0910G[Splendid Sun]第一次作业 BY 家家

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

Issue 7、"The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records."

The author concludes the video camera provides a more important way of documentation than written records as it can offer more accurate and convincing record of contemporary life. I am agree the part of video camera can offer more accurate and convincing record than written records, but these two features are not the only standards to determine a form of documentation is important. It’s clear that we need to analyze this issue more comprehensively.

As technology developed, video camera used as a matter of convenience when we need to record, it has obvious advantages of speed, accurate, dramatic, down to the last detail, etc. when compared with written records. Video camera can provide clear and intact images to those people who didn’t attend the event, which written records cannot achieve that visually. Just like every parent who likes to take photographs of his children during their growing process, he can see these pictures and never afraid of forgetting the precious moments no matter how many years later. Meanwhile, video camera requires little personal skills but press several buttons while written records require enough responsive ability, abundant relevant knowledge, even fast writing speed. You can ask an untaught to take a picture for you but cannot ask him take a cahier. Furthermore, those videos which recorded by video cameras always be more convincing in the conception of majority, because the recorder was a machine not a person who had own opinion. But the clear thing is that must be a person who records the written records. That’s the reason why video evidence always is more cogent than the written record of a person’s testimonies.

Nevertheless, written records as the traditional way of documentation also has its irreplaceable advantages and importance in contemporary life contrast by video camera. Let’s retrospect those things as we mentioned in last paragraph, the first thing is video camera can offer more exact scenes when it happened than written records, definitely it is true, but the problem is, do we always need such specific documentation? Do we always have enough time and energy to watch all the videos? If a person was very busy but he was eagerly to know about the result of a NBA game as a fan, watch the whole competition’s video or read a piece of sports news, which would be a better choice? The answer tells its own tale. Compared with a video, a written record abstracts the most important and essential information of the issue, after the recorder’s outstanding work, people can easily find out the fact or useful information from it. Written records always provide a highly summarized and significative way of documentation than video camera. Secondly, although video camera asks little personal quality but it costs more than written records, not only the machine itself but also the accessories such like video tapes, battery and so on. The poor can undertake a piece of paper and a ball pen but never a video camera. What’s more, written records can describe emotional things better than videos. We can only see one’s presentation through a video but not his inside feeling; by contraries, people usually choose to write a diary which includes everything he wants to tell.

In sum, the video documents have provided social members with an innovative approach of recording and also give the opportunity to review the past events in a more vivid way. But without the written records, it is impossible for people to gain the comprehensive and wise ideas from elites and maximize to receive the effective learning. Both of these two ways of documentation have their own advantages and features, they should compensate with each other and achieve the best consequence.

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

Issue 17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."

The argument which the arguer claimed that individual in a society should obey just law and disobey unjust law seems relatively sound, while after considering the intricate definition of law, the statement above is oversimplify the influence of the law upon the human world. We need to treat this issue in a more comprehensive and rational way, then we can achieve a more stable and harmonious society.

First and foremost, there are no absolute just laws and unjust laws. Let’s go retrospect the specific definition of law, which is a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority. We can clearly check out that laws always enforced by a controlling authority, this indicates that laws are representative of the controlling authority’s wills. Under normal circumstances, such kinds of wills usually comply with the wishes of the vast majority of people because the ultimate objective of both sides is corresponding, then those people will trust the law is fair and just. But the judgments of people are always subjected to aspects of the conditions and preconditions, such like regional differences, cultural differences, and different positions, different values, etc. Cite homosexual marriage as an instance, it’s illegal for homosexual persons get married in majority of nations, a person who has normal sexual orientation may treat this problem with careless attitude and feel nothing unjust, however, we can easily imagine the affliction and indignation these special community may have if we were lesbians or gays ourselves. Every individual has his own standard to judge between just and unjust although everyone is equality before the law.

