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本帖最后由 草木也知愁 于 2009-7-30 20:59 编辑
前言:
0910G的同主题活动兼有破旧立新两项
过去的一些经典重新挖出来,加上新的指导,会给我们更多的启示
今天这期是星夜无夏前辈曾经留下的两期ARGUMENT同主题各自从一个侧面展示了ARGUMENT的不容易掌握的地方
“难题”ARGUMENT50,ARGUMENT十个经典难题中的经典,新手刚刚接触无一不会思路空空
“偏题”ARGUMENT134,艺术类题材的topic,即使是去做逻辑分析,也要让我们大多数人踌躇一阵子了
如果想攻克ARGUMENT,在准备的时候尽量做到齐全,那么难题就一定要写,偏题也一定要写
只有在准备的过程中克服了心理障碍,那么以后即使是在考场上遇到了难、偏题目才可以用平常心去应对
这两道题确实就是很麻烦,但是也请静下心来脚踏实地的去思考,去写,去改吧~
你将收获到的不仅仅是两道题目的练习,更宝贵的是对心理障碍的破除
因为是我心中无比敬仰的无夏的作品,我实在不忍心去改任何一个字,两篇同主题全文如下:
………………………………………………………………………………………………
0710G同主题写作第四期——难题的真相之Argument50
"真相"系列之二终于憋出炉了!
这次无夏要给大家做一道曾经让无夏彻底崩溃的阿狗-地球诞生与彗星, 相信这次做活动的同学数目会锐减(抹额头|||). 而本打算参加的同学陡然停止了手中的鼠标点击, 然后心中暗骂数声BT...
我对A50的理解有四个阶段, 第一是崩溃阶段. 第二是瓦解阶段. 第三是顿悟阶段. 第四是ace阶段. 因此无夏有理由相信, 通过这道典型的解析, 会让我们对Argument的一系列难题产生一个全新的, 崭新的, 涣然一新的obversation.
从而可以推理出所有Argument难题的真相将会是万众瞩目的---(登登登登)
纸老虎.
So now let us go with this topic:
50.From a draft textbook manuscript submitted to a publisher. "As Earth was being formed out of the collision of space rocks, the heat from those collisions and from the increasing gravitational energy of the planet made the entire planet molten, even the surface. Any water present would have evaporated and gone off into space. As the planet approached its current size, however, its gravitation became strong enough to hold gases and water vapor around it as an atmosphere. Because comets are largely ice made up of frozen water and gases, a comet striking Earth then would have vaporized. The resulting water vapor would have been retained in the atmosphere, eventually falling as rain on the cooled and solidified surface of Earth. Therefore, the water in Earth's oceans must have originated from comets."
当地球在太空岩石的撞击作用下形成的时候,撞击产生的热量和行星越来越大的重力能量使整个行星融化,甚至包括表面。当时存在的任何水分都会蒸发并消失在太空。然而,当行星接近现在的大小的时候,它的重力强到了足以保持其周围的气体和水蒸气来形成大气层。由于彗星主要是由冻结的水和气体组成的冰,撞击地球的彗星将会蒸发。产生的水蒸气将被留在大气层,最终以降雨的形式落在地球已冷却而且坚硬的表面。因此,地球海洋的水分一定是来自彗星。
Step one: Reading the passage.
The major destination in this part is to distinguish which is the reality and which is the reasoning during it.
Because I guess our biggest problem in the tough Arguments' topics are similar-we even do not know the meaning of Chinese, how can I examine if the evidence is correct or incorrect?
That is really insteresting. At the beginnning, I had discussed this topic ever with a friend who learning in physics. He appreciated me to read something articles about the earth originating. As he said, we have no choice, or we would have no basical standard to judge whether those sentences are genuine or not.
Furthermore, there are two major problems we had to solve--how the earth birth and whether it generated the water in this process at the end. I fundementally refered to this website to read the data of them, the link is following:
http://netroom.hbu.edu.cn/personal/gene2000/life-qiyuan.htm
Meanwhile I also read several other similar references, finally I realized that if you use those data to compare to this Argument, you will find the author is totally wrote a scientific fiction. Because of the human beings had not decided which one could be the absolute right way for the earth beginning. Most of the professional experts were just provided a vague answers of their assumptions. On other words, this author created a background of his reasoning, and that was reasonable.
