[Chasing For '6' Score 小组]第二次作业布置贴

byking1985UID: 2222368

Issue:
（全文）56"Governments should focus more on solving the immediate problems of today rather than trying to solve the anticipated problems of the future."
分类：当务之急与百年大计       频率：61

（提纲）13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."
频率：43

Argument：
写网络通用顺序的1－5题的提纲。https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=139481

PS：应大家要求，现多加一道issue选做题，有额外精力的同志就做吧，可全文也可提纲，到时一起讨论。
（选做）207"Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."

提交时间：请大家务必在周一晚上10：00以前完成哈！另外，还有对自己对应号码组员的文章进行互改，一定记得哈！！！

[ 本帖最后由 byking1985 于 2007-2-1 12:15 编辑 ]

stonesundlutUID: 2235257

Issue:
（全文）41"Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
（提纲）196"Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
Argument:
（全文）177The following is a letter that recently appeared in the Oak City Gazette, a local newspaper.

"Membership in Oak City's Civic Club—a club whose primary objective is to discuss local issues—should continue to be restricted to people who live in Oak City. People who work in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city. It is important to restrict membership to city residents because only residents pay city taxes and therefore only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city. At any rate, restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City, since neighboring Elm City's Civic Club has always had an open membership policy, and only twenty-five nonresidents have joined Elm City's Club in the last ten years."
（提纲）65The following appeared in a memo from the president of a chain of cheese stores located throughout the United States.

"For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year, however, the five best-selling cheeses at our newest store were all domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way to improve profits in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses."
提交时间：请大家务必在周四晚上10：00以前完成哈！另外，还有对自己对应号码组员的文章进行互改，一定记得哈！！！

stonesundlutUID: 2235257

Issue:
（全文）8、"It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public."
（提纲）203"The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines."
(选做) 212"If a goal is worthy, then any means taken to attain it is justifiable."
Argument:
写网络通用顺序的6－10题的提纲。

[ 本帖最后由 stonesundlut 于 2007-2-8 09:19 编辑 ]

chongxinlaiUID: 2235209

[Chasing For '6' Score 小组]第五次作业布置贴
先说说互改安排，从周一晚上交的作业开始吧
每个人需要修改其他两个人的作业，当然也会被至少两个人修改。
stonesundlut   --->leinia  和 绝望的人流浪           
leinia               --->绝望的人流浪   和 chongxinlai
绝望的人流浪  --->chongxinlai 和 桃太郎           
chongxinlai      --->桃太郎 和 susan8940
桃太郎             --->susan8940 和 xwqq2  
susan8940      --->xwqq2 和 rickbai  
xwqq2             ---> rickbai 和 blue－zsq        
rickbai             ---> blue－zsq 和 stonesundlut  
blue－zsq  ---> stonesundlut 和 leinia  

byking1985        rixiaohan    单独安排   
下次的修改另行通知



Issue186（全文）
【题目】
Practicality is now our great ideal, which all powers and talents must
serve. Anything that is not obviously practical has little value in today's world.
【翻译】
实用主义是我们现在主要的追求，一切的力量和才智都必须为其服务。任何并非显著实用的东西在当今世界几乎是没有价值的。
【参考】http://bbs.gter.ce.cn/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=203298&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D50

Issue4（提纲）
【题目】
"No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."
【翻译】
如果没有来源于其他领域的知识和经验，没有一个研究领域会取得显著的进步。
【参考】
http://bbs.gter.ce.cn/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=317288&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D49

Argument117（全文）
【题目】
The following is a memo from the business manager of Valu-Mart stores.
"Over 70 percent of the respondents to a recent survey reported that they are required to take more work home with them from the workplace than they were in the past. Since Valu-Mart has not seen impressive sales in its office-supply departments in the past, we should take advantage of this work-at-home trend by increasing at all Valu-Mart stores the stock of home office machines such as printers, small copy machines, paper shredders, and fax machines. We will also increase stock of office supplies such as paper, pens, and staplers. With these changes, our office-supply departments will become the most profitable component of our stores."

【翻译】最近一次调查超过70％的回应者报告说他们被要求回家完成的工作量比以前多。由于Valu-Mart在过去并没有发现办公用品部销量的显著上升，我们应该利用这种在家办公的趋势，在所有Valu-Mart商店增加家庭办公机器比如打印机、小型复印机、碎纸机和传真机的存货。我们也将增加办公用品比如纸笔和钉书机的存货。通过这些变革，我们办公用品部将会成为我们商店中盈利最多的部门。
【参考】
http://bbs.gter.ce.cn/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=307352&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D49

Argument33（提纲）比较恶心，大家看看吧
【题目】
The following report appeared in an archaeology journal.

