issue88 galaxysong版本+wglxh修改

galaxysongUID: 152834

Issue 88
"Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."

In my opinion, the question whether technologies determine social customs and ethics can not be answered by a simple "yes" or "no". The key to its answer is how to interpret or define the word "determine".

If the claim of the speaker just means that "the domains of technologies set the boundaries of the customs and ethics," I will present my agreement with little reserve. Just take sexism once overwhelmed throughout the main civilizations of the world for example. In a long period before the industrialization, burdensome and risky manual labor is required in most sorts of jobs and thus men, who had the advantage of women in this aspect, dominated the open world outdoors. The invention and application of spinning machine made a path to the modern society, in which skills have surpassed sheer labors, and opened a gate to women who have become competent in many new kinds of work offered by developed technologies. In the process of this propound economic and social change, more and more womem found their power to claim new rights commensurate with their new contributions. So the domination of men in customs and ethics now declines in many of the countries who have passed the industrialization.

If the assertion of the speaker amounts to that "given a certain set of technologies, a nation, race or group must has a single corresponding set of customs and ethics," however, it will exceed my support. In my observation, technologies provide options of ethics and customs for a society, but what choices the society takes depends on other factors.

One chief factor that confines the choices of a society rests in the nature conditions of the land where people of this society live. China was and is a large contry both in land and population. In history, nature resouces in the continent of China were quite favorable, which bred a spirit of content. And the climate was perfectly good to agriculture in some parts of China while terribly bad in some other parts. The abilities and necessities for the people having good harvests to aid the ones suffering floods or droughts also bound such a vast land together, which consists one of the reasons for the repeated and longevous powerful center governments through China's history. There's no wonder then that Chinese established and maitained a set of customs and ethics focusing on protection of the order of society by highly strict forbiddances. In west Europe, in contrast, resouces were relatively inadequate and oceans surrounded. European countries are many and small, and have never united as one. People there are more adventurous and free-minded. Less constraints sat on them, for if against the ethics in one kingdom, a person could try to leave for another kindom where ethics are different and more welcome to him/her. The importance of nature conditions can be illustrated by a fact that although Chinese invented the compass very early, it is Europeans who made best use of it in their great advents in the age of navigation which propelled their ethics further away from Chinese ones.

The history of a nation also casts its shadow on the customs and ethics. Many customs, especially festivals, derive from old stories, some of which are very special and marked by the identity of this nation. And some traditional ethics still survive for the virtues of human they encourage are always valuable, while different countries have different virtues they praise best and different forms of ethics. Technologies have little to do with them. For instance, Father Christmas remains in Western countries and in his name parents give presents to their kids however technologies have long shown that there can't be such an old man living in the Arctic. And another example is the courteous modesty of Chinese. If admired, one should pretendedly denied his/her good points to avoid been considered as conceited. A westerner, who are always ready to say thanks for praises, may get confused by this ethic, which has become looser by relinguishing its affected manner but still cannot be expected to vanish as the technologies in China develop someday to the level of those in western world today.

"Science, by itself, cannot supply us with an ethic. It can show us how to achieve a given end, and it may show us that some ends cannot be achieved." This quotation from Bertrand Russell well illuminates the influence of the technology, the application of science, on ethics. Within the range of technologies, a society chooses what ends it wants. Since all nations share common basic needs lying in human's natures, we can easily find similar customs and ethics between countries having similar technologies. Yet the other customs and ethics are selected for the sake of each nation's preference and character.

imongUID: 140258

who had the advantage of women in this aspect 是不是advantage over？

propound -->profound？

skills have surpassed sheer labors 在这里surpass恐怕不是很合适

passed the industrialization 动词也许可以用undergone experienced 之类的

挑了几个地方说一下，总体文章用词很流畅。

非常漂亮的一篇6分文章。最精彩的莫过于提出determine并进行了深入的分析，简直就是6分benchmark的样板。benchmark里面的5条统统可以对应上来。行文思路清晰立意深刻把事情讲得很明白，好。

两点建议：第一，倒数第二段的例子帅呆了，因为把tech牵扯到alternative的分析中同时进行了对比，完胜，如果倒数第三段也能有涉及tech并且作对比，分析因素间的关系（独立性），那就更完美了。另外一点则是开头的时候can not be answered by a simple "yes" or "no".这个表达似乎不如说明depends on... 因为你的确answer了yes/no在后面，不过这已经是在高度的吹毛求疵了。