In the second place, the law is not always invariable; it is also advancing with the changes of the Epochs and societies. As we all know, the action of laws considered as a means of redressing wrongs，a rule or order that it is advisable or obligatory to observe, then the law need to be continuously improved according to the progresses of times and societies. More and more problems which never happened before appeared, people cannot find the exact legal provisions which can be followed to judge the correctness; it’s doubtless that the legislator has responsibility to amend and supplement existing laws timely and advisably. The laws changes with economic development, technical advance and changes in historical background, alternatives of the ruling class, we can not make generalizations to describe it is just or not. Monopoly law as a typical example which can support this issue; we never heard the word of “monopoly” before early seventies of the nineteenth, but we can easily find such news like Microsoft violated the rules of monopoly law nowadays.

In addition, the way that people deal with the law is of vital importance to social peace and stability. If every citizen was reckless resisting what they perceived as unjust laws, then would cause very bad consequences beyond the shadow of a doubt. There is no absolute sound and just laws as we mentioned in the second paragraph, and we also clear that the laws need to be modified or supplemented, so we can feed back our feedbacks to the government or the legislator then it may be helpful. More and more nations encourage their native citizens to submit their views of the existing laws, and then amend the laws in a more effective and reasonable way. Citizens have the responsibility to oppugn the law, but cannot reckless defy.

Thus, to sum up the points which we have just indicated, as one of the crucial elements of contemporary life, the laws have to be served as the guidance for almost all the citizens to live and work in a right way and also provide them with a stabilized environment; people have to treat the law in a more comprehensive and rational way, we have responsibilities to obey the law and oppugn the law at the same time. Better laws, better citizens, then better society.

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

Issue 74 "The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."

提纲：
Some hold the opinion that when communicate an idea or value among a large groups of people, language is not as effective as when communicate between several individuals, because of overload information. They claim through the use of images would be the most effective way under such condition. It seems quite reasonable, but after analyzing we can easily find out the argument is not that cogent.
1.        沟通是为了交换人与人之间的信息、思想、感觉，并保证所交换的内容在相互之间被有效接受和理解。而相对于语言来说，图像是具有确定性和直观性的特点，从而使其比语言更真实、更可靠。图像是一种抽象的表达，但作为可视化的事物，它省略了人们在沟通过程中将words转换成脑中概念的步骤，尤其在a large groups of people的情况下，对于有效信息的汇总，它比语言更有优势。
2.        （转折）在信息传播、想法交换以及探讨价值的过程中，语言沟通一直是不可取代的方式。更多情况下，只有通过语言辅助解释图像的意思，才能让图像中的有效信息被更好的接收。举例来说，一批设计师讨论设计方案，如果没有语言沟通，只是展示各自的设计稿，也许大家都接收到了一定的信息，但是如何有效快速的交换才能让设计方案最终出台，对话是最立竿见影的方式。
3.        过分强调图像的作用会带来一些负面作用，举例来说，容易让很多fabulous ideas流失，因为从脑中的image到可视化的image需要相对较长的时间，其转换的过程中信息必然会流失和改变，而语言则只需要反应的一瞬间就可以被表达。另外一方面，语言可以体现说话人的立场，而图像则不一定，所以有些时候容易造成误解和分歧，导致沟通失败。
In summary, both of language and images have their own advantage and disadvantage, and these two ways of communicate can complement each other, we’d better use them together when communicate among a large groups of people. Do not limit the ideas, the essential purpose of communication is to transmit information, thought, or feeling so that it is satisfactorily received or understood, we can continue to practice to find the most effective way of communication which must be composed by sereval means together.

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

Argument 6
The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe.

"A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe, and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight. Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment. It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money."

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Grounding on the nearest jazz club is still quite far away from Monroe and then synthesizing the three circumstances sustain the popularity of jazz music, also the nationwide study which indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment; the author accordingly suggests that the new jazz club cannot help but make money. However, after carefully examination of this supporting evidence, it reveals that it lends little credible support to the author’s suggestion.

