提纲系列

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提纲部分

159."The human mind will always be superior to machines because machines are only tools of human minds."
159．
人总是比机器聪明，因为机器只不过是人类的工具而已
A. In terms of memory and computing as well as other technical operations, computers can do much better than human beings.
B. In terms of creation, machines can never surpass human intelligence, for it is illogical that ‘stupid’ human minds can create ‘clever’ artificial intelligence.
C. However, human beings should guard against the abuse of advanced technology and see to it that machines are created to serve human welfare.
正：机器在计算等方面比人类厉害，知识面比较广
反：人类会思考，在单一方面知识比较强
合：应该取长补短，充分利用这个工具，同时也应避免在机器中植入思想，防止科幻电影中场景的产生






218."In order for any work of art— whether film, literature, sculpture, or a song—to have merit, it must be understandable to most people." 218．
艺术作品要有价值，不管是电影、文学还是歌曲，都必须能让大多数人们理解
A. In a society where most people are poorly educated or even uneducated, art is a luxury that most people either have no access to or simply cannot appreciate.
B. Popular arts that have the largest audience do not necessarily have the highest artistic value.
C. Both popular arts and high-brow arts should have the right to develop and thrive.

正：流行电影可以被大众理解，商业电影等，popular but not profound
反：艺术作品的理解与人的文化水平与生活圈有关，不能强求
反：一些行为艺术作品比较小众，而另一些艺术作品虽然大多数人不能理解但是因为他在艺术领域上的启蒙性作用或者转折作用，所以有其存在意义。





190."As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—when one considers all the potential uses of such money." 190．当人们挨饿、失业或者缺少维持生活最基本的技能时，用来支持艺术的公众资源就显得很不合适了，或者更残忍一些，还有人妄图独吞这些资金。
A. The first reason that I disagree with the assertion is that to postpone pubic arts funding until we completely eliminate unemployment and hunger would be to postpone arts funding forever.
B. The second arguments that public support for the arts is desirable is that by allocating public resources to me arts we actually help to solve these social problem.
C. Last but not least argument has to do with the function and ultimate objectives of arts. Arts contribute to a more charitable society—more willing to give help to those who are in need in the ways that the speaker is concerned.
正：温饱后思淫意，先满足温饱才能艺术（发展中国家）
反：艺术可以带来一定的温饱效应（公益广告等），呼吁大家重视
反：艺术展览也可以带来一定经济效益帮助解决温饱问题（义卖等）



203. "The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines." 203．理解一个社会特征的最好的方法就是研究那个社会所认为的伟大人物
A. A society chooses certain people as it heroes not because they mirror the society but rather because the society's members appreciate, wish they could emulate those traits of character.
B. Consider the sports hero, whom society chooses not merely by virtue of athletic strength. Some accomplished athletes we consider heroes because they have overcome significant obstacles to achieve their goals.
C. Consider the military heroes, who gain heroic stature by way of courage in battle, or by otherwise facing certain defeat.
D. Consider the social political heroes, the champion of social causes who inspire and incites society to meaningful political and social change. People appreciate and adore them for the great contribution to the society and their personality charm.

59"Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them." 59．人们把太多的精力放在模型和范例上。人们应该学会独立思考和行动，而不要照搬别人的东西，这样才能做出最好的选择
We have been brought up with the tales and legends of kinds of heroes and heroines, no matter whether these characters are real persons or fictional ones, these stories serve as our primary enlightened materials that instill us virtues and values the society cherishes commonly in which we are living.
Merely imitating role models may result in laziness and dependence since one dose not suffer himself/herself of thinking and analyzing.
Learning to think and act independently does not naturally conflict with learning form role models.
正：学习偶像的积极向上，学习其坚强的意志品质，（钢铁是怎样炼成的主角）
反：只看到光鲜一面，却不知努力，容易造成好逸恶劳
反：应该找到自己的特色，适当学习别人，互补才能更美好提纲

138"Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."


138．不犯错误就不会有发现和进步
A. Mistakes help us find out what is unworkable and hence we can approach the right solution.
B. Fearing making mistakes prevents us from trying new things and taking risks.
C. The right attitude toward mistakes is not to avoid them, but to learn from them.
正：错误可以给大家带来发现新的方向，有些错误甚至可以导致好的后果（比如通过错误的菌种发现~~之类的）
反：错误会挫伤人的自尊心，总是犯错会使人丧失信心（例子：身边的同学因为总也~~质疑自己的专业能力）
反：犯错后成功指的是改正，且按正确的方向，若一味犯同一错误没意义，重头再来很费心，（例子还没想好）


112. "Some educational systems emphasize the development of student's capacity for reasoning and logical thinking, but students would benefit more from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions."
112．一些教育机构强调培养学生的推理和逻辑思考能力，但是学生从教他们如何培养个人情操的教育系统中获益更多
The ability to survive and thrive in a society is based on the assumption that human beings act according to reason and logic.
As a result, the basic framework of most forms of human society requires that a person must act according to the demands of reason and logic.
One of the main problems with emphasizing to students the importance of exploring one's own emotions is that it creates a "me first" attitude towards their studies.
A certain amount of self-introspection into one's emotions is probably helpful to the development of a student as an overall person.
emotion exploring
应该是现代西方流行的“情感教育” 指的是教育过程中的一个部分，即对学生的态度、感受、信念和情绪等方面的关注，以及对学生的自尊、个人发展和社会发展的关注。换句话说，情感教育的一个重要方面是关注学生个体与他人关系的有效性，在这个意义上说，人际关系和社会技巧就被视为"情感教育"的核心。与这种教育理念有关的还有两个基本要点：一是对学生提供支持和指导（特别关注学生的态度、感受、信念、和情绪）；二是把情感与认知发展联系起来，即学生们作为学习者的感受以及他们对学习科目的感受，至少可以和他们的实际能力一样有影响。不过理解为情商写出来的文章应该是差不多的。
explore:1 a : to investigate, study, or analyze : look into. b : to become familiar with by testing or experimenting *explore new cuisines*

2 : to travel over (new territory) for adventure or discovery 3 : to examine minutely especially for diagnostic purposes


160."The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little."
160．一个好的领导最主要的品质就是对某些特定原则和目标的坚持。任何领导，如果他很容易受到大众化观点的影响，那他就一事无成。
A. In the business realm, effective leadership is generally defined as that which achieves the goal of profit maximization in the long term by taking reasonable steps to minimize the social and environmental harm their businesses caused. Thus the two definitions merge, and the statement at issue is ultimately correct.
B.In the political realm the issue is no less complex, (strong but keep pace with the social development)
Example: two British prime ministers Neville Chamberlain and Churchill
In 1938, British Prime Minister Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact with Adolf Hitler, an agreement that gave