.
Artesian springs are those places with some hole or crack extend from the ground surfacedown through the aquicludes and into theaquifer.
Now the rain water that had drained into theaquifer from its exposed upper end created a buildup pressureat the lower end.
So if there is a crack in therock, a crack that runs from the aquiferto the surface, then a pressure pushes the water up through it.
And water comes tricking outof the artesian spring.

March 24th 2001-05-p3
Listen to a lecture in a zoology class.
The bird you see here in thisslide are peregrine(n.游隼) falcons.
These birds represent a success story among animals on theendangered species list..
In the 1970s, the peregrine falcons almost disappeared asa result of the contamination of the food chainby the DDT in pesticides.
The presence of the poison intheir systems resulted in eggs too weak to support the incubating chicks.
Their remarkablerecovery is a result of the ban of DDT as apesticide, aggressive captive feeding programsand their own resiliency(弹性).
The peregrine flacon is one of the fastest birdsalive.
They've been clocked at140 to 200 miles per hour in successful purcuit of prey( n.猎物).
In addition to speed, these birds fly directly into head winds(逆风), andthey are capable of flying more than 600 miles per day with favorable tail winds（顺风).
Today with the sophisticationof telemetry(n.遥感勘测), the speeds of these birds could be tracked by orbiting satellites, by means of transmitters(发射机) that attached to thebird.
For example, peregrine falcons stage in warmer climate, in other words, they spendtime in the southern United States awaiting hormone changes preparing them tobreed in the Arctic.
Then they migrate north to the much colder Arcticregions.
Birds have been tracked from Texas in late April, to their nesting ground in Alaska,Canada and Greenland.
Now let's move on to another species of birds, thebald(adj.秃的)eagles.

March 24th 2001-05-p4
Listen to part of a talk in a music class. The class hasbeen discussing the history of jazz music.
Ok in our last class we were discussing big band swing music(大型爵士乐团摇摆舞音乐).
You remember this was a kind of dance music with asteady rhythm(n.节奏，韵律).
But today we will deal with the style of musicplayed by smaller jazz bands.
It's called bebop(n.比博普).
Now bebop may use all sorts of new types ofrhythms, some of them very irregular.
We'll talk more about that later.
But first I wanna talk about some of the social elements that I believe contribute to the developmentof bebop music.
To do this, we have to look when bebop arose and stated becoming so popular, which was fromthe late 1930s through the 1940s, from the timeof the Great Depression right into the Second World War.
Now one factor that certainly help to create the environment for bebop music was thedecline of the United States'economy.
During the Great Depression, the economy sufferedtremendously.
And fewer people had money to spend on entertainment.
Then, during the Second World War, the goverment imposeda new tax on public entertainment, what you might calla peformance tax.
The government collected money on performances thatinclude any type
of acting, dancing or singing,but not instrumental music.
So to aviod this new tax, some jazz bands stopped usingsingers altogether.
They started relying on the creativity of theinstrumentalists to attract the audiences.
This was what bebop bands did.
Now remember a lot of big bands have singers.
So the instrumentalists simply played in the backgroundand had occasional solos while the singer sang the melodies to the songs, butnot bebop bands.
So the instrumentalists had muchmore freedom to be creative.
So they experimented, playing the music faster and usingnew irregular sorts of rhythms.

March 24th 2001-05-p5
Listen to a geologist giving a lecture to an engineering class.
Your professor has asked me to talk to you today aboutthe topic that should be of real concern to civilengineers: the erosion of the United States' beaches.
Let me start with some stistics.
Did you know that 90 percent of the coast in this countryis eroding? On the gulf(n.海湾) of
Mexico for instance,erosion averages 4 to 5 feet per year.
Over the past 20 years, there had been an increasing in buildingalong the coast, even though geologists and environmentalists have been warningcommunities about problems like erosion.
Someway(adv.以某种方法) communitieshave tried to protect their building and roads(some way ....has been to) and? to build seawalls.
However geologists have foundthat such stablizing structures acturally speedup the destruction of the beaches.
These beaches with seawalls, called stabilized beaches, are much narrower than beaches withoutthem.
You may wonder how sea walls speed up beach loss.
The explanation is simple.
If the slope(flow?)of the beach is gentle, the water's energe is lessenedas it washes up along the shore.
It is reduced even more that returnes to the seaso it doesn't carry back much sand.
On the other hand, when the water hits the nearlyvertical face of the sea wall,
It goes straight back to the sea with the full force of its energyand it carries back a great deal of sand.
Because of the real risk of losing beaches, manygeologists support a ban on all types of stabilizing constructionon the shore line.
/* sand不可数 */