'The discovery of distinctively shaped ceramic pots at various prehistoric sites scattered over a wide area has led archaeologists to ask how the pots were spread. Some believe the pot makers migrated to the various sites and carried the pots along with them; others believe the pots were spread by trade and their makers remained in one place. Now, analysis of the bones of prehistoric human skeletons can settle the debate: high levels of a certain metallic element contained in various foods are strongly associated with people who migrated to a new place after childhood. Many of the bones found near the pots at a few sites showed high levels of the metallic element. Therefore, it must be that the pots were spread by migration, not trade.
【参考】
http://bbs.gter.ce.cn/bbs/thread-217690-1-1.html

[ 本帖最后由 chongxinlai 于 2007-2-12 19:12 编辑 ]

桃太郎UID: 2275108

组员们不少都是三月底四月初参加机考,已经到最后一个月了,所以决定加大强度,计划如下:
每天早上由我布置一篇issue+一篇argu,然后同时说明题目类型和如何破题,大家的任务就是有时间就写全文,没有时间就写写提纲.尽量看看同组的文章,因为别人的文章可以给你一些意想不到的惊喜,同时看到大家都写了而自己却没写,有一种压力和动力.

有一点是必须说的,现在网上有很多的现成模版,大家用可以是可以,但是一定要个性化,就是能改多少词就改多少词,可能只是考试前半个小时得事情,然而懒得弄到时雷同得个3.5会相当后悔得.

argument:
147.The following appeared in an editorial in a business magazine.

"Although the sales of Whirlwind video games have declined over the past
two years, a recent survey of video-game players suggests that this sales
trend is about to be reversed. The survey asked video-game players what
features they thought were most important in a video game. According to
the survey, players prefer games that provide lifelike graphics, which
require the most up-to-date computers. Whirlwind has just introduced
several such games with an extensive advertising campaign directed at
people 10 to 25 years old, the age-group most likely to play video games.
It follows, then, that the sales of Whirlwind video games are likely to
increase dramatically in the next few months."

尽管Whirlwind游戏公司的游戏销量在过去两年中下降了，最近一次对于电子游戏玩家的调查显示这种销售趋势可能会逆转。该调查询问游戏玩家对于一个游戏来说他们所认为的最重要特征是什么。根据调查结果，玩家倾向于那些需要最先进的电脑的，具有活灵活现图象的游戏。Whirlwind刚刚面向10－25岁的人群开展了大力的广告活动来推广若干此类游戏，10－25岁是最喜欢玩游戏的年龄层。这说明Whirlwind公司的游戏销量将会在未来几个月中猛增。

可以找到的错误:
销售下降的原因是否因为游戏不适合当时的玩家,没有考虑到其它原因,比如运营策略,价格等
调查是没有意义的,只是问了玩家游戏最重要的特征,而没有问玩家要买的的游戏会是什么样的特征
最先进的电脑向来不会在少数人手里,所以游戏面向的可能只是那些拥有最先进的电脑的人
玩家可能并不止10-25这个年龄段
销量猛增和改变游戏类型没有必然的因果联系

issue:
36 "The greatness of individuals can be decedied only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries."
个体的伟大成就不能由同时代的人来评判；对于成就最客观的评价者是后来人。

(同241 "An individual's greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or her contemporaries; the most objective evaluators of a person's greatness are people who belong to a later time.")

分类:历史类

题目属于类型:比较型
两个主体词:
A:those who live after them,
B:their contemporaries
大体思路方向:
A+:由当代人评价有什么好处(比如有名得人nobel,得到当代认可,对社会有贡献解决社会问题,所以才得到好的评价,和当代社会问题可以联系一下)
A-:有什么坏处(比如有一定得误区,没得到验证,有些理论是错误的)
B+:后代评价有什么好处(有些艺术家的伟大是超出当代社会的整体意识的,之有后面的一些人才能看懂)
B-:后代评价有什么坏处(艺术家得不到认可,缺少认同感而遗憾终生)
可以自己找几个方向论证,不要全写,选三个自己找到的方向充分论证就可以了

最后要跟大家说的是,人想要得到什么东西,必须要做出相应的牺牲,如果你想考一个拿的出手的分数,在最后这一个月一起努力吧~~

桃太郎UID: 2275108

ARGUMENT

17The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper.

