issue186 关于society【自由女神小组第八次作业】

monkeydluffyUID: 2277631

186 "Practicality is now our great idol, which all powers and talents must serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world." [05/21; 06/0]
实用主义是我们现在主要的追求，一切的力量和才智都必须为其服务。任何并非显著实用的东西在当今世界几乎是没有价值的。(当务之急和长远大计的关系)

提纲:
1、我们需要实用主义，以实用主义为目标才能实现资源的最优配置。（举例：工厂不采取实用主义就卖不出产品，科学研究不采取实用主义就会消耗人力物力，政府办事不采取实用主义，就会浪费纳税人的钱，）
2、但是我们不能以实用主义为任何事的唯一目标,也应该注重一些看似不实用的东西。（同样上面三个例子）
3、这在个人身上体现的更为明显。（举例，宗教）
When we estimate something ,we will always take the first consideration  about what it can bring us while overlooking its potencial function.This is what I want to discuss here,the practicality,which in my points of view ,is a necessity but not everything.

Admittedly, practicality is everywhere around us.We can not imagine a company which is not market-oriented can gain large sum of benefits. The practicality of products are of the priority when we choose them and the lose of its function amounts to the lose of the market.Also the government will think throughly the practicality of the policies they have proposed.It is a waste of our money if one of the policies is expected to be functional after several years instead of present time,let alone the ones that are helpless to the development of our society and people's life.Besides ,in the field of scientific research,the sponus are the benefit generated by the result of research, which is another proof of the necessicity of practicality.

However , the practicality should not be overemphasized as the single aim.There are many other seemingly unpractical things we should pursue.The quality of products alone is not sufficient enough for the success of a company which on the other hand also values the service,which is not pracitical.No one will doubt the role of service playing in the evolement of the company.Haier,an eliate Chinese company,the regulation that all of its servicemen need to clean up all the dusty things generated during the process of the installment of the aie-conditioner brings about tremendous reputation in return.The government will also concern the negative consequnces ,such as environmental pollution,of the application of some practical policies.Not to say the non-utilitarianism in scientific research in which the unpractical research is a common thing.When Watson discovered the double helix of DNA molecule ,he would never figure out his discovery will arouse a biology revolution in later years.For Michael faraday,it is many years after his death was the First and Second Laws recognized by people which is destinated to be the basis for electrochemistry ,another great modern industry in the 20th century.

It is more clear when it comes to a individual.Take religious belif as an example.Many people in western society believe in God which,if we view it by the common sense of practicality,is useless because it is a fictional feature,let alone the substancial benefit from it.But for its belifers,God has the supreme power who will bring us happiness and solve any problems for us. I am not such a belifer but I certainly believe it is the belif in God that substracts many sufferings from people and brings us enough confidence to lead a happy life and who can say unpractical things are useless?

In today's morden society,  when we pursue the practicality we should also concern the unpractical ones;when we claim the necessity of practicality we should also fulfil the development of our society and ourselves with unpractical ones.Remember,practicality is not always equals to the usefulness.

提纲：
87 "In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important discoveries." [05/46; 06/2]
在所有的研究领域中，新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现。
提纲:
1、在学习态度上，新手比专家更具有激情和冒险精神，而对一些成名的专家来说，他们可能不愿意拿他们现有的成就去冒险，也因此显得保守
2、在思维上，新手更容易天马行空，而老手更容易成思维定势。（举例）
3、在经验上，新手明显要欠缺，也许他们有想法但是不一定能成功。如果对于那些更讲究经验的领域，新手不一定能获得重大突破。（举学科例子，比如医学）

36 "The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries." [05/58; 06/6]
一个人的伟大之处决定与他后代人的评价，而不是决定与和他同时代的人的评价。
提纲：
1、有时候一个人在他死后别人才肯定他的成就（举例，如梵高，法拉第等）
2、我定义一个人伟大在于他对社会国家所做的贡献，如果是这样定义的话，一个人的伟大就不是仅仅由他后代所决定，
   1、首先现在社会的很多奖项都是根据一个人的贡献来的，那这些评价当然来自与和他同时代的人
   2、其次有人说一个人的成就需要经过历史考验，但这并不防碍他在世时就已经获得大家的认可。

83 "Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people." [05/47; 06/6]
政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地带，保持他们的原始状态，尽管这些地区一般来说非常偏僻，很少有人能够到达。
提纲:
1、偏远人少不代表一直人少，这需要政府去保护（最好有例子），因为如果没有保护，一旦有人要去开发这片土地就没有相应的措施保障。
2、保护地区的原始状态也就是保护该地区的生态平衡，一旦改变原始状态就会带来大规模的生态失调（可以用内蒙草原的例子）
3、保护偏远地区，相当于给国家留下了宝贵的财产。这不仅仅给生态研究带来好处，也是人类目前少有的希望。

121 "At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species." [05/23; 06/6]
在过去不同的地质时期，很多物种的灭绝都是自然因素造成，而并非人类行为。所以，社会没有理由花费很大的人力物力去拯救濒临灭绝的物种。
提纲：
1、在人类诞生以前，生物的灭决是由大自然选择的，natural selection
2、人类诞生以后，由于捕杀，破坏环境等，已经影响了很多生物的减少，（如蒙古草原的狼），而这些生物的减少已经反过来影响了我们（蒙古草原沙漠化）。因此，我们必须拯救濒临灭绝的动物，维持物种多样性。
3、我们要以不影响人类生存的前提下去保护，也就是不能影响工作。



147 "Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them." [05/32; 06/7]
传统和现代化是水火不容的。人们必须二者选一。
提纲：
1、对一个人来说，我们可以说他在某些方面比较传统，有些方面比较现代化
2、对一个社会来说，很多地方也是传统与现代的交集。比如：技术上，现代的技术都是建立在旧的基础上的，很多地方甚至依旧是传统的方法，制度上，我们也保留着以前的一些思想，比如中国 的一些儒家传统。
3、我们以传统为基础，不断的创造现代化。




99 "In any realm of life -- whether academic, social, business, or political -- the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options." [05/22; 06/0]
在生活的各个领域，不管是学术、社交、商业或政治，要想成功，只能靠实际而并非理想化的观点。注重成效的行为确保了生存，而理想化的观点倾向于被更简单、更直接的观点取代。
提纲：
1、实际意味着充分考虑当前的情况，从而获得可以有的成就，因此，实际的想法有利于当前的成功。
2、但是，人总是需要理想的，理想化的观点可以作为我们努力的方向，可以作为我们行动的方针。（比如中国大学改革）
3、 理想化的目标实际上是由一个个实际的目标积累而成。


[ 本帖最后由 monkeydluffy 于 2007-1-29 14:03 编辑 ]