请教，范文的内部逻辑

zhangheng1020UID：2130513

这一篇的。。。:(:(
Issue
"Most of the people we consider heroic today were, in fact, very ordinary people who happened to be in the right place at the right time."

I agree with the statement insofar as our heroes tend to be ordinary people like us. However, I strongly disagree with the further assertion that people become heroes simply by being "in the right place at the right time." If we look around at the sorts of people we choose as our heroes, we realize that heroism has far less to do with circumstance than with how a hero responds to it.

I concede that heroes are generally ordinary people. In my observation we choose as our heroes people with whom we strongly identify--people who are very much like us. In fact many of us call a parent, grandparent, or older sibling our hero. Why? My intuition is that the more a person shares in common with us--in terms of experience, heritage, disposition, motives, and even physical attributes-----the more accessible that person's heroic traits are to us, and the stronger their attraction as a role model. And few would dispute that we share more in common with immediately family than with anyone else.

However, the statement's further suggestion that people become heroes merely as a result of circumstances not of their own choosing is simply wrongheaded. Admittedly, circumstance often serves as a catalyst for heroism. After all, without wars there would be no war heroes. Yet this does not mean that we should lionize every member of the armed forces. I find quite telling the oft-used idiom "heroic effort," which suggests that mere coincidence has little to do with heroism. If one examines the sorts of people we select as our heroes, it becomes evident that heroism requires great effort, and that the very nub of heroism lies in the response, not in the circumstance.（FAME OR FACT??） Consider the ordinary person who overcomes a personal obstacle through extraordinary effort, fortitude, or faith---thereby inspiring others toward similar accomplishments. Sports heroes often fall into this category. For example, Lance Armstrong, a Tour de France cycling champion, became a national hero not merely because he won the race but because he overcame a life-threatening illness, against all odds, to do so. 这个例子和观点是什么关系~~ 完全茫然中.....

Of course, widespread notoriety？？ is not a requisite for heroic status. Countless individuals with physical and mental disabilities become heroes in their community and among their acquaintances by treating their obstacles as personal challenges--thereby setting inspirational examples. Consider the blind law student who inspires others to overcome the same challenge; or the amputee distance runner who serves as a role model for other physically challenged people in her community. To assert that individuals such as these become our heroes merely by accident, as the statement seems to suggest, is to completely misunderstand the very stuff of which heroes are made. （这一段完全没有看出来逻辑关系= =我的脑子可能已经不转了）

Another sort of hero is the ordinary person who attains heroic stature by demonstrating extraordinary courage of conviction--against external oppressive forces. Many such heroes are champions of social causes, rising to heroic stature by way of the courage of their convictions; and, it is because we share those convictions--because we recognize these champions as being very much like us----that they become our heroes. Such heroes as India's Mahatma Gandhi, America's Martin Luther King, South Africa's Nelson Mandela, and Poland's Lech Lawesa come immediately to mind. None of these heroes was born into royalty or other privilege; they all came from fairly common, or ordinary, places and experiences. Or consider again our military heroes, whose courage and patriotism in battle the statement would serve to completely discredit as merely accidental outcomes of certain soldiers being "in the right place at the right time." I think the preposterousness of such a suggestion is clear enough. （非常的困惑，没有殖民压迫会有甘地？没有有色歧视会有路得？）

In sum, the statement correctly suggests that heroes are ordinary people like us, and that opportunity, or circumstance, is part of what breeds heroes. However, the statement overlooks that serendipity alone does not a hero make. Heroism requires that "heroic effort," or better yet a "heroic response？？," to one's circumstances in life.

notoriety
no.to.ri.e.ty
AHD:[n½”t…-rº“¹-t¶]
D.J.[7nout*6raiiti8]
K.K.[7not*6ra!!ti]
n.（名词）
The quality or condition of being notorious; ill fame.
声名狼藉的，恶名昭彰的

response
[rI5spRns]
n.
回答；答覆
I've had no response to my letter.
我还没有回信。
反应
no response to our call for help
对我们的求援没有反应
（宗教仪式中）应唱圣歌

zhangheng1020UID：2130513

看到现在，似乎可以感觉出来老外280是4~5个人写的。出自4~5 种模式，每种的风格差别比较明显。有的以文章结构取胜，有的是逻辑严密完美，有的自然流畅的文风口语化的思路。但还是有一个人的作文，我始终catch 不了

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2006-1-31 17:27 编辑 ]

zhangheng1020UID：2130513

B)Issue 146
"People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it." 看得比较费解。B)

The speaker claims that people who are the most firmly committed to an idea or policy are the same people who are most critical of that idea or policy. While I find this claim paradoxical on its face, the paradox is explainable, and the explanation is well supported empirically. Nevertheless, the claim is an unfair generalization in that it fails to account for other empirical evidence serving to discredit it.

A threshold problem with the speaker's claim is that its internal logic is questionable. At first impression it would seem that firm commitment to an idea or policy necessarily requires the utmost confidence in it, and yet one cannot have a great deal of confidence in an idea or policy if one recognizes its flaws, drawbacks, or other problems. Thus commitment and criticism would seem to be mutually exclusive没有看出因果关系. But are they? One possible explanation for the paradox is that individuals most firmly committed to an idea or policy are often the same people who are most knowledgeable on the subject, 这层递进没搞明白 and therefore are in the best position to understand and appreciate the problems with the idea or policy.