"Walnut Grove's town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC's fee is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once. Moreover, EZ—which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks—has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance."

Walnut Grove的市委提议选择ABC Waste，而不是EZ Disposal（它是过去十年中和Walnut
Grove签约提供垃圾收集服务的机构），因为EZ最近把他们每月的收费从$2000提高到了$2500，而ABC仍然是$2000。但市委是错误的，我们应该继续使用EZ。EZ每周收集两次垃圾，而ABC只收集一次。而且，EZ当前的卡车拥有量和ABC一样都是20辆，但它已定购了更多的车辆。最后，EZ还提供优越的服务：去年市镇调查中80％的回应者同意他们对于EZ的表现是"满意"的。

可以找的错误:
论断的前提非常不公平，他认为A不能提供像E一样让人满意的服务，却没有给出足够的证据。
论断使用的论据不并具说力。论者说E每周收两次，而A只有一次。但是有没有可能每周一次就已经足够了？两次有必要吗？
另外论断说E最近新添了卡车，还会提供更多的服务。但这两者之间却没有明显的因果关系。
有关论据中提到的调查也很有疑点

ISSUE
130 "How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."
孩子融入社会的能力决定了社会的命运。遗憾的是，我们还不知道怎样培养孩子使他们对社会有益。

分类:教育类
题目类型:因果型
因果关系:A因为我们不知道怎样培养孩子而且孩子融入社会的能力决定了社会的命运,B所以我们的社会会很遗憾...
思路方向:
+:A成立而且能够推出B(比如社会有很多犯罪问题,事业问题,很多大学生毕业后无法融入社会,使现在的社会无法飞速发展)
-:A不成立,所以不能推出B(随便举点科学艺术家,都为社会做出了贡献,不论精神方面还是物质方面,都丰富了社会)
A->B的关系不成立:还有其它原因决定着社会的命运(比如政府的政策,保护环境,继续和当务之急与百年大计扯)

我的思路貌似有点问题.....不要误导大家,找一个资料里的思路再开阔一下:
①     How children are socialized is indeed crucial for the future society. cooperative, accommodating, political。
②     Upon the question of how to raise children that can help bring about a better society, neither do we have learnt enough, nor do we have done well. A learn B do。
③     How children are socialized should never be the only determinant in developing a better society.
④     Although insufficient, we have already learnt something about how to raise the salt of the society.

[ 本帖最后由 桃太郎 于 2007-3-3 11:57 编辑 ]

桃太郎UID: 2275108

ARGUMENT

51.The following appeared in a medical newsletter.

"Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some
patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis
has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of
patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle
injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took
antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time
was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in
the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician,
were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking
antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly
reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain
would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment."

医生长期以来怀疑严重肌肉扭伤后的二次感染妨碍了一些患者迅速康复。这一假说现在被一项对两组患者的研究的初步结果所证实。第一组患者全部由专攻运动医学的Dr.
Newland治疗肌肉损伤，他们在疗程中经常服用抗生素。他们的康复期平均比通常预期的快40％。第二组患者由综合医师Dr.
Alton治疗，他们被给予糖丸，而患者相信他们在服用抗生素。他们的平均康复时间没有明显缩短。因此，任何被确诊为肌肉损伤的患者应被建议服用抗生素作为辅助治疗。

错误:
实验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征
副作用
实验的人数
肌肉扭伤的程度

ISSUE:

185 “Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. ”
丑闻，不管是政治、学术还是其他领域，都是有用的。它们能吸引人们的注意力，而使我们聚焦于问题，以一种演讲者和改革家都做不到的方式。

类型:交流与媒体
题目类型:因果型
因果关系:A因为丑闻能吸引人们注意力同时使我们聚焦于问题,B所以不论使政治,学术还是其它领域都是有用的
+:A+丑闻确实能够吸引人们的注意并且使我们聚焦于问题,一些丑闻让人民大众知道了一些他们本应该知道而却被政治家隐瞒的事实,越战,而科学方面的丑闻也让我们知道了一些科学家的成果并不是经过自己的努力得来的,抄袭....
-:A-但是其它事情也同样能够让人们聚焦于问题,比如媒体的报告
-:A不能推出B  一些丑闻毁坏了人们的正常生活,隐私过渡被报道,使得演员没有心情演戏,领导没有心情工作,戴安娜撞车

桃太郎UID: 2275108

2.The following appeared in a letter sent by a committee of homeowners
from the Deerhaven Acres to all homeowners in Deerhaven Acres.

