issue 提纲帖

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

这个我在灌水做了一点，没人监督，就懒了= =  
所以搬到这里。

顺序基本是
我的提纲
别人的重点提纲

范文请参考这里：（80楼开始）
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mo ... e%3D1#pid1768024103


不许随便跟帖灌水，谢谢合作！

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2006-1-28 02:02 编辑 ]

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

1、"We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; Disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."
topic: rejected
1 it is true that from the people who shares the same opinion we can work effectively and in that cooperation, we can achieve something.   
2 from the contradiction, we can learn more.
  There is human who has error and sin.
We should be glade to hear different voice, it is a chance we jump out our habit; a break we review the model we used; a check for our research. If we are right, from the question, we can find the weak point that need further promote. If we are wrong, we can weak up and find another possible solution. In that way, the challenging from contradict view can help the learning
Don’t be afraid of making mistakes, one should keep on trying and correct one’s conclusion in learning.
3 stress just comes from disconfidence; inhibit learning shows a lack of courage. Doubt and question can give us stimulation and push which can help us learn more, to think more completely.
4 in sum, challenging from others can teach us, guide us and lead us to the better way

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

*1. We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning. [1]
*1. 我们通常从与我们意见一致的人那里学到的东西比从与我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西要多得多；（因为）意见分歧会产生压力并阻碍学习。
[BEGIN:] The speaker asserts that people are always learning much more from those whose ideas are in accord with them, while, the discord always pose detrimental effects towards the learning process. I concede that the undue disagreement may cause stress and inhibit learning. However, listen to the contradicting view and discussed it with those dissidents will provide the controversialist with more knowledge and a boarder spectrum of perspective.
1、        1、  过分的分歧不好 ( Admittedly, under some circumstance, the contradicting views may impede learning. )
2、        2、  不同意见能够拓宽人们的视野，让人们了解不同的文化和思想 (Though the contradicting views have certain amount of adverse effects towards the discussions, while the advantages far outweigh them. Firstly, the contradicting views may give us a chance to focus our attention to some alternative perspectives that we have never considered before.  )
3、        3、  不同意见能够提高人们的认识并纠正错误 (Secondly, a broad spectrum of opinion which is provided by those contradicting views enables us to improve our understanding.)
[END:] In sum, every icon has two sides, on the one aspect; one should listen carefully to and tolerate those who hold contradicting views. On the other aspect, one should also have the courage to disagree and defend the right to disagree. Listening to different explanations of issues help us get closer to the truth and more easier come to the best judgment. Thanks to the diversity of this world, we now enjoy a much broader spectrum of opinions than ever before.

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

2、"Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."  

analyze: the key point is the understanding of “society”
topic: partly admitted
1 Generally speaking, Society is the association if the whole individuals and competition is for the maximal benefit of an individual.     
2 Admittedly, competition commands the better sole which can suite the changing world. As a whole, competition selects the best individual. we can say, it is a promotion of society.  (ascarid / lumbricoid, louse/ parasite/ helminth, diarrhea, intestinal disease)
3 However, in competition, lots of detriment happened in a society. (dinosaur disappear..) On another hand, cooperation sometimes can benefit the society (North Africa, red ants and 蚋 ) symbiosis is a popular nature behavior that earns double win in the society.（colonitis/ colonitis ulcer ，autoimmunity disease, hypersensitive antigen to the common tissue, latest therapy is the ascarid capsule, use the parasites to reduce the immune system, to regular the homstasis）  
4 in sum, competition can benefit society. In the same way, it may detriment it too. The social beneficial should base on the maximal interests as a whole.
ps:
society
so.ci.e.ty
AHD:[s…-sº“¹-t]
D.J.[s*6saiiti8]
K.K.[s*6sa!!ti]
n.（名词）
【复数】 so.ci.e.ties缩写 soc.， s.， S.
The totality of social relationships among human beings.
社会：人类社会关系的总和
A group of human beings broadly distinguished from other groups by mutual interests, participation in characteristic relationships, shared institutions, and a common culture.
社会团体：在共同的利益、特色关系的参与、共有的风俗习惯和共同的文化方面和其他团体有广泛区别的人类团体
The institutions and culture of a distinct self-perpetuating group.
社会风俗和文化：独立的、永存的团体风俗习惯和文化
An organization or association of persons engaged in a common profession, activity, or interest:
协会：从事共同的事业、活动或兴趣的组织或协会：
a folklore society; a society of bird watchers.
民俗学协会；鸟类观察者协会
The rich, privileged, and fashionable social class.
上流社会：富有的、享有特权的社会富贵阶层
The socially dominant members of a community.
社会上层人员：社会上处于支配地位的成员
Companionship; company:
伴随；陪伴：
enjoys the society of friends and family members.
享受朋友和家庭成员的陪伴
Biology A colony or community of organisms, usually of the same species:
【生物学】 小群落：生物的群体或种族，通常属于同一种类：
an insect society.
一个昆虫群落

