0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十三期——Relative Pronouns

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Relative Pronouns

This resource was written by Julia Teleneva.
Last full revision by .
Last edited by Allen Brizee on May 22nd 2009 at 9:06AM
Summary: This handout provides detailed rules and examples for the usage of relative pronouns (that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why).

Introduction and General Usage in Defining Clauses

Relative pronouns are that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why. They are used to join clauses to make a complex sentence. Relative pronouns are used at the beginning of the subordinate clause which gives some specific information about the main clause.
This is the house that Jack built.
I don't know the day when Jane marries him.
The professor, whom I respect, was tenured.
In English, the choice of the relative pronoun depends on the type of clause it is used in. There are two types of clauses distinguished: defining (restrictive) relative clauses and non-defining (non-restrictive) relative clauses. In both types of clauses the relative pronoun can function as a subject, an object, or a possessive.

Relative pronouns in defining clauses

Defining relative clauses (also known as restrictive relative clauses) provide some essential information that explains the main clause. The information is crucial for understanding the sentence correctly and cannot be omitted. Defining clauses are opened by a relative pronoun and ARE NOT separated by a comma from the main clause.
The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in defining clauses:

Function in the sentence	Reference to
	People	Things / concepts	Place	Time	Reason
Subject	who, that	which, that
Object	(that, who, whom)*	(which, that)*	where	when	why
Possessive	whose	whose, of which

Examples

Relative pronoun used as a subject:
This is the house that had a great Christmas decoration.
It took me a while to get used to people who eat pop-corn during the movie.

Relative pronoun used as an object:
1) As can be seen from the table, referring to a person or thing, the relative pronoun may be omitted in the object position:
This is the man (who / that) I wanted to speak to and whose name I'd forgotten.
The library didn't have the book (which / that) I wanted.
I didn't like the book (which / that) John gave me.
This is the house where I lived when I first came to the US.
2) whom:
In American English, whom is not used very often. Whom is more formal than who and is very often omitted in speech:

Grammatically Correct: The woman to whom you have just spoken is my teacher.

Common in Speech: The woman (who) you have just spoken to is my teacher.
However, whom may not be omitted if preceded by a preposition:
I have found you the tutor for whom you were looking.

Relative pronoun used as a possessive:
Whose is the only possessive relative pronoun is in English. It can be used with both people and things:
The family whose house burnt in the fire was immediately given a suite in a hotel.
The book whose author is now being shown in the news has become a bestseller.

General remarks: That, Who, Which compared
The relative pronoun that can only be used in defining clauses. It can also be substituted for who (referring to persons) or which (referring to things). That is often used in speech; who and which are more common in written English.
William Kellogg was the man that lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising children. - spoken, less formal
William Kellogg was the man who lived in the late 19th century and had some weird ideas about raising children. - written, more formal
Although your computer may suggest to correct it, referring to things, which may be used in the defining clause to put additional emphasis on the explanation. Again, the sentence with which is more formal than the one with that: Note that since it is the defining clause, there is NO comma used preceding which:
The café that sells the best coffee in town has recently been closed. - less formal
The café which sells the best coffee in town has recently been closed. - more formal

Some special uses of relative pronouns in defining clauses

that / who
Referring to people, both that and who can be used. That may be used to refer to someone in general:
He is the kind of person that/who will never let you down.
I am looking for someone that/who could give me a ride to Chicago.
However, when a particular person is being spoken about, who is preferred:
The old lady who lives next door is a teacher.
The girl who wore a red dress attracted everybody's attention at the party.

that / which
There several cases when that is more appropriate than and is preferred to which:
After the pronouns all, any(thing), every(thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing):
The police usually ask for every detail that helps identify the missing person. - that used as the subject
Marrying a congressman is all (that) she wants. - that used as the object
After verbs that answer the question WHAT? For example, say, suggest, state, declare, hope, think, write, etc. In this case, the whole relative clause functions as the object of the main clause:
Some people say (that) success is one percent of talent and ninety-nine percent of hard work.
The chairman stated at the meeting (that) his company is part of a big-time entertainment industry.
After the noun modified by an adjective in the superlative degree:
This is the funniest story (that) I have ever read! - that used as the object
After ordinal numbers, e.g., first, second, etc.:
The first draft (that) we submitted was really horrible. - that used as the object
If the verb in the main clause is a form of BE:
This is a claim that has absolutely no reason in it. - that used as the subject

Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining Clauses

Non-defining relative clauses (also known as non-restrictive, or parenthetical, clauses) provide some additional information which is not essential and may be omitted without affecting the contents of the sentence. All relative pronouns EXCEPT "that" can be used in non-defining clauses; however, the pronouns MAY NOT be omitted. Non-defining clauses ARE separated by commas.
The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in non-defining clauses:

Function in the sentence	Reference to
	People	Things / concepts	Place	Time	Reason
Subject	who	which
Object	who, whom	which	where	when	why
Possessive	whose	whose, of which

a.Relative pronoun used as a subject:
The writer, who lives in this luxurious mansion, has just published his second novel.

b.Relative pronoun used as an object:
The house at the end of the street, which my grandfather built, needs renovating.

c.Relative pronoun used as a possessive:
William Kellogg, whose name has become a famous breakfast foods brand-name, had some weird ideas about raising children.
Some Special Uses of Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining Clauses

a.which
If you are referring to the previous clause as a whole, use which:
My friend eventually decided to get divorced, which upset me a lot.

b.of whom, of which
Use of whom for persons and of which for things or concepts after numbers and words such as most, many, some, both, none:
I saw a lot of new people at the party, some of whom seemed familiar.
He was always coming up with new ideas, most of which were absolutely impracticable.

Defining vs. Non-Defining and ESL Tips

Defining vs Non-Defining Clauses: Difference in Meaning

There is a difference in meaning between defining and non-defining clauses that depends on the presence or absence of the comma. For example:
They have two sons who are doctors.
Defining clause; the meaning is that there are more sons in the family, e.g.:
They have two sons who are doctors and one who is an architect.
Compare:
They have two sons, who are doctors.
non-defining clause; the meaning is that there are no more sons in the family.

Although there is no one single rule to cover all the cases, the following summary may be helpful if you need to make a quick decision:
1.Use that if the main clause poses the question WHAT? answered by the relative clause;
2.Do not use that presenting non-essential, additional information (that is, in non-defining relative clauses); use who or which instead;
3.Use who to refer to people;
4.Use which to refer to things or to refer to the previous clause as a whole;
5.If you choose between who or that, use who in writing;
6.If you choose between which and that, use which in writing;
7.Do not put a comma before that.




Sentence Punctuation Patterns

This resource was written by Purdue OWL.
Last full revision by Dana Lynn Driscoll.
Last edited by Allen Brizee on November 15th 2007 at 3:25PM
Summary: This handout describes eight sentence punctuation patterns with examples.

Sentence Punctuation Patterns

To punctuate a sentence, you can use and combine some of these patterns. For more information on independent and dependent clauses plus independent and dependent markers, see our handouts on those subjects.

Pattern One: Simple sentence
This pattern is an example of a simple sentence:
Independent clause [ . ]
Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma.

Pattern Two : Compound Sentence
This pattern is an example of a compound sentence with a coordinating conjunction:
Independent clause [ , ] coordinating conjunction independent clause [ . ]
There are seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet.
Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma, but
they don't know the reasons for it.

Pattern Three: Compound Sentence
This pattern is an example of a compound sentence with a semicolon.
Independent clause [ ; ] independent clause [ . ]
Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma; they are unsure of its cause.

Pattern Four: Compound Sentence
This pattern is an example of a compound sentence with an independent marker.
Independent clause [ ; ] independent marker [ , ] independent clause [ . ]
Examples of independent markers are the following: therefore, moreover, thus, consequently, however, also.
Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma; therefore, they have called for more research into its causes.

Pattern Five: Complex Sentence
This pattern is an example of a complex sentence with a dependent marker.
Dependent marker
dependent clause[ , ] Independent clause[ . ]
Examples of dependent markers are as follows: because, before, since, while, although, if, until, when, after, as, as if.
Example: Because doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma, they have called for more research into its causes.

Pattern Six: Complex Sentence
This pattern is an example of a complex sentence with a dependent marker.
Independent clause
dependent marker
dependent clause [ . ]
Examples of dependent markers are as follows: because, before, since, while, although, if, until, when, after, as, as if.
Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma
because it is a common, treatable illness.

Pattern Seven
This pattern includes an independent clause with an embedded non-essential clause or phrase
First part of an independent clause [ , ] non-essential clause or phrase, rest of the independent clause [ . ]
A non-essential clause or phrase is one that can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence or making it ungrammatical. In other words, the non-essential clause or phrase gives additional information, but the sentence can stand alone without it.
Example: Many doctors, including both pediatricians and family practice physicians, are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma.