Firstly, the arguer claimed that the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away from Monroe, thus the new jazz club would have the local market all to itself. It’s really cursory and unilateral for him to conclude this conclusion. The nearest jazz club is 65 miles faraway, doesn’t mean there is no other kind of club which also plays jazz music even if it is not a special jazz club. And the new club needs to attract more consumers; only geographical advantage is not enough, music quality, management, decoration, alcohol & beverages, etc. all these factors can affect the amount of consumers.

Secondly, the arguer concluded jazz is extremely popular in Monroe according to three circumstances: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer; several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe; the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight. Although there is quite a lot of people attended Monroe’s jazz festival, we are still not sure whether this trend will continue or not in this year. It’s true that several well-known jazz musicians live locally, but they may have very tight schedule and can spend no time in the new jazz club or ask for a huge amount of performance fees. 'Jazz Nightly' which is the highest-rated radio program cannot strongly support the evidence of very popular jazz in Monroe, because maybe there is few people listen to the radio. Even if jazz was really very hot in Monroe as the author concluded, we cannot find the link of popularity and expense; a person may like jazz music very much but this doesn’t mean he would like to spend other money on it, he can choose some free ways of enjoying jazz such as radio program.

Thirdly, the author cited the nationwide study which indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment to prove the new club will earn a lot of money from those jazz fans, this is also irrational. There are several different choices for a jazz fan to spend money on jazz entertainment, jazz tapes, jazz CDs, famous jazz musicians’ concerts, jazz instruments, jazz magazines and so on, so a jazz fan spend such money on relevant jazz things doesn’t mean a lot of high benefits of opening a jazz club. Even though jazz fans would spend a lot on jazz club, we cannot say the new jazz club C note would earn a lot without consider the cost problem; rent and operating expenses probably to be extremely high in Monroe.

To sum up, the conclusion reached in the argument lacks credibility since the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer should provide more information concerning the cost of opening a jazz club in Monroe and the approximate potential consumers to better evaluate the argument, we need more concrete evidence that people who live in Monroe is willing to spend money on jazz club, otherwise the argument is logically unacceptable.

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

Argument 16

The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper from a citizen of the state of Impecunia.

"Two years ago our neighboring state, Lucria, began a state lottery to supplement tax revenues for education and public health. Today, Lucria spends more per pupil than we do, and Lucria's public health program treats far more people than our state's program does. If we were to establish a state lottery like the one in Lucria, the profits could be used to improve our educational system and public health program. The new lottery would doubtless be successful, because a survey conducted in our capital city concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling."

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On the basis of two facts which happened in Lucria and the survey conducted in Impecunia’s capital city, the author concluded that if Impecunia also began a state lottery as Lucria did, Impecunia would achieve improving their educational system and public health program just like Lucria. It seems quite logical at first glance, however, several flaws can be easily found after comprehensive and tight analysis.

In the first place, we can obviously find out that the arguer absolutely attributed the ameliorative situation nowadays in Lucria, spent more per pupil than Impecunia did and Lucria's public health program treats far more people than their state's program did, to the state lottery which Lucria began two years ago. The author didn’t show us any data or evidence which can support his conclusion of the casual connection between the two facts as he mentioned. Lucria spends more on education may caused by their new governor who is an educational based person and pays great hope on students. Their public health program treats far more people perhaps because Lucria’s weather worse than Impecunia and can cause colds or other indispositions more easily. There must be a huge amount of changes in the two years in Lucria; we’d better treat this issue more comprehensively and find more crucial evidence.