"Seven years ago, homeowners in nearby Brookville community adopted a set
of restrictions on how the community's yards should be landscaped and what
colors the exteriors of homes should be painted. Since then, average
property values have tripled in Brookville. In order to raise property
values in Deerhaven Acres, we should adopt our own set of restrictions on
landscaping and housepainting."

七年前，附近的Brookville社区的业主实施了一系列关于该社区的庭院应如何布置以及房屋应涂何种颜色的规定。从那以后，Brookville的地产平均价格翻了三番。为使Deerhaven
Acres的地产升值，我们也应该对于景观和房屋涂色实施自己的规定。

错误:
7年前,时间太久
实施统一的颜色和布置的规定与平均地价增长没有相应的因果关系.列他因
错误类比,在B涨价并不一定在D也涨价

ISSUE:

38 "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少。
(155 "Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important."
当代社会提供了很多学习的途径，读书这种学习方式已经不是很重要了。 )


类型:学习
题目类型:比较型
主体词:A从电视中学习B从书本中学习
限定词:重要
A+:电视,电脑和网络确实在人们的生活中起着越来越重要的作用,更生动,更直观,更快捷
B+:有些抽象知识还是要通过书本进行传授的,比如数学,哲学,文学==
A-:同时,电脑和电视等类的电器,损害视力,消耗能源,对环境不利

桃太郎UID: 2275108

ISSUE

83 "Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people."
政府应该保护那些疆域范围内的偏远地带，保持他们的原始状态，尽管这些地区一般来说非常偏僻，很少有人能够到达。

类型:政治类
题目类型:结论型
+: why? 虽然只有很少人能够到达,但是还是会带来废气,废水,噪音,捕猎等
-: 不光政府应该对保护环境负责,还有志愿者,社会组织等应该负责.
-: 如果不保持原始状态而是引入一些环保旅游 eco-tourism 对环境反而有更好的保护效果


AGRUMENT

47.Scientists studying historical weather patterns have discovered that in
the mid-sixth century, Earth suddenly became significantly cooler.
Although few historical records survive from that time, some accounts
found both in Asia and Europe mention a dimming of the sun and extremely
cold temperatures. Either a huge volcanic eruption or a large meteorite
colliding with Earth could have created a large dust cloud throughout
Earth's atmosphere that would have been capable of blocking enough
sunlight to lower global temperatures significantly. A large meteorite
collision, however, would probably create a sudden bright flash of light,
and no extant historical records of the time mention such a flash. Some
surviving Asian historical records of the time, however, mention a loud
boom that would be consistent with a volcanic eruption. Therefore, the
cooling was probably caused by a volcanic eruption.

研究历史上气候变化的学者发现在六世纪中叶，地球突然变冷了很多。尽管那个时期很少有历史记录被保存下来，一些在亚洲和欧洲所发现的记录提到了太阳变暗和极度的寒冷。要么是巨大的火山喷发，要么是撞击地球的大型小行星导致地球大气形成一大片尘埃云层，这阻止了一定的阳光导致全球温度显著下降。然而，大型小行星的撞击可能产生突然的强闪光，而现存的那时的历史记录中没有提到过这样的闪光。然而那时遗留下来的一些亚洲历史纪录提到过与一次火山喷发相一致的巨大隆隆声。因此，那时的温度下降多半是火山喷发导致的。

错误:

1.没有说清dim和cold发生的具体时间关系。虽然都在mid-sixth，但也是很长一段时间。万一cold发生在dim之前呢？记载如此稀少以至于可能无法了解细节。补充：事实上有四件事情：dim in Euro, dim in Asia, cold in Euro, cold in Asia。更加混了。不过我觉得这样要说清楚很难。实力强的bull们可以试试。
2.即使是同时发生或者dim先行，也未必dim是cold之因。日、地距离的变化，洋流的变化（从《后天》得到启发），是不是都有可能造成气温降低。作者没有有效排除。
即使认同dim和cold之因果，质疑volcano和dim之因果。
3.meteorite真的被排除了吗？没有记录未必没有光。既然说few纪录存留下来，有可能没存留下的可能当时真地记录了。或者就压根儿没人想到要记录？就算真的没人看到闪光，也不能说明没有发出强闪光。可能撞击发生在白昼区，而且当地又无人烟……能驳得太多了
4.meteorite和volcano是either-or的关系吗？就算没有meteorite之collision而有volcano之eruption，volcano也未必是dim之因啊 （其实还可以驳隆隆声一定是火山发出的这一点……不过我一下子想不出隆隆声的alternative explanation）
5.就算Asia有volcano，就算那个volcano遮了asia的天。但没说清楚在east asia还是west asia。Euro又没记载volcano闹，万一还刚好在west euro。east asia 德volcano如何解释west euro的dim呢？