Getting here you can see, once the topic related to a extremely complicated subject, it had to make a describtion which was more dedail than other general topics. If he did not make such summary, the whole reasoning of this process won't be limited. That is to say, one consequence will have lots of fairlly causes from every other reasonable angels.
And that just hits me like a very good news. The more such of these "background" the topic had, the less reasoing of the writer we need to attest! And that is eventuelly the truth of tough topics in Argument wrtitng.
Step two: Classifying the passage.
When you caught this light our for the tough topic, you must to pick up the portion of describtion and thereby to list the reasoning one by one. I quoted the passage again:
"As Earth was being formed out of the collision of space rocks, the heat from those collisions and from the increasing gravitational energy of the planet made the entire planet molten, even the surface. Any water present would have evaporated and gone off into space. As the planet approached its current size, however, its gravitation became strong enough to hold gases and water vapor around it as an atmosphere. Because comets are largely ice made up of frozen water and gases, a comet striking Earth then would have vaporized. The resulting water vapor would have been retained in the atmosphere, eventually falling as rain on the cooled and solidified
surface of Earth. Therefore, the water in Earth's oceans must have originated from comets."
In my opinion, I tend to make this pink part as the whole background of the Earth being. Rests of it is the real reasoning of this author stated his own minds. So you just to be believed to this process and leave the REALISITY alone. Based on this evidence the author given to turn your argument out.
Setp three: Analyzing the reasoning.
Untill now, whatever you had be surprising or raptured, the fact is apparent standing in here, which is a simple structure he done. You can see clearly the err and the how caused to them.
Firstly, this is a series of unfairly causalities. And that is also the major vice the author appeared. I will detail it from three aspects.
With the construction of comets, the author did not provide any evidence to demonstrate the frozen water and gases are the major substances made up in it. For the metter, vapor may be the one consequence of all possibilites of comets cracked to the Earth.
Therefore, how the water had being generated and droped down the earth is a unconvincing assumption.
With the parttern of raindrop, even though we accknowledged the foregoing point is alright, the author still were short of the evidence and nesassary intruduction of other partterns the water formed in our Earth.
And it also could be doubted because the author did show us the definite information of this raindrop. What the amounts of the water came from raining was? Are there other space rocks have such kinds substances which can produce the water? Lacking these information, the author can not point out his final study.
Note: Obviously, I omited several details of the exact demonstrating. Those are the tasks which you had achieved from this mission. And I will polish it after you handed in your work below here.
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-716751-1-1.html
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
0710G同主题写作第8期---Argument134【为你打开艺术这扇窗】
暑假快要结束了,我们作文版的工作也快要进入扫尾的阶段,迎来一段漫长的静谧的休养生息(XD幻想在海边吹风喝椰汁的无夏)。不知道大家是不是也跟我一样,在这个不一样的长假中,经历了很多很多跟以往不一样的事件,也领悟了很多很多不一样的想法。如果你也同我一样,如果这些收获中有那么一小小部分来自于我们全体作文斑竹所做的这些努力和工作,那也会相当满足了。
——寄语2007
Starry Night
Vincent van Gogh,
1889
Oil on canvas
Museum of Modern Art, New York City
“艺术”这个词,最早来源于Latin语,然而在那时,与之最为接近的含义是"skills"或者"craft"。有一些例子可以证明,artifact, artificial, artifice, artillery,这些都来自于art这个词根。我学习艺术相关课程整3年时间,最大的感触就是它的“严谨”和“审慎”。也许各位对于艺术类题材的AW有所担忧的根源是来自我们通常认为艺术是不着边际,是随心所欲,是无法可循的。然而在我的脑海中,它却恰恰相反。它也恰恰是我为什么总是觉得难于深入到跟艰深的理论中去的主要原因。
当我明白了这一点时,我便也同时明白了为什么本国的当代艺术很难在重现古代的辉煌和卓越。完全是因为我们的心浮气躁,无法沉下心真正攻克那些磐石,那些让你连阅读都阅读不通顺的艺术理论。我印象最为深刻的是大二时一个叫做简要阐述“海德格尔存在主义”的作业,光是那几句“器具之器具的存在才专门露出了真相”,和他所举例说:“色彩闪烁发光而且唯求闪烁。要是我们自作聪明地加以测定,把色彩分解为波长数据,那色彩早就杳无踪迹了。只有当它尚未被揭示、未被解释之际,它才显示自身”,“只有当大地作为本质上不可展开的东西被保持和保护之际,……大地才敞开地澄亮了,才作为大地本身而显现出来”诸如此类让我跟室友完全干瞪眼的陌生的中文,才彻底的震慑了我要用一种如何谦卑,如何仔细,如何谨慎的态度来从事这门学科。
于是今天,我很自豪于可以以一个艺术学生的身份来为大家解析一道与艺术相关的Argument,因为我们对它的困惑与畏惧,无时无刻不在反衬着这门学科,我的本职,所具有的伟大而卓越的意义。
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Argument134.
