Argument207 =Auguest rush=小组第一次作业 by yangguang

yangguang_86UID: 2414818

Argument207 =Auguest rush=小组第一次作业 by yangguang[AR]

提纲：
首先，调查有问题，1.when 可能调查时蜥蜴处于冬眠都藏起来了

即便是数目下降的很严重，很反常。作者认为蜥蜴数目下降和臭氧层变薄有关。首先，此种蜥蜴生存的环境是否受到ozone 变薄的影响？若紫外线并没改变则~。其次作者没考虑其他因素：天敌多了，生存环境变了，受污染了，食物少了，都可造成。

作者接着假设数量少了，是卵孵化少了。首先世上有很多种蜥蜴，作者调查的该种是否egg也没保护层，若该种进化出shell 了，则~。就算该种无shell，紫外线很强，如果该种egg的孵化需要紫外线帮助发育，对egg的破环是不存在的。就算对egg同样有杀伤力，也不能说明就是紫外线所致，可能蜥蜴产卵、孵化都在阴暗不见光线的地方。此外很可能是其他原因：食物水质污染导致卵本身就孵不出来，和光无关。

即使该种蜥蜴数量下降就是紫外线所致卵孵不出来，但不能说明其他种的蜥蜴也受影响。可能该地区海拔太高，紫外线太强烈，而其他地区受影响不那么大，甚至没影响。就算所有蜥蜴都受影响，但也不能外推为其他物种：生存环境不同，有的喜光喜阴；有的有shell，可以抵挡紫外线；有的进化的足够强壮，甚至随着环境的变化自身进化不受影响。

正文:
In this argument, the author attributes the decrease of salamander to the increase of ultraviolet radiation ,and furthermore predicts such case would happen in other species. To support these, the author points out that ultraviolet damages delicate tissues as well as salamander eggs lack shell protection. I find this argument logically unconvincing in the main 3 respects.

A threshold problem involves the reliability of the study .When did this study conduct? If it did in seasons with bad weathers such as winter, when most of salamanders hibernate ,or if most of salamanders emerge at night when difficult to survey ,then the amount would be highly suspected.

The author also assumes unfairly that the decrease in salamander is the result of the increase amount of ultraviolet radiation .However, it is possible that the ozone layer above the mountain lake where habit the salamanders changed slightly with no obvious increase of radiation. If so, the claim cannot hold water .Moreover, the author ignores other explanations such as the increase animals prey on salamanders, polluted habitat, lack of food, diseases and the like .without accounting for other possibilities, I cannot take the conclusion seriously.

The author implies that eggs damaged by ultraviolet radiation are prevented from hatching. Yet, it may not the case. First ,there are many kinds of salamanders ,whether this kind has protective shell or not is unwarranted. Or perhaps eggs of this kind need ultraviolet to proper hatching .Also, if salamanders lay eggs in caves without light , this assumption is weak. Actually ,it is possible that other factors such as polluted water and food that salamanders were taken or improper temperature kills these eggs .Without ruling out other factors ,the author cannot convince me that ultraviolet radiation attribute to the decline of salamanders.

Even assuming the cause of declining is reliable, the prediction about the species reveals ridiculous as it stands. Perhaps the high altitude has these salamanders suffer a lot from radiation while the rest do not. Or perhaps other animals that have protective furs or shells and those would avoid basking in the sun can prevent from hurt , at least not so serious as to decline population .Furthermore , all species can evolve with the change of the earth. If so are the cases, it is impossible to conclude hastily that such decline in other species would occur.