自己也在学习ing

桃太郎UID: 2275108

ISSUE
147 "Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them."
传统和现代化是水火不容的。人们必须二者选一。
类型:社会
题目类型:因果
关系:A因为水火不容,B所以必须二者选一

传统：代代相传的习俗、信仰、生活方式。
现代：工业化、全球化、以及学术和艺术上的一些创新。
①        确实是有相互排挤的。比如：工业方面：流水线和家庭生产，习俗方面：很多民俗开始被外界同化，即全球化。生活方式上：通信工具的选择，mail逐渐被取代。出行：步行，骑马，火车，飞机。
②        延续，不变：Festival: Christmas; regional: Christianism, Islam, Buddhism which are all born long ago still greatly influence people in modern world.
③        共存，交融。如：习俗上：西方和东方交融；生活方上：还有各种语言和文学艺术形式的共存，艺术上：现代画派和经典画家的画都被人们所喜爱。Rococo洛可可; 艺术Picasso的impressionism, cubism; 仍然是现代建筑和艺术的流派之一，被广为借鉴。Classical music, 和pop music尽管风格迥异，但都带给现代人音乐的享受。Renascence | rock-and-roll
好的传统不变，和现代融合，持续的变化和创新。Enrich human culture and promote all people’s living conditions.


ARGUMENT
140. The following appeared in a report of the Committee on Faculty Promotions and Salaries at Elm City University.

"During her seventeen years as a professor of botany, Professor Thomas has proved herself to be well worth her annual salary of $50,000. Her classes are among the largest at the university, demonstrating her popularity among students. Moreover, the money she has brought to the university in research grants has exceeded her salary in each of the last two years. Therefore, in consideration of Professor Thomas' demonstrated teaching and research abilities, we recommend that she receive a $10,000 raise and a promotion to Department Chairperson; without such a raise and promotion, we fear that Professor Thomas will leave Elm City University for another college."

在Thomas教授作为植物学教授的17年里，她证明了自己确实是值50000元年薪的。她的班级是本校最大的班级之一，这说明她在学生中间的受欢迎度。而且，她给学校带来的研究捐助在过去两年中都超过了她的年薪。因此，鉴于Thomas教授已被证实的教学和研究能力，我们建议将她的年薪增加10000元，并提升为系主任；如果没有这些加薪和提升，我们担心Thomas教授将会离开Elm City大学到别的学校就职。
1。没有证据说T教授要离开，就算要离开，不一定是因为薪水和职位的原因。
2．T教授不一定那么好，她的课不一定受欢迎，她带来的研究经费不一定比别的教授多，她以后不一定也能引入这么多经费。
3．就算她真的很好，因为薪水和职位的原因要离开，也没有证据说明提高后的薪水她就满意了，提升的职位就适合她。

[ 本帖最后由 桃太郎 于 2007-3-7 11:59 编辑 ]

桃太郎UID: 2275108

Argument

38.The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public
Health Council.

"An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to
significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study
reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high,
people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of
colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds.
Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school
and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement
derived from fish oil, as a good way to prevent colds and lower
absenteeism."

我们注意到一种保证可以显著减少学校和工作岗位的缺席的革新疗法。一项研究报告说在附近的East
Meria，鱼的消费量很高，那里的人们每年因为治感冒而去看医生的次数只有一或两次。显然，吃较大量的鱼可以预防感冒。由于感冒是学校和单位缺席的最常见原因，我们建议每天服用Ichthaid，一种从鱼油中提炼的营养物质，作为预防感冒和减少缺席率的有效措施。
1．研究的可信性。看病的人少不代表得病的人少，可能自己在家吃药，就算感冒的人少，也不一定时吃鱼的作用，可能是身体好，环境好，生活方式健康。
2．就算吃鱼有用，也不代表吃I就有用，在提炼过程中有效成分可能流失。
3．就算能减少感冒，但缺席有很多其他原因，甚至有人以感冒为借口，不解决真正原因不不能解决缺席问题。