French société
法语 société
from Old French
源自 古法语
from Latin societ³s [fellowship]
源自 拉丁语 societ³s [团体]
from socius [companion] * see sek w- 1
源自 socius [志趣相投者] *参见 sek w- 1

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

3、"It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."
topic: partly reject.问题的重要性/轻重缓急和问题的发生先后时间是两个概念
1 In current, there are important social problems and less important social problems. The sever problems should be solved/ settled first (the hurricane/ hazard / Africa famine/ Terri attack/ sever disease explosion etc ) and something less important can hold on (generation gap etc, the culture shock to the new immigrants, etc)
In future, the some tough question might be the dis-considerable today, (Aging care and the health protection, population pressure in developing country etc) On another way, some troublesome might easily settled in future ( the lack of labor force.)
Some problems won’t settled in one or two generations ( the lack of energy sources) More attention should be paid on the question like this.
2 Further more, the effect by the social problems will change in time. If we can pay full attention on some problems today, it won’t be a big deal tomorrow. (Pollution, we can prevent the environment effect since the civilization design.) those sever problems in future can be settled with a low payment if it can be prevent in current. (the pay of building dam is much worthy compared with the lost in hurricane and the pay in the rebuilding )   
3 In sum, we should let each coin cost. The money should allocate by the importance of problems, not by the timeline them will happen. We should focus on the current social problems and keep an eye on some preventive problem.

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

4、"No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study." (why?- how?- then?- so! )
topic: totally agree.
1 The character of researching… farther, more detail, more specific== based on the basic of the general scientific knowledge, scientist have to spent more time on only one or two fields with years of trying for some new finding. (medicine—immune---antibody--- protein expression on some certain cells)     
2 this character request us have a clearly mind on the whole…dig in one path, one might easily lost in forest. Only by a better understanding to grasp the whole place, one can find the way out. (Immunology is for the disease defense, by researching the protein expression we can find a method to create more effective drugs)
3 From the appearance, it is the combine to two different fields; in deeper, we have to say, it is the courage that try to find the solution in every possible methods that leads to the significantly advance. Not only the combine of different researching fields, any research achievements is with and endless attempting. And with the cooperation from different researching background, people stimulate the creation, light the mind. Every improvement is contented years of team work and long term of focus thinking. But the crossing subject is more likely to give us a hit in our mind.
4 In sum, we have to admitted that the significant advance is the result of hard work and the stimulate / catch of any likely chance for their researching aim.

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

*4. No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study. [2]
*4. 在任何一个学术研究领域，除非有领域之外的人带来他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就不能取得长足的进步。
[BEGIN:] In today's complex and rapidly changing society, cooperation between various fields of study has become more and more important. Compared with the old form of research that engaged by scientists of single field, the interdisciplinary research not only bring the new methods and ideas into some old disciplines but also caused the emergence of some new mixed subjects, such as geophysics, into this world.
1、        1、  借鉴和利用别的学科的成果为本学科服务能够拓展传统学科的研究领域，地质学和最先进的航天科技相结合，将领域扩展到研究宇宙中各个行星的构造以及矿物成分，地层结构。新兴学科的产生：地球物理学：用物理学的观点方法研究地球。 (Through associating with the outsiders and take advantage of their emergent technology and fruitions, the traditional disciplines can expand their sphere of researching in a much broader scope.)
2、        2、  外部学科的思路和方法还能够为其他学科带来新思路和新方法，现代商业经常借鉴。(The current perspective and methods in some disciplines can also provide the other subjects with the fresh perspectives and ideas.)
3、        3、  借助其他学科长期的积累知识和理论，能够使新兴学科具备较高的起点 ( Nascent disciplines can also gain a much higher start point by borrow the complete systems of knowledge from the classical disciplines which have already accumulated for a long period.)
[END:] In sum, reference and exploit the fruitions and achievement from the outsiders is serve as the main imputes of the most disciplines in era of globalization., and the association between experts from different fields can not only introduced more fresh approaches, solutions, and even created new interdisciplinary fields of study but also will help human beings to extend their research fields into wider range and get better recognition of our life.

[ 本帖最后由 zhangheng1020 于 2006-1-28 02:29 编辑 ]

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

5、"A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."

no clue here

zhangheng1020UID: 2130513

*5. A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer. [3]
*5. 一个国家应该要求所有的学生在进入大学之前都学习由国家统一制定的课程，而不是允许由不同地区的学校去决定自己的教学课程。

[BEGIN:] Some experts granted the right of selecting curriculum to schools and think it will fit the specific demands for every school, however, by close scrutinizing most aspects of this problem, one can conclude that adopting the unified national curriculum could possess more advantages to the growing of children.

1、        1、  向学生们灌输相同的价值观能够确保所有的学生都学到传统价值观念中的优点(Introducing the unified national curriculums for all the students may have certain amount of positive effects to the entire nation. First of all, inculcating our students with the common grounds and standards shared by all the persons in the nation can ensure all of our students be favored with the opportunity to learn all merits of the traditional values that have been created and tested for a long time by our ancestors.)
2、        2、  集中了全国最著名的学者编撰的国家统一教材能够全面和高质量的满足学生的需要，并使得他们能够站在相同的起跑线上。(In addition, compared with the parochial curriculum which has been determined by the limited teachers in the local area, the unified national curriculum can provide the students in the different part of the nation with the equal opportunity to receive a high quality of education.)
3、        3、  但是，there are two sides for every icon.统一的国家教材也有一些缺陷。首先，对于某些特殊民族和地区，统一的国家教材可能难以满足他们的需要，甚至可能破坏他们的传统习俗和生活方式(While, there are two sides for every icon, the unified national curriculum also pose certain amount of detrimental effects. On the first place, in some special regions where local persons may possess some kind of traditions and customs totally different from the rest of the nation, unduly emphasize the application of the national curriculum may ruin their culture and value system.)。其次，不利于教学创新 (On the second place, the national curriculum also deprive the activity of the local educators to seek some innovations on the selections and determinations of the contend of the curriculum.)
4、        4、  正确的对待国家教材的态度应当是，一方面，国家教材应当专注于基本道德观念和原理的灌输，而其他的方面，比如能力培养等应当是由地方的政府根据自身需要进行。(Overemphasizing either the national government or the parochial leaders’ role towards the determinations of the national curriculum may falls into a jeopardize situations. On the one hand, the national curriculum should not cover all the aspects of the students’ growth but place more focus on the fundamental value system and moral standard. On the other hand, each school should try their efforts to inculcate the practical faculty for the students according the detail position of their own.)
[END:] The national curriculum can import our students with the basic idea and concept about this world, including the traditions of the nation, the proper attitude towards emergent things, and so forth. However, the adverse effects of the national curriculum should also be compensated by giving the additional course according to the concrete situations. The twin ideas of primary education, preservation of the culture and prepare for the future, have been fulfilled by the associations of the national curriculum and the parochial course.