Pattern Eight
This pattern includes an independent clause with an embedded essential clause or phrase
First part of an independent clause essential clause or phrase rest of the independent clause [ . ]
An essential clause or phrase is one that cannot be removed without changing the overall meaning of the sentence.
Example: Many doctors who are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma have called for more research into its causes.

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沙发~~貌似大家都考完作文了~沙发没有人坐了~

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Rushtosummer的学习笔记（23）Relative Pronouns
Introduction and General Usage in Defining Clauses
Relative pronouns are that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, and why.
In English, the choice of the relative pronoun depends on the type of clause it is used in. There are two types of clauses distinguished: defining (restrictive) relative clauses and non-defining (non-restrictive) relative clauses. In both types of clauses the relative pronoun can function as a subject, an object, or a possessive.
Relative pronouns in defining clauses
Defining relative clauses (also known as restrictive relative clauses) provide some essential information that explains the main clause. They are opened by a relative pronoun and ARE NOT separated by a comma from the main clause.
The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in defining clauses:

Function in the sentence	Reference to
	People	Things / concepts	Place	Time	Reason
Subject	who, that	which, that
Object	(that, who, whom)*	(which, that)*	where	when	why
Possessive	Whose	whose, of which

In American English, whom is not used very often. Whom is more formal than who and is very often omitted in speech.
General remarks: That, Who, Which compared
The relative pronoun that
can only be used in defining clauses. It can also be substituted for who (referring to persons) or which (referring to things). That is often used in speech; who and which are more common in written English.
Some special uses of relative pronouns in defining clauses
that / who
Referring to people, both that and who can be used. That may be used to refer to someone in general. However, when a particular person is being spoken about, who is preferred.
that / which
There are several cases when that is more appropriate than and is preferred to which:
After the pronouns all, any(thing), every(thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing);
After verbs that answer the question WHAT? For example, say, suggest, state, declare, hope, think, write, etc. In this case, the whole relative clause functions as the object of the main clause.
After the noun modified by an adjective in the superlative degree;
After ordinal numbers, e.g., first, second, etc.;
If the verb in the main clause is a form of BE;

Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining Clauses
Non-defining relative clauses (also known as non-restrictive, or parenthetical, clauses) provide some additional information which is not essential and may be omitted without affecting the contents of the sentence. All relative pronouns EXCEPT "that" can be used in non-defining clauses; however, the pronouns MAY NOT be omitted. Non-defining clauses ARE separated by commas.
The table below sums up the use of relative pronouns in non-defining clauses:

Function in the sentence	Reference to
	People	Things / concepts	Place	Time	Reason
Subject	who	which
Object	who, whom	which	where	when	why
Possessive	whose	whose, of which

Some Special Uses of Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining Clauses
a.which
If you are referring to the previous clause as a whole, use which
b.of whom, of which
Use of whom for persons and of which for things or concepts after numbers and words such as most, many, some, both, none
Defining vs. Non-Defining and ESL Tips
Defining vs Non-Defining Clauses: Difference in Meaning
the following summary may be helpful if you need to make a quick decision:
1.Use that if the main clause poses the question WHAT? answered by the relative clause;
2.Do not use that presenting non-essential, additional information (that is, in non-defining relative clauses); use who or which instead;
3.Use who to refer to people;
4.Use which to refer to things or to refer to the previous clause as a whole;
5.If you choose between who or that, use who in writing;
6.If you choose between which and that, use which in writing;
7.Do not put a comma before that.
Sentence Punctuation Patterns
Pattern One: Simple sentence
Independent clause [ . ]
Pattern Two : Compound Sentence
Independent clause [ , ] coordinating conjunction independent clause [ . ]
There are seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet.
Pattern Three: Compound Sentence
Independent clause [ ; ] independent clause [ . ]
Pattern Four: Compound Sentence
Independent clause [ ; ] independent marker [ , ] independent clause [ . ]
Examples of independent markers are the following: therefore, moreover, thus, consequently, however, also.
Pattern Five: Complex Sentence
Dependent marker dependent clause[ , ] Independent clause[ . ]
Examples of dependent markers are as follows: because, before, since, while, although, if, until, when, after, as, as if.
Pattern Six: Complex Sentence
Independent clause dependent marker dependent clause [ . ]
Examples of dependent markers are as follows: because, before, since, while, although, if, until, when, after, as, as if.
Pattern Seven
First part of an independent clause [ , ] non-essential clause or phrase, rest of the independent clause [ . ]
Pattern Eight
First part of an independent clause essential clause or phrase rest of the independent clause [ . ]

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为什么表格贴不上去了？贴上去也是竖版的？（诡异的形状啊~~~~求助）
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