ISSUE:
★★★47T "Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills47． 社会没有给予智力培养方面足够的重视，比如人的推理和认知
①        推理和认知能力的重要性。没有给予足够重视can benefit to both the common people and the entire world.对个人： 对社会：A society cannot advance without cognitive skills。First of all, the cognition has played a crucial role in the growth of one person. From the moment of the birth, one began its trail of the cognition. In the early stage, people can only duplicate the behavior of their parents, while with the growing process continues, the learning skills has been introduced in order to help one to comprehend the principles behind the phenomenon. Gradually, the establishment of the intellect finally makes it possible for all the individuals to gaining the basic skills to survive in the modern technological world. Second, the reasoning and cognitive skills also served as the impetus of the advancement of the entire society. With the development of intellect, （not only can human race obtain more knowledge and innovation but also have the opportunity to achieve a remarkable accomplishment in the technological field and eventually promote all people’s living conditions.此句子多题可用，背）(background: Human psychology can be divided into two domains. One is intellect and cognition, which includes logical reasoning, deduction, inference, abstract thinking, ability to learn and suchlike. The other is emotions, sentiments, and feelings such as joy, sorrow, reverence, hate, love, etc. and other personal qualities, such as integrity, honesty, braveness, benevolence, etc.) Education: The unprecedented improvement of modern world has indeed made some individuals lost the enthusiastic to improve the reasoning and other cognitive skills. This circumstance is apparent in the process of education. Modern education system used the examination in which the memorization, instead of rather than the cognitive skills, takes a much larger part as one of the main approaches to encourage the students to improve their learning skill.（死记硬背的教育题例子,重点讲这个）
②        过分重视也不好。A压力过大 B会忽略其他宝贵的东西Emotions and feelings 对个人 对社会Though the reasoning and other cognitive skills have great significant in the evolution of human civilization, overemphasis the intellect and neglect the other non-intellectual skill also will hamper the human society. For example, people today are facing much more pressure than they used to do. The entire working hour has been decreased, however, the increasing efficiency make people have to produce more goods in a relatively short time. This situation results in the promotion of the depression and many physiological illness in common people and eventually obstruct the development of human world. lots of whom are intellectually competent but morally and emotionally crippled. Some show little respect to others and little tolerance to different ideas. Some are selfish, arrogant and dishonest. Some are deficient in managing their own emotions and commits suicides or even vent out their anger and resentments by hurting other people. EQ&IQ ex.
③        较好的是把握balance The evolution of human society needs emphasis both the intellect and the non-intellectual skill. On one hand, the reasoning and other cognitive skills contributes the proceeds of the entire society and will go on with propelling human world into another phase of human evolution此句子多题可用，背. On the other hand, many non-intellectual skill conditions should make human beings possible to keep their efforts in the probing the unknown realm此句子多题可用，背and collecting the new knowledge and discovery.
注意例子和正反结合
In sum, in order to maintain the evolution of human world, the emphasizing of the intellect and non-intellectual skill call for a balance and should be both regarded as the importance factors in the society.

桃太郎UID: 2275108

昨天回学校了忙毕设的事情去了...对不住大家~补上今天的
ARGUMENT:

65. The following appeared in a memo from the president of a chain of cheese stores located throughout the United States.

"For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year, however, the five best-selling cheeses at our newest store were all domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way to improve profits in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses."

很多年来我们的所有连锁店都储备了很多种类的国产奶酪和进口奶酪。然而去年，我们的最新店里五种销量最高的奶酪都是威斯康星出产的cheddar奶酪。而且，最近一次由Cheese
of the World杂志所举行的调查显示，其订阅者对于国产奶酪的倾向性越来越高。由于我们公司可以通过限制库存来减少开支，在我们所有连锁店增加盈利的最好方式就是停止贮备很多进口奶酪而主要集中于国产奶酪。

1．        这几家店的情况不足以说明总体情况，也许当地人很喜欢这种奶酪。或是促销活动。不能推广到全国。
2．        调查的可信性。杂志的读者群有多大，回应者的代表性，是否是我们连锁店的消费者，对国产奶酪的倾向性提高没有说服力，可能基数低，就算提高了人数比例也不大。
3．        不一定能增加利润，可能国产的利润更低。而且还有其他方法：促销等。


ISSUE:


43T "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards." 43． 一个官员要想成为一个好的领导，他必须有极高的民族和道德标准
Maintain the highest ethical and moral standards=>an effective leader.
1.        a leader should possess a high level of ethnical and moral standards, yet not the highest首先，高尚的道德和伦理标准可以使领导者赢得人民的信任和对手的尊重。Gandhi和Martin Luther King. Martin Luther King, gained worldwide respect as a leader of civil rights, that " I have a dream" is his firm conviction; Nelson Mandela, an honorable president of South Africa, "peace and unite" is his unchanged principle.(查仔细！) Nelson Mandela - former Robben Island prisoner number 46664 - is the driving force behind a worldwide music-led campaign to raise global awareness of Aids and funds to fight the pandemic in Southern Africa. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time. His role in fighting apartheid, his imprisonment on Robben Island, and his ability to steer South Africa through the crisis of its re-birth, earned him the international reputation of benevolent negotiator and quintessential peacemaker. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time, an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country.
2.        否之否：其次，moral regulations in his mind 防止leaders abuse their authorities and also the corruptions.具有正直的品格是很重要的。Stalin对官员的杀害Stalin Soviet politician. The successor of Lenin, His rule was marked by the exile of Trotsky (1929), a purge of the government and military, the forced collectivization of agriculture, a policy of industrialization, and a victorious but devastating role for the Soviets in World Hitler Nazism(查例子！) Hussein, Saddam------President of Iraq, Hussein, Saddam (1937- ), authoritarian president of Iraq (1979-2003), who led Iraq into two devastating wars. Hussein’s regime was characterized by brutal suppression of internal opposition.
3.        一个成功的领导者还应该具备其它方面的特征（special knowledge, management ability, Jack Welch GE, insight-Roosevelt creativity and so forth）邓小平, creativity.

桃太郎UID: 2275108

ARGUMENT:

137. The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper.

"At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River. Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase, so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the Mason River."

当前，Mason市很少利用附近的Mason河来进行娱乐活动，尽管对该地区居民的几次调查一直指出他们把水上运动（游泳、垂钓和划船）作为他们最喜欢的娱乐形式。由于曾经存在对于这条河水质的投诉，居民一定是因为他们认为河水不够干净才不在这里活动。但这种情况就会改变了：我们地区负责河流管理的部门公布了澄清Mason河的计划。因此，河流的娱乐用途很可能将会增加，因而Mason市的市委有必要增加用于改善Mason河沿岸公共土地的预算。

1．投诉不足以说明问题。没有说人们是因为水不干净才不来运动的，可能是没时间，花费高，天气不适合。
2．就算要清理。不一定可以做得很好，可能时间很长，人们到时已经不再喜欢水上运动。或是人们不喜欢来这里进行运动。
3．没有说需要市委出钱。


ISSUE:

★★★154T  "Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators." 154． 家长和社会都应该参与到当地的教育中来。教育太重要了，不能把教育单独交给一群专业的老师。
因果型论证
①        孩子有大段时间是不在学校的，但其健康成长应该是全面的full-scale教育，而不仅仅是学校教育。如：家长的人格是孩子的榜样。You can't expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain things must be said, certain limits laid down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.家长带孩子外出旅游，就可增加他们与大自然的接触，培养出眼界开阔的孩子broaden their horizon。若父母不参与到教育中，不在学校的时间孩子可能玩电游，或在一起看暴力片violence、或打架斗殴。
②        社区对孩子的教育也十分重要。A学校的一些活动、如历史教育需要参观历史博物馆history museum等等。这都需要社区的配合。B科学家指出：在良好的社区环境中成长的孩子，干净的社区环境、和谐的社区气氛对孩子成长十分有益。
③        但两者的干涉不可过度。老师们接受过专业训练professional training、教学是有体系的，有时家长不明就里横加干涉会给老师的工作带来困难。impede the proper education of a child and disrupt his/her healthy overall intellectual , physical and moral development.如: 家长有时只考虑到自己孩子的利益，而老师希望孩子学会谦让、体谅他人be considerate。制定课程，有更多经验。lack the comprehensive knowledge scope, insight, and educational experience to determine what is truly important to their children, what kind of curriculum to choose and what values to be emphasized or indoctrinated and how. (展开来多想些例子。孙远精简工具箱。) 教育孩子老师作则There is no escaping the fact that young people need as examples principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.