Lending credence to this explanation for the paradoxical nature of the speaker's claim are the many historical cases of uneasy marriages between commitment to and criticism of the same idea or policy. For example, Edward Teller, the so-called "father of the atom bomb," was firmly committed to America's policy of gaining military superiority over the Japanese and the Germans; yet at the same time he attempted fervently to dissuade the U.S. military from employing his technology for destruction, while becoming the most visible advocate for various peaceful and productive applications of atomic energy. Another example is George Washington, who was quoted as saying that all the world's denizens "should abhor war wherever they may find it." Yet this was the same military general who played a key role in the Revolutionary War between Britain and the States. A third example was Einstein, who while committed to the mathematical soundness of his theories about relativity could not reconcile them with the equally compelling quantum theory which emerged later in Einstein's life. In fact, Einstein spent the last twenty years of his life criticizing his own theories and struggling to determine how to reconcile them with newer theories. 否定之前的看法和主题有什么关系？我糊涂了。。

In the face of historical examples supporting the speaker's claim are innumerable influential individuals who were zealously committed to certain ideas and policies but who were not critical of them, at least not outwardly. Could anyone honestly claim, for instance, that Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who in the late 19th Century paved the way for the women's rights movement by way of their fervent advocacy, were at the same time highly critical or suspicious of the notion that women deserve equal rights under the law? Also, would it not be absurd to claim that Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, history's two leading advocates of civil disobedience as a means to social reform, had serious doubts about the ideals to which they were so demonstrably committed? Finally, consider the two ideologues and revolutionaries Lenin and Mussolini. Is it even plausible that their demonstrated commitment to their own Communist and Fascist policies, respectively, belied some deep personal suspicion about the merits of these policies? 没看出来列宁和墨索里尼的例子说了什么To my knowledge no private writing of any of these historical figures lends any support to the claim that these leaders were particularly critical of their own ideas or policies. 似乎气势很好，可惜我的脑子已经不转了，看不动了= =

To sum up, while at first glance a deep commitment to and incisive criticism of the same idea or policy would seem mutually exclusive, it appears they are not. Thus the speaker's claim has some merit. Nevertheless, for every historical case supporting the speaker's claim are many others serving to refute it. In the final analysis, then, the correctness of the speaker's assertion must be determined on a case-by-case basis.

146. "People who are the most deeply committed to an idea or policy are the most critical of it."
对于一种想法或者政策最忠实的人往往是那些对其最严厉的人。
Critical: Inclined to judge severely and find fault.
critical
crit.i.cal
AHD:[kr¹t“¹-k…l]
D.J.[6kritik*l]
K.K.[6kr!t!k*l]
adj.Abbr. crit.（形容词）缩写 crit.
Inclined to judge severely and find fault.
爱挑剔的：倾向于进行严厉批判和找岔的
Characterized by careful, exact evaluation and judgment:
有判断的：评价和判断细致的并且确切的：
a critical reading.
有判断力的阅读
Of, relating to, or characteristic of critics or criticism:
批评的：包含、涉及或代表批评家们或批评的：
critical acclaim; a critical analysis of Melville's writings.
批评的喝彩；对米尔维勒作品的批判性分析
Forming or having the nature of a turning point; crucial or decisive:
重要的，关键的：形成或具有转折点性质的；关键性的或决定性的：
a critical point in the campaign.
活动中最重要的一点
Of or relating to a medical crisis:
危急的：属于或关系到病情急转的：
an illness at the critical stage.
处于危险期的疾病
Being or relating to a grave physical condition especially of a patient.
严重的：尤指病人处于或涉及到严重的身体状况的
Indispensable; essential:
必不可少的；必需的：
a critical element of the plan; a second income that is critical to the family's well-being.
计划中的必要条件；对家庭的安康绝对有必要的第二收入
Being in or verging on a state of crisis or emergency:
严重的：处于或接近危机或紧急状况的：
a critical shortage of food.
严重短缺食物
Fraught with danger or risk; perilous.
充满危险的，充满冒险的；濒临毁灭的
Mathematics Of or relating to a point at which a curve has a maximum, minimum, or point of inflection.
【数学】 临界的：属于或关系到曲线最大、最小或回折点的一个点的
Chemistry Physics Of or relating to the value of a measurement, such as temperature, at which an abrupt change in a quality, property, or state occurs:
【化学】 【物理学】 临界的：属于或关系到质量、性能或现象发生突然变化的诸如温度等的测量值的：
A critical temperature of water is 100=C, its boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure.
在标准大气压力下，水的沸点为100=C
Physics Capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction.
【物理学】 临界的：能够维持链式核反应的

yogurt4UID：198389

280看的晕的多了
可以结合精彩专题里面的"每日一评"
另外,查字典最好用w-m
好奇你用的虾米字典的说

zhangheng1020UID：2130513

谢谢您的指教！！