In sum , the argument is logically flawed and unconvincing as it stands .To strengthen it , the author must provide clear evidence about the living conditions of the sample ,the amount of ultraviolet in this area and so on .

yangguang_86UID: 2414818

第一篇习作耗时2.5H，写得晕头转向,语言贫乏的自己都看不过去了，请大家拿砖头猛拍！

echodingdinghUID: 2632612

提纲：
首先，调查有问题，1.when 可能调查时蜥蜴处于冬眠都藏起来了
即便是数目下降的很严重，很反常。(感觉科学家不会这么傻)作者认为蜥蜴数目下降和臭氧层变薄有关。首先，此种蜥蜴生存的环境是否受到ozone 变薄的影响？若紫外线并没改变则~。其次作者没考虑其他因素：天敌多了，生存环境变了，受污染了，食物少了，都可造成。
作者接着假设数量少了，是卵孵化少了。首先世上有很多种蜥蜴，作者调查的该种是否egg也没保护层，若该种进化出shell 了，则~。(感觉这个论点有点钻牛角尖)就算该种无shell，紫外线很强，如果该种egg的孵化需要紫外线帮助发育，对egg的破环是不存在的。就算对egg同样有杀伤力，也不能说明就是紫外线所致，可能蜥蜴产卵、孵化都在阴暗不见光线的地方。此外很可能是其他原因：食物水质污染导致卵本身就孵不出来，和光无关。(水质污染在上一段提到过)
即使该种蜥蜴数量下降就是紫外线所致卵孵不出来，但不能说明其他种的蜥蜴也受影响。可能该地区海拔太高，紫外线太强烈，而其他地区受影响不那么大，甚至没影响。就算所有蜥蜴都受影响，但也不能外推为其他物种：生存环境不同，有的喜光喜阴；有的有shell，可以抵挡紫外线；有的进化的足够强壮，甚至随着环境的变化自身进化不受影响。
正文:
In this argument, the author attributes(只能说什么属于什么,不能说A把B归于C) the decrease of salamander to the increase ofultraviolet radiation ,and furthermore predicts(作者是推断,不是语言)
suchcase would happen in other species. To support these, the author points outthat ultraviolet damages delicate tissues as well as(不能连接两个句子吧)
salamander eggs lack shell protection.I find this argument logically unconvincing in the main 3 (觉得应该是3 main respects)respects.
A threshold(这个是名词,不可以修饰名词) probleminvolves(involve貌似不可以这样用) the reliability of the study .When did this studyconduct? If it did in seasons with bad weathers such as winter, when most ofsalamanders hibernate ,or if most of salamanders emerge at night when difficultto survey ,then the amount would be highly suspected.
The author also assumes unfairly thatthe decrease in salamander is the result of the increase amount of ultravioletradiation .However, it is possible that the ozone layer above the mountain lakewhere habit(感觉一般是说蜥蜴habit在湖里) the salamanders changed slightly with no obviousincrease of radiation. If so, the claim cannot hold water(这句什么意思?) .Moreover, the author ignores other explanationssuch as the increase(increasing) animals prey on salamanders, pollutedhabitat, lack of food, diseases and the like(没有and the like的用法吧,说andso on比较合适吧)
.without accounting for other possibilities, Icannot take the conclusion seriously.
The author implies that eggs damaged byultraviolet radiation are prevented from hatching. Yet, it may not
(be) thecase. First ,there are many kinds of salamanders ,whether this kind hasprotective shell or not is unwarranted
(用到了GRE单词,很好噢:). Or perhaps eggs of this kind need ultraviolet toproper hatching (这个理由很奇怪).Also, if salamanders lay eggs in caves withoutlight , this assumption is weak. Actually ,it is possible that other factorssuch as polluted water and food that salamanders were taken or impropertemperature kills these eggs .Without ruling out other factors ,the authorcannot convince me that ultraviolet radiation attribute to the decline ofsalamanders.
Even assuming the cause of declining isreliable, the prediction about the species reveals ridiculous as it stands.Perhaps the high altitude has these salamanders suffer a lot from radiationwhile the rest do not. Or perhaps other animals that have protective furs orshells and those would avoid basking in the sun can prevent from hurt , atleast not so serious as to decline population .Furthermore , all species canevolve(你应该好好理解一下进化论,进化论不意味着某物种数量一定不会减少呢)
with the change of the earth. If so are the cases,it is impossible to conclude hastily that such decline in other species wouldoccur.
In sum , the argument is logicallyflawed and unconvincing as it stands .To strengthen it , the author mustprovide clear evidence about the living conditions of the sample ,the amount ofultraviolet in this area and so on .
(个人感觉结尾处给作者的意见不应该说得这么精确,应该说个大概范围,比如要给出明确的数据,最多加个比如…,你看这样会不会感觉好点?:)