重视教育
As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be not only healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

桃太郎UID: 2275108

Issue:

4T "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study." 4．几乎没有任何领域能够取得具有重要意义的进步,除非结合其他行业的知识和经验到该领域中来
①        学科交叉已是必需，提供技术支持。如：Watson, Click; Computer 广泛应用于各个领域。
②        提供思想方法，a broaden view。inextricably related如：Nash, game theory: math to economics to business to military affairs; philosophy, history, provide wisdom
③        –不需要外来者即可，学科内部的通才。不同的学科交叉产生了新兴学科。Biochemistry, psychology with politics=public administration
④        An extreme example, pure mathematics

ARGUMENT:
200. Statistics collected from dentists indicate that three times more men than women faint while visiting the dentist. This evidence suggests that men are more likely to be distressed about having dental work done than women are. Thus, dentists who advertise to attract patients should target the male consumer and emphasize both the effectiveness of their anesthetic techniques and the sensitivity of their staff to nervous or suffering patients.

从牙医那里获得的统计数据表明在看牙医时男性昏厥的次数是女性的三倍。这一证据说明男性在接受牙科治疗时比女性更容易感到痛楚。因此，那些做广告来吸引患者的牙医应该定位于男性顾客，并同时强调他们的麻醉技术和他们的职员对于紧张和痛苦患者的敏感度。

1。昏厥次数多不代表比例大，可能男性看牙医的数量多。而且昏厥不一定时因为痛楚。而且可能是病的严重程度不同。
2．没有必要一定要吸引男性顾客。可能男性的患者少。没说女性不紧张，只是晕厥得少，可能也很紧张。
3．仅强调减轻疼痛不一定能吸引顾客。卫生条件sanitation，技术，服务，价格。

桃太郎UID: 2275108

ISSUE:

7T "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records." 7． 数码相机可以精确地拍摄当代人们的生活，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录
①        数码的优点：生动、具体。Vivid., more vivid and directed. descendants can see what happened by themselves rather than to read the story written by their ancestor and postulate the spectacle of the events 。People can see what happened by themselves.如：看Olympic媒体的例子，类似的用在电视等上边，找例子！eg. Video surveillance cameras are objective witnesses with perfect memories, thus play a vital evidentiary role in legal proceedings, such as those involving robbery and motor vehicle violations.
②        文字的优点：在统计数据方面，以及深刻性方面。时间广度不够，不能记录时间跨度很大的事件。其次是概括性不强。只能记录下具体的画面，不具概括性。三，成本过高。与纸笔纪录比起来，而且不灵活。give people a general summary and more detail descriptions of certain issue in a relatively short period. Profound theory.（For certain other purposes written records are advantageous to and more appropriate than video records. To the extent that personal interpretation adds dimension and richness to the record, written documentation is actually more important than video.）
③        两者各有所长，还能取长补短：需要再现场景（scene）用照片；需要记录相关事实，挖掘内在含义，用文字；很多情况下，照片和文字结合使用，图文并茂（the picture and its accompanying essay are both excellent）才能完整的描述一件事情。


ARGUMENT:

177. The following is a letter that recently appeared in the Oak City Gazette, a local newspaper.

"Membership in Oak City's Civic Club-a club whose primary objective is to discuss local issues-should continue to be restricted to people who live in Oak City. People who work in Oak City but who live elsewhere cannot truly understand the business and politics of the city. It is important to restrict membership to city residents because only residents pay city taxes and therefore only residents understand how the money could best be used to improve the city. At any rate, restricting membership in this way is unlikely to disappoint many of the nonresidents employed in Oak City, since neighboring Elm City's Civic Club has always had an open membership policy, and only twenty-five nonresidents have joined Elm City's Club in the last ten years."

Oak City的市民俱乐部主要目的是讨论本地事务，其成员资格应该继续被限制在居住在Oak City的市民。那些在Oak City工作但在别的地方居住的人无法真正理解本城市的政治和经济。把成员资格限制在本市居民非常重要，因为只有居民付城市税因而也只有他们才知道这些钱如何使用才能促进城市发展。无论如何，以这种方式限制成员资格不太可能使很多在Oak City工作的外地人失望，因为邻近城市Elm City的市民俱乐部一直采取开放成员资格的政策，但在过去10年中只有25名外地人加入了Elm City的市民俱乐部。

1．错误类比。可能O是大城，而E是小城。
2．E城的经验不一定可靠：25人的数据模糊，基数未知；且这25人可能贡献很大。
3．不一定本地人更了解当地发展。很多外地人在该市政府重要部门任职或者是当地很多公司的executives, 或者当地人对local business 不关心,更关心tourism, diet, sports, fashion等等。