jy02885272UID: 2512481

March 25th 2001-08-p3
Listen to part of a lecture in a physical geologyclass.
We only have a few minutes left so I'd like to goover a couple of points before we move on.
Remerber that although there are both horizontal and vertial movements in air, the term wind applies onlyto horizontal movements.
And that more air is involved in those horizontalmovements than in vertical movements.
And what causes thesehorizontal movements?
Alternately, it is solar radiation because the unequal heating of the earth than the atmosphere produces horizontal differences inair pressure.
These differences set windsin motion.
Essentially winds are the naturalest?(a nature's way) way of balancing out the unevendistribution of air pressure over the earth.
Secondly, let me repeat my answer to the questionwe had before about wind direction.
Many people get confused by what they hear inweather forecasts.
We talk about wind direction in terms of where thewind is coming from, not where it's blowing to. There is a good reason forthis.
To weather forecasters, the origin of the wind ismore important than its destination.
The wind's origin helps them predict the weather.
Logically in the northern hemisphere a north windtends to bring colder weather, and a south wind, warmer weather.
I haven't forgotten vertical movements of air but we don't have time today to talk about them indepth.
In our next class then, I'll begin by discusingupdraft and downdraft and how they affect the weather.
I suspect most of you can guess which of the twobrings warm whether, and which brings cold.

March 25th 2001-08-p4
Listen to part of a talk in a psychology class.
Some of the most practical lessons coming out ofresearch in psychology arethe area of memory.
People ask, why can't I remember that term from aphysical chapter(charge?) or the ...as mylibrary books(in due?)
Of a lotof people, memory may be weak because they don't use it
enough.
It's like muscle, if you don'texercise it, it won't (get?) stay strong.
That's why it's important to keep our mindsactive, to keep on learning throughout our lives, we can do this by reading,playing memory games, and seeking out new experiences.
It's my guess though thatthe lack of mental manipulation(stimulation) is nota problem for students like you.
More likely, the life youare never so busy and stimulating that this initsself(that it's itself) may sometimesinterfere with learning.
Later on I'll bediscussing how information is recalled(record)from memory.
But first the information need to be recorded, inother words, learned.
And for busy people like you and me, that wherethe real problem often lies.
If we are districted,or we are trying to think about what we're goingto be done next, the incoming message just might not be getting recordedeffectively.
And that leads tothe first tip for students who want to improve their memories.
Give your full attention to the information youhope to retain.
Researchs clearly show the advantages of this. Andalso of active learning of consciously try to visualizea new fact, perhaps to make a mental picture, even though a wildredicuous one, so the new fact will stick in memory.
Let me illustrate that for you here a little morecompletely.

March 25th 2001-08-p5
Listen to part of a talk in a biology class.
The professor is discussing insect behavior.
Today we are going to continue our discussing on social insects, focusing on the Argentine ants, which as you might
guess is aspecies of ants that is native to Angentina.
We'll consider what happened to this type of antafter some members of this species moved to Canifornia from their originalhabitat.
OK, well, in Argentina, these Argentine antsbehave like most ant species around the world.
They fight other ants of the same species if thoseants are from some other nests.
But the Argentinean ants living in Caniforniabehave differently.
Ants from different nests form a single largecolony.
Within this colony there is little aggression among ants from different nests.
And when they fight with insectsfrom outside their colony, the Argentine ants can quickly recruit a huge armyfrom their network of nests.
This of course gives them advantage over other ants' species.
So then why do the Argentinean ants behavedifferently in Canifornia than they do in Argentina?
Well, using genetic testing, researchers foundthat all the Argentine ants in Canifornia werevery similiar genetically.
You see, when the first Argentine ants came toCanifornia, their population must have been very small, and all the latergenerations of Argentine ants there must be desceded from the same few ancestors.
So they are all closely related.
This discovery is important because for mostsocial insects membership in the colony is based on how closely related theyare genetically.

Marth 25th 2001-10-p3
Listen to part of a talk in a business class.
In the 18th century, French economists protested the excessive regulation ofbusiness by the government.
Their motto was laisser faire(放任主义).
"laisser faire"means let the people do as they choose.
In the economic sense, this meant that while the government should be responsible forthings like maintaining peace and protecting property rights, it should notinterfere with private business.
It shouldn't creat regulations that might hinderbusiness growth, not should it be responsiblefor providing subsidies to help.
In other words, government should take a hand offapproach to business.
For a while in the United States, "laisser faire" was a popular doctrine.
But things quickly changed.
After the civil war, politicians rarely opposed thegovernment's generous support of businessowners.
They were only too glad to support government land grants(政府赠与地) andloans to railroad owners, for example.
There were regulations kept tariffs high and thathelped protect the American industrialists against foreign competition.
Ironically, in the late 19th century, a lot ofpeople believed that the laisser faire policywas responsible for the country's industrial grow.
It was generally assumed that because businessowners didn't have a lot of external restrictions placed on by the government,they can persue their own interests, and thiswas what made them so successful.
But in fact, many of these individuals would not have been able to meet their objectives if not forgovernment's support.