1.这篇文章语言较242感觉有进步了呢,希望阳光同学再接再厉!
2.一些高级的词汇感觉用得比较怪,不是特别准确,希望加强对于词汇用法的学习和掌握,不要光靠中文意思查英文这样用.(不知道你是不是这样用噢?)
3.这篇文章逻辑上有些地方有点偏激,或者说是钻牛角尖了,我在文章中有指出,希望你重新考虑一下哈:)

考虑的不周的地方希望大家一起讨论

yangguang_86UID: 2414818

3# echodingdingh
yg  资料收集

有关进化论：

达尔文在1859年出版的《物种起源》一书中系统地阐述了他的进化学说。其核心自然选择原理的大意如下：生物都有繁殖过剩的倾向，而生存空间和食物是有限的，所以生物必须“为生存而斗争”。在同一种群中的个体存在着变异，那些具有能适应环境的有利变异的个体将存活下来，并繁殖后代，不具有有利变异的个体就被淘汰。如果自然条件的变化是有方向的，则在历史过程中，经过长期的自然选择，微小的变异就得到积累而成为显著的变异。由此可能导致亚种和新种的形成。

　　达尔文的进化理论，从生物与环境相互作用的观点出发，认为生物的变异、遗传和自然选择作用能导致生物的适应性改变。它由于有充分的科学事实作根据，所以能经受住时间的考验，百余年来在学术界产生了深远的影响。但达尔文的进化理论还存在着若干明显的弱点：

　　①他的自然选择原理是建立在当时流行的“融合遗传”假说之上的。按照融合遗传的概念
，父、母亲体的遗传物质可以像血液那样发生融合；这样任何新产生的变异经过若干世代的融合就会消失，变异又怎能积累、自然选择又怎能发挥作用呢？? ②达尔文过分强调了生物进化的渐变性；他深信“自然界无跳跃”，用“中间类型绝灭”和“化石记录不全”来解释古生物资料所显示的跳跃性进化。他的这种观点近年正越来越受到间断平衡论者和新灾变论者的猛烈批评。

关于蜥蜴：
蜥蜴生境各异，生活于地下、地表或高大的植被中，沙漠及海岛中均可见。仅存的海生种为加拉帕戈斯群岛(Galapagos Islands)的海鬣蜥，食海藻。有几种蜥蜴部分水栖，食淡水生物。对蜥蜴最为重要的环境因素为温度，许多种有其「最适温度」，会晒太阳以升高体温，使之高于气温。生活于寒冷地区的种冬眠。昼长对蜥蜴亦有影响。大部分蜥蜴为卵生，卵产于所挖穴中，树木、岩石的裂缝中，或落叶层下。有些蜥蜴(尤其是生活于高海拔、高纬度地区者)为卵胎生或胎生。多无护卵习性，但五线圆筒蜥(Eumeces fasciatus)在孵化期间守在卵边。少数种(如Lacerta属及Cnemidophorus属)有孤雌生殖。後者的孤雌生殖型为两个两性种的杂种。

很奇怪哦，文中的in mountain lakes 难道真是生活在水里？还在山上？“However, it is possible that the ozone layer above the mountain lake where habit(感觉一般是说蜥蜴habit在湖里) the salamanders changed slightly with no obvious increase of radiation.”

and the like=and so on

“the claim cannot hold water(这句什么意思?)” hold water 是站不住脚的意思啊。不知这句话对不？


“这篇文章逻辑上有些地方有点偏激,或者说是钻牛角尖了,我在文章中有指出”
我其实感觉自己想的真的很怪，“不知能否被人接受啊？**问题有这可能吗？”——一直困扰着我。多看，多想!谢谢dingding