精华之！

huangryUID: 134077

在举例子表示科技在影响人类的风俗的时候   
如果举过去在中国通常是私塾制，一个老师包揽全部教育任务  现在由于科学发展私塾制被取代了   

我觉得这个好像不能算customs， 但是因为教育对于人类的特殊性，我觉得这样说也未尝不可   

不知道大家是怎么看的？

huangryUID: 134077

这篇文章的确不错   让我想起了我自己原来想的一些例子是不是举得很不贴切

好不容易把自己以前的文章找了出来
I agree with the author that technologies always have impact on social customs and ethics. Because science and technology is so important part of mankind's development that many aspects of us have relationships with it, more or less. But the author's conclusion that it is technology which determines our social customs and ethics is rather absurd in my opinion.
What we are always saying "development" of human-being is mostly refer to our progress made in science and technologies. While the new technologies bring so many new inventions which have changed our daily life significantly, it's sure that our customers are also changing gradually. In china, so-called school is always consisted of one individual tutor in the past thousands of years. Because in ancient china, the subject of nature science is always ignored. And in fact the science and technology is less developed at that time in china. In modern times, it is now not practical to attend such school and study the required courses, because the amount of science and technology is so great that just few of teachers will not be able to obtain and then impart them effective enough.
Technologies not only influence the customs, but also help establish new customs sometimes. To take a most simple example, the most common used way to communicate with each other or sending greetings was writing letters in the old time. But it was mostly replaced by the telephone in the last century. And now I think most people will prefer writing E-mail rather than telephone for common purposes. As what we can learn from the changes, the technologies keep on bring about new customs of mankind.
Although technology plays such a indispensable role while people's customs comes into being, it's never the most important factor that determine customs and ethics. Customs is based on many aspects, for example ideology once exists in the nation, the geographic conditions of the nation's domain and so on. For example, thousands of years ago, Confucius's theory considers filial piety, loyalty and humility as most plausible virtues. Later it has had been deeply in every Chinese people’s mind and then had crucial impacts on Chinese customs and ethics. For example, as universally acknowledged, the reason why china had been a country of monarch for over 3000 years is that the loyalty advocated by Confucius, although it is indeed overemphasized as we know. Such so-called virtue later had become the mainstream ethics of the nation of china.
So technologies are never able to determine our customs and ethics, while there are so many other factors the establishment of customs and ethics depends on. The author has only realized the importance of technologies, and others are all ignored.

除了刚刚说的那个私塾的例子  
我还说了孔子的影响， 他鼓吹的忠诚思想深深植于人们的脑海中，以至于人们ethics中的loyalty重到影响了中国几千年都是封建制度
不知道这个算不算  我现在觉得一点把握都没有。

此外我在文章中的观点是认为技术能够影响风俗和道德  但是决定他们的不单单是技术 还有曾经有的思想 国家的领土等等。

这样的观点算不算偏题呢？  ：（   
是不是我这里所理解并且承认的影响其实就应该是题目中的决定的含义呢？

不好意思，问题多了点   但这里的determine到底是指什么呢  我真的被作者搞糊涂了  ：（

huangryUID: 134077

是不是精华帖不让说话呢  ：（

galaxysongUID: 152834

若非我今天突然想要搜索一下我以前的帖子，我几乎忘了这一篇了。
全国劳动模范邱娥国曾说过：“现在宣传‘邱娥国’。我还是我，我也要向‘邱娥国’学习。”
经imong表扬，我也要向自己的这篇文章好好学习了。

galaxysongUID: 152834

我以前写的一篇issue88“不幸”被imong第一个看上，评价甚高，立即“精华之”。于是乎，我的issue便被“明升暗贬”到了文摘区，以至于l-sunshine和walis诸君都来不及看到；连我自己当时都奇怪：怎么一下子便被挤出作文区的前几页了？还不禁感叹新人新帖泛滥成灾呢。今天我通过搜索才发现实情。
以前imong曾把我的一篇issue2移走时，特意留下个“升迁”通知。现在这个好习惯怎么没了呢？本来是件大好事……
现在我自我膨胀一把，同时也为了提醒imong君，特发此帖。
我的issue88的“新居”地址是：
http://211.151.90.54/bbs/showthread.php?s=&threadid=163736
issue88当初被l-sunshine几位讨论得热火朝天，据说堪称本版盛事。有三篇习作提出了三种不同观点。我这个大概算是第四种。

雪夭UID: 142334

拜读一下
真羡慕

imongUID: 140258

别跟我拽了，成天君不君的:rolleyes: 当时文章基本沉了才转的，要不然肯定放外面。

主要是后来我们几个商量了一下，进入文摘区的都使用移动“不加标记”了，要不然大坛子看起来太乱。

技术上的确不太方便，等到论坛改版就好了，到时候会有一个“摘”，就好像现在的“精”一样。

现在先合出来吧。不幸的话...以后我等大家都动完手再上好了。:D

wallisUID: 111832

不错，嘿嘿，我要模仿：）

DoDoqiangUID: 154933

这个的确好！

baddream77UID: 117736

好是好，可是考试的时候真能在45分钟之内写这么多字，而且写出这么有文采的文章么，
羡慕ing!!!!!

so猫UID: 148633

自卑ing~~~~

galaxysongUID: 152834

我花了两个小时。现在我还没有45分完成的能力。
当初只在写字板上简单修改了一下，不然哪有propound这样的错误。

galaxysongUID: 152834

全文居然八百多字。我当初真没把它当作作文来写。