本帖最后由 chillolee 于 2009-8-8 21:52 编辑
自己听了之后抄在书上的,今天打了出来,同时加深了一下记忆。 不是从某个地方复制粘贴过来的。 Issue常用论证方法
1.
论据法
举例子:个人例子(少用),名人名事。
(1)a varieties of scientist/politicians can be cited to illustrate this point, …
(2)while such cases are rare, they do occur occasionally.
(3)Paragons, such as A and B, respectively, come immediately to my mind.
(4)when telling historical examples involves ...
2.
引用法
引用老话,谚语:as a proverb goes, …, which is to say …
引用名人名言:
(1)”Knowledge is power.” Such is a remark of Bacon, one of the greatest famous educators.
话+人+身份
(2)According to a well know scientist X , and I paraphrase, ..., which is to say/this illustrates the point that …
引用数据调查
survey, statistics
according to a survey, we can estimate that …
3.
引申法
一个理由说完以后,接着过渡或引申到第二个层面或者理由。
4.
反证法
能使文章在逻辑不变的同时,又能在逻辑层面上进行扩充。
5.
类比法
深入浅出地通过一个通俗的东西引出一个深刻的东西。
By the same token, in like manner, similarly, likewise…
6.
定义解析法
Issue写作常用词汇
1.
全局变量类词汇
▲show: indicate, reveal, confirm, reflect, demonstrate, convey, imply, illustrate
▲important: vital, crucial, essential, significant, profound, play a key role
▲I think: I guess, I suppose, I assume, I maintain that, I insist that, personally, from the personal perspective, in my eyes, in my view, I am convinced that
▲problem, question: issue, incident, event, occurrence
▲热门的: heated, urgent, burning, pressing, pervasive, rampant, prevalent
▲面临,见证: confront, encounter, witness
▲争议,争论: controversy, debate, contend, dispute
▲难以解决的问题,棘手的问题: intractable, involved, troublesome, tough, stubborn
▲解决方案: solution, approach, recipe, scheme
▲迅速的,有效地: valid, sound, effectual, efficacious, potent
2.
话题型词汇
(1)
counterproductive 适得其反的
It is counterproductive to be too enough.
(2)
Seminal: 萌芽的,潜在的,开创性的,有重大影响的
(3)
forgo: 放弃
(4)
intuition: 直觉
(5)
satisfy: v.证明是正当的,为……寻找理由
(6)
resort to ... : 诉诸于……
(7)
hinge on …: 以……为转移
(8)
lend some credence to …: 提供支持
(9)
dimension: n. 大小,体积,范围,面积,程度
(10)
amount to: 相当于,等于
(11)
inspire: v. 激励,鼓舞
inspiration: 灵感
(12)
provide necessary impetus for …: 给予……动力
(13)
paradigm: 样式,典范,范例
(14)
obscure: v. 使阴暗,使朦胧
(15)
nascent: adj. 初生的
(16)
irrespective for whether …: 无论如何
(17)
draw a distinction between: 区分
(18)
catalyst: 催化剂,刺激因素
(19)
proviso: 限制性条款,附带条件
(20)
proceeding: 行动,进行,会议
international proceeding 国际性会议
(21)
thwart: v. 反对,阻碍,挫败
(22)
unprecedented: 空前的
(23)
inexorable: adj. 不可阻挡的,坚持不懈的,无情的
(24)
take precedence over …: 居先于……,优先于……
(25)
serve as a substitute for …: 取代
be superseded by: 代替,取代
(26)
emerge from …: 源自于……
(27)
灌输,教育:instill, inculcate, impart, foster, nurture
(28)
名人:celebrity, elite, personality, notable figures
(29)
普遍的,流行的:prevailing
(30)
若干刃,若干重:a double-edged sword
a two-edged weapon
twofold/threefold/manifold
(31)
消除,减轻:eliminate, diminish, endermine
(32)
加剧,恶化:exacerbate
(33)
过度,过分:exorbitant, undue
(34)
导致,造成:pose, render, breed, burgeon, outgrowth
(35)
探求,努力:seek to …, strive to, probe
(36)
资助,赞助:subsidize, subsidization, patron, on the patronage of …, under the auspices of …
(37)
增强,提高:escalate, enhance, promote, augment, elevate
3.
逻辑连接词汇
第一组:表示先后次序的词汇
(1)
之前地,先前地:previously, anteriorly
(2)
同时地:simultaneously, co-instantaneously
(3)
最后,最终地:ultimately, eventually
(4)
其次:posteriorly
第二组:表示因果关系的词汇
Being that, owing to, in virtue of, in view of, in respect that, on account of, consequently, hence, inevitably, resultingly, thereupon, whereupon
第三组:表示转折关系的词汇
Natheless, whereas, howbeit, instead, conversely, notwithstanding
第四组:表示递进关系的词汇
Furthermore, withal(加之,同样,然而), ulteriorly(进一步地), detailedly(详细地说), minutely(详细地说)
第五组:表示类比关系的词汇
Similarly, in like manner, likewise, analogically, analogously, approximatively
第六组:表示强调关系的词汇
Especially, particularly, determinately, authentically, undoubtedly, undeniablely, definitely, demonstrably(明显地,显然地), assuredly(确实地,确信地) |