从外国网站上找的大家写作可能会忽视的几个问题

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一、关于critical thinking
1. Critical Thinking:
It has been described as "the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generalized by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning or communication, as a guide to belief or action [or argument]"
In each of the everyday activities listed (except brushing your teeth and jogging) you have to seek information, analyze alternatives, evaluate the alternatives in relation to your aims and requirements and reach some conclusion. All of these processes are part of critical thinking; thus, critical thinking is an activity you are familiar with from everyday life, it is not something isolated to your university work.

2. Critical thinking at University
While critical thinking is something we all engage in to manage our day to day lives, the word 'critical' is commonly thought to have a quite negative meaning, for example finding fault with someone or something. At university, however, 'critical' has a broader meaning: being critical involves making judgments and evaluations. Making judgments can involve distinguishing between fact and opinion or evaluating the validity of information sources or the validity of particular theories and/ or their application to particular situations. These judgments need to be well grounded in research, wide reading, and consideration of all possible viewpoints. Critical thinking in this sense is based on a synthesis of a number of factors, and is not just uninformed personal opinion.
Critical thinking is integral to academia generally because this is the main way that knowledge is added to a field. While academics in a particular field may agree with the conclusions of a particular piece of research, these conclusions may open up other questions which need to be answered. Only through constantly questioning:
what if?
how could?
what does this mean for…? etc
is new knowledge added to a field, allowing for the constant evolution of academic disciplines In this way, academic disciplines are constantly evolving.
Critical thinking, or a critical approach, is a desirable skill in ALL aspects of university work because this is what will allow your knowledge and skill to develop and evolve. It's necessary in your:
reading
note making
assignment writing
tutorial presentations
and, for students whose studies involve a practical component, your professional practice.
  
3. Critical thinking in your discipline
Critical thinking means different things in different disciplines. If you are studying in a health or education discipline, for example, you will be thinking critically when you apply theory to a practical situation and then reflect on what happened as a result of your application of that particular theory in that situation. In a discipline which has a less obviously practical application, for example some humanities areas of study, you will be thinking critically when you compare and contrast theories with each other, or when you try to work out gaps or flaws in those theories.

二、过度转折词：
Transitional
Words & Phrases
Using transitional words and phrases
helps papers read more smoothly by providing coherence
A coherent paper allows the reader
to flow from the first supporting point to the last.
Transitions indicate relations,
whether from sentence to sentence, or from paragraph to paragraph.
This is a list of "relationships" that supporting ideas may have,
followed by a list of "transitional" words and phrases
that can connect those ideas:
Addition:
also, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, again
Consequence:
accordingly, as a result, consequently, hence, otherwise,
so then, therefore, thus, thereupon
Summarizing:
after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally
Generalizing:as a rule, as usual, for the most part,
generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually
Restatement:
in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say,
in short, in brief, to put it differently
Contrast and Comparison:
contrast, by the same token, conversely, instead, likewise,
on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, rather,
similarly, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast
Sequence:
at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time,
for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on,
meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier,
simultaneously, afterward, in conclusion
Diversion:by the way, incidentally
Illustration:
for example, for instance, for one thing
Similarity:
likewise, similar, moreover
Direction:
here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above,
to the left, to the right, in the distance

三、关于抄袭的判定的危害：
The Importance of Citing References
OriginallyPostedAt:http://www.teach-nology.com/Articles/teaching/citing/
**What's All the Hype?**

Since the advent of the Internet, the information highway phenomenon has given us access to virtually anything that has ever been written or expressed since the beginning of time. There is so much information that is now available to us that it is no wonder that our students are having a field day citing from sources that otherwise would not be available or easily tracked. The cut and paste craze has hit us like a storm and has entered into our classrooms more and more in assignments requiring expression of thoughts that students claim are their own.

We have found that many people who are new to the Internet do not know how to cite references that are found on the World Wide Web, specifically, "electronic references." The purpose of this tutorial is to explain the importance of citing references appropriately and correctly and how to avoid "on-line plagiarism."

**The Perils of Plagiarism**

Plagiarism is a serious offense! It comes in many forms, from direct quotes to summaries or paraphrases that do not cite authorship or reference to sources used to get the information that is cited. It can also include "recycling papers" that have been written by others and putting your own name on the copy. Plagiarism is common among students of all ages and can result in serious consequences. In some cases, it could lead to hefty fines, in other cases it can lead to legal ramifications. Depending on the policies dictated for schools, ranging from elementary to higher education, it can lead to a student's expulsion from the academic institution. More and more, plagiarism is growing rampant; this is especially true with the vast amount of information now available on the Internet. There is a tendency to fall into the plagiarism trap because students do not think that their teachers can find the sources that they used as the basis for writing a paper, or for giving a presentation. It is important for teachers to be alert and aware of some of the red flags that come up with plagiarism.

**How to Help Students Avoid Plagiarism**

There are many ways to help students avoid plagiarism. One very effective way is to define your expectations clearly. Inform students about your policy regarding plagiarism; give them a written copy of the policy; include the policy on your course outline. It really helps to give them concrete examples of plagiarism.

There are programs designed to actually deter plagiarism. Our guess is that if students know that you will be using a program to detect plagiarism, the likelihood of plagiarizing will decrease. Examples of programs that help deter or detect plagiarism are offered by companies like Glatt Plagiarism Services, Inc.,http://www.plagiarism.com/. These services help provide Articles that teach about plagiarism and provide mechanisms to deter and detect plagiarism.

In addition, there is so much out there that has been written on the topic. It is important to keep informed about the perils of plagiarism. We found a good article that addresses the most recent type of plagiarism: On-line Plagiarism. The article defines the different types of plagiarism and how you can prevent it, detect it, and track it down!

**How to Cite References**

We found a great resource that you can use, or recommend to your students to use. Recommended by the American Psychological Association (APA), this Web site provides information and format on how to cite electronic resources from the Internet (http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html).


四、作文写完如何检查：
Checklist:
Here are some useful questions to ask yourself about your essay:
1.        Does the essay deal with the topic that was set?
2.        Does the essay answer the question that was set?
3.        Does it cover all the main aspects and in sufficient depth?
4.        Is the content accurate and relevant?
5.        Is everything in the essay relevant to the question?
6.        Is the material logically arranged?
7.        Is each main point well supported by examples and argument?
8.        Is there a clear distinction between your ideas and those of other authors?
9.        Have you acknowledged all the sources you have used?
10.        Is the length of the essay right for its purpose?
11.        Is it written plainly and simply, without clumsy or obscure phrasing?
12.        Is the grammar, punctuation and spelling acceptable?
13.        Is it neat and legibly written?
请注意检查的顺序,不要本末倒置.对于我们说,逻辑>结构>语言.

[ 本帖最后由 pewcg8 于 2006-8-2 16:28 编辑 ]

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