The following was taken from a guide for aspiring writers.
"New writers usually cannot convince large, prestigious publishers that their work is marketable, so they must first publish with smaller, less well-known presses to establish a sales record.
But the editors of Mystery Writers Magazine have good news for aspiring writers: the number of mystery novels published in the last two years has grown significantly, and more people read mysteries than any other type of novel.
In addition, almost half of the mystery novels published last year were written by first-time novel writers.
Since there is apparently an expanding market for mystery novels, all publishers will want to increase the number of mystery novels they publish.
Therefore, new writers should write mystery novels to increase their chances for first-time publication with a larger, prestigious company."
新作家往往无法使大型有威望的出版商相信他们的作品是有市场的,因此他们必须首先找一些较小的、知名度不那么高的出版社出版作品来建立自己的销售记录。但Mystery Writers Magazine的编辑为有抱负的作家带来了好消息:过去两年中神秘小说的出版数量显著增长,读这类小说的读者多于其他任何类型小说的人。而且,去年出版的神秘小说中差不多有一半是由第一次写小说的作家写的。由于神秘小说显然存在正在扩展的市场,所有出版商将会增加他们出版的神秘小说的数量。因此,新作家应该创作神秘小说来增加他们的处女作被大型有威望出版社出版的机会。
一、题目解析
134也是一道很典型的“cause-effect” 因果结构的题目。(Link:一个对argument结构分类的阐述-https://bbs.gter.net/thread-700441-1-1.html )
不管因果结构怎么出,只要是因果,每一条结论和条件就必须是跟它的context紧密关联的。不能把其中任何一条单拿出来作为一个独立的论点来说。因此我认为,对于因果结构的argument,用题目叙述的顺序来作为论证顺序是最为合理和恰当的。也是比较classical的论证方式。
再134中,短文又采用了“列举若干个貌似相关的evidence”来共同推出一个结论这样的因果论证方式。让我们来简要分析一下它的逻辑架构:
首先,作者给出了全文的背景:
Background: New writers usually cannot convince large, prestigious publishers that their work is marketable, so they must first publish with smaller, less well-known presses to establish a sales record.
然后,他列举了2个evidence,它们分别是:
1 But the editors of Mystery Writers Magazine have good news for aspiring writers: the number of mystery novels published in the last two years has grown significantly, and more people read mysteries than any other type of novel.
2 In addition, almost half of the mystery novels published last year were written by first-time novel writers.
他把这两件事情联系起来进行了第一次因果关系的推断,得出了一个结论就是:
3 Since there is apparently an expanding market for mystery novels, all publishers will want to increase the number of mystery novels they publish.
最后,他进行了第二次因果关系的推导并得出了最终结论:
Conclusion: herefore, new writers should write mystery novels to increase their chances for first-time publication with a larger, prestigious company.