Even if we admit the author’s first deduction, the state lottery was the absolute reason which caused improvement of Lucria’s education and public health program, how can the author promise the same thing will happen in Impecunia? Lucria and Impecunia are two different regions; they must have different environments, different population characteristics, and different economic levels, etc. which may affect the result although under same policies. People in Lucria are willing to spend money on the state lottery, while people in Impecunia are willing to do so or not can not be deduced. Lucria’s government is using more money on improving education and public health, Impecunia’s government may use the money on other places where need financial support more urgently; or Impecunia already reached high enough educational level and medical condition, there isn’t any requirement to improve both of them.

At last, the arguer cited the survey conducted in their capital city concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling to prove the new lottery would doubtless be successful. It is also a hasty verdict because gamble and lottery are exactly two different things, people are willing to spend money on gambling doesn’t mean they are willing to use the same money on lottery. Even they did so; the citizens of capital already spend an average of $50 per person per year still cannot support the average amount of the whole state. And according to our common sense, capital city is always richer than others.

To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. We need to consider the specific situations of Lucria and Impecunia, find out more credible evidences to prove start a state lottery in Impecunia will be an effective way to improve their educational system and public health program. Only based the author’s words, it’s not that logical.

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

Argu 21

The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Sartorian, a company that manufactures men's clothing.

"Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality wool fabric, we discontinued production of our deluxe alpaca overcoats. Now that we have a new fabric supplier, we should resume production. This coat should sell very well: since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor no longer makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand. Also, since the price of most types of clothing has risen in each of the past five years, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company profits will increase."


基于羊毛大衣已经有5年的市场空白和找到新的羊毛供应商，并且由于5年来各类大衣的价钱上浮于是可以给羊毛大衣有更高的定价，作者得出生产羊毛大衣一定能够大赚。有如下漏洞：
1.        没有明确的数据表明现在的人们有迫切需求要购买羊毛大衣。市场上5年没有羊毛大衣出售并不是理由，也许羊毛大衣已经out of date，不再有demand。他们最大的竞争对手停止生产的理由是否就是因为该类产品已经没有市场了。
2.        5年前因为没有高质量的羊毛供应，那么新供应商提供的羊毛是否是高质量的。即使是相同质量的，那么新的收购价格是否有调整，再次生产是否能够有benefit。
3.        5年内各种服装产品的价格都在上涨，并不表示人们愿意在羊毛大衣上投入更多的花费，也许他们找到了相对廉价的替代品，过高的定价很有可能会丧失部分潜在客户。
总结，如果需要再次投入生产，必须认真调查市场行情和运营成本，仅仅靠笔者的这些sentences是毫无实际可行性的。

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

Argument 193

The Department of Education in the state of Attra recommends that high school students be assigned homework every day. Yet a recent statewide survey of high school math and science teachers calls the usefulness of daily homework into question. In the district of Sanlee, 86 percent of the teachers reported assigning homework three to five times a week, whereas in the district of Marlee, less than 25 percent of the teachers reported assigning homework three to five times a week. Yet the students in Marlee earn better grades overall and are less likely to be required to repeat a year of school than are the students in Sanlee. Therefore, all teachers in our high schools should assign homework no more than twice a week, if at all.

提纲：
Grounding on the fact of the times of homework assignments which teachers assigned in Marlee and Sanlee and compared different educational efforts, the author concluded that all teachers in high schools should assign homework no more than twice a week. However, this alone neither constitutes a logical argument in favor of the conclusion nor provides compelling support making the argument sound. The arguer ignores certain important concerns, which must be addressed to prove. In my point of view, this argument suffers from several flaws.

1.        Sanlee地区和Marlee地区的具体情况不尽相同，不能简单类比。Sanlee可能是一个人口相对密集的地区，学生之间的竞争比较激烈导致严重的应试教育，所以作业量大但是学生综合素质不够；Marlee则可能是个人口相对稀少的区域，相同的教育条件下竞争没有那么激烈，老师们强调自主自发的素质教育，因此即使作业量较小仍不影响学生们的综合成绩。
2.        成绩的好坏并不完全由家庭作业量来决定，而且也许Marlee的homework不多但是schoolwork非常繁重，在学校的集体训练和老师指导下，才导致了该地区的综合成绩比Sanlee要高。
3.        评价学生综合素质的标准，并不单单是成绩和不留级。不留级可能是整个年级水平都平平，没有特别突出的，也没有特别差的，大家很接近。作者给出的数据并不能体现Marlee的教学质量比Sanlee优越。
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains.

riowUID: 2501383

呃，咱家姐不是一般牛牛的说～

stefaniehohoUID: 2595908

我要大大的赞一下~~

seigshiravUID: 2648366

The author concludes the video camera provides a more important way of documentation than written records as it can offer more accurate and convincing record(s) of contemporary life. I am agree the part of video camera can(感觉表达有点点问题哈。。。读着不舒服，of 改为that?) offer more accurate and convincing record(s) than written records, but these two features are not the only standards to determine (whether) a form of documentation is important or not. It's(写文章时最好还是用it is) clear that we need to analyze this issue more comprehensively.

As technology developed, video camera  (is) used as a matter of convenience when we need to record, it has obvious advantages of(on?) speed, accurate(accuracy), dramatic, down to the last detail, etc. when compared with written records. (找个连词衔接一下？)Video camera can provide clear and intact images（不仅有影像，还有声音呀） to those people who didn’t attend the event, which written records cannot achieve that visually（visually 有重复嫌疑）. Just like every（删） parent（s）who（删) likes（删） to take photographs of his(their) children during their growing process, he(they) can see these pictures and never afraid of forgetting the precious moments no matter how many years later(不管多少年。。感觉不对劲啊，有永远不死的感觉呃，建议改为“even if many years later”). Meanwhile, video camera requires little personal skills but (to) press several buttons while written records require enough responsive abilit(ies), abundant relevant knowledge, even fast writing speed. You can ask an untaught to take a picture for you but cannot ask him (to) take a cahier. Furthermore, those videos which recorded by video cameras always be(are?从句我还没搞清楚) more convincing in the conception of majority, because the recorder was a machine not a person who had (his)own opinion(s). But the clear thing is that must be a person who records the written records.(没看懂这句。。。) That's the reason why video evidence always is more cogent than the written record(s) of a person's testimonies.

Nevertheless, written records as the traditional way of documentation also has its irreplaceable advantages and importance in contemporary life contrast by video camera. Let’s retrospect those things as we mentioned in last paragraph, the first thing is video camera can offer more exact scenes when it happened than written records, definitely it is true, but the problem is, do we always need such specific documentation? Do we always have enough time and energy to watch all the videos? If a person was very busy but he was eagerly to know about the result of a NBA game as a fan, watch the whole competition’s video or read a piece of sports news, which would be a better choice? The answer tells its own tale. Compared with a video, a written record abstracts the most important and essential information of the issue, after the recorder’s outstanding work, people can easily find out the fact or useful information from it. Written records always provide a highly summarized and significative way of documentation than video camera. Secondly, although video camera asks little personal quality but it costs more than written records, not only the machine itself but also the accessories such like video tapes, battery and so on. The poor can undertake a piece of paper and a ball pen but never a video camera. What’s more, written records can describe emotional things better than videos. We can only see one’s presentation through a video but not his inside feeling; by contraries, people usually choose to write a diary which includes everything he wants to tell.

In sum, the video documents have provided social members with an innovative approach of recording and also give the opportunity to review the past events in a more vivid way. But without the written records, it is impossible for people to gain the comprehensive and wise ideas from elites and maximize to receive the effective learning. Both of these two ways of documentation have their own advantages and features, they should compensate with each other and achieve the best consequence.

到1点多了，有时间再看下面二段呃，家家，我改的仅是个人意见，表千里追捕啊，怕。。。闪

家家☆yoonjaeUID: 2646910

谢谢小Seig修改，大么么~ 我会好好改的，鞠躬

还有Riow跟小S都么么