因此,我们可以建立这样的一个逻辑推导树型图:
新作家在一开始要从小出版社开始做起
|
|
然而(作者论证的开始)
|
|-------------------------------------------|
| |
一、过去两年神秘小说销量增加 |
| 二、神秘小说有一半是由第一次写小说的人创作完成
| |
|______________________________|
|
|
所以,可得这时一个很明显的空间巨大的神秘小说市场
|
|
最终得到,小说新手们应该多多给大的出版社写神秘小说为它们创造第一次的出版机会
二、深度剖析
我认为,要论证这道题目,有两个地方是重点。
第一,要论这到中间那一步将两个evidence联系起来共同推导出倒数第二步的这个过程是有问题的。因为作者故意在蛊惑我们觉得这两个evidence是必然相关的。然而却不是;
第二,就是一步“让步”再推导的过程。因为“即时说这个联系是必然相关的,也无法推出”空间巨大的神秘小说市场“这一条。这是一个因果论证,然而这个因果论证是不完善的。
事实上,大多数的这种结构的argument的论证顺序都是这两步。先确定作者列出来的那些事实不能必然相关的推出一个论据,然后再让步说明就算能推出,这个因果关系的推导也是错的。确定了这个方针之后,关键的问题就在于,如何来攻击一个“联系”中的错误,和一个“因果”中的错误。
我认为但凡涉及到“联系”的错误大部分都是因为对“他因”的考虑不周全。“他因”所包括的几种错误类型有:没有考虑其它影响该现象发生的因素,没有考虑其它从该现象可以导致的结果。(Link:有关“他因”错误分析比较全面的一篇文章 https://bbs.gter.net/thread-134711-1-10.html )
三、参考提纲
基于以上分析,我个人将提纲列为如下所示:
1 开头部分提出作者希望证明小说新手可以通过写神秘小说为自己创造第一次出版机会,为证明这个他采用了一个因果推论,其中引用了两个貌似相关的evidence,然而这个推论是存在问题的;
2 首先他引用两个evidence推出了一个论据,是基于这两个evidence本身相关联。而事实并不如此。因为,第一,他将“销量增加”和“读者数量增加”这两个概念等同了起来。然后他并没有给出实际数据来证明增加数量是否相等;就算是相等的,销量等于读者数量,那么也没有证明买了书的人就一定会爱看,或者也无法证明他们就不爱看其它种类的小说胜过了神秘小说;
第二,他将“第一次写神秘小说的作家”同“第一次出书的作家”等同了起来。首先他没有说明有关“这一半的作家”的周详的信息。例如它们的数量,这些作家也许绝对数量非常少,例如它们的水平,这些书出版了但卖的不好,例如它们也许本身就非常有名了,只是第一次写神秘小说而已,那也一样可以获得好的销售量。
3 就算我们承认这个“联系”,那么以下的那一次因果推论也是存在问题的。因为,市场的扩大对写小说的新人来说并不一定就可以创造出版机会。因为还有各种其它的人可以来写神秘小说;或者这个市场的扩大如果仅仅针对于神秘小说原来的市场,而原来的市场空间本身非常小,那么就算扩大了也不过如此,不能真正的提高小说出版率。
4 最后,我要说的是,这位作者为何会出现这样一个严重的推导错误是因为他在推理的一开始就认定“新的小说家无法在大出版社出版,是因为大出版社不相信新小说家的市场反映”。他为全文做了这样的一个background,然后基于这个background做了如下的推论。然而可惜的是,作者并未周到的考虑这个背景本身,他对小说市场的理解出现了问题,导致他造成了最后的错误。
这里我想提出的一个思考题就是:以前我们遵循的“不应该攻击作者给出背景”这一条,是不是在这个提纲中被推翻了呢? 我希望在下面回复的每一位同学都回答一下我的这个问题。究竟我们能不能对作者为短文设立的背景进行攻击,如果不能攻击,为什么,请说明原因,然后给出一个更适合的用于“结尾部分”的提纲;如果可以攻击,那么应该采取一个怎样的攻击顺序,或者说,在何种状况下,以何种方式来提出对背景错误的叙述,也请说明。
有突出表现者,单独给予加分。
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-727747-1-1.html
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互改规则
-----------------------
在版面发完习作之后,来本贴发布一下自己的习作链接
不允许先占楼再发链接,一旦发现将做删帖处理
凡在此帖参加同主题的版友,习作贴的统一格式为:
0910AW 同主题写作第十五期 ARGUMENT50 by xxx
0910AW 同主题写作第十五期 ARGUMENT173 by xxx
本贴互改顺序为:前一个改后一个(只包括作业链接楼层)
在汇总楼里将进行统计和读错
另外,改完后请在本贴里给你所改的习作的作者加分通知,一来让TA知道习作已被修改,二来方便统计。
针对于第一个参与的同学没有人改,我将安排人去改~
其余链接 大家互改
P.S.发帖之前请参看https://bbs.gter.net/thread-962761-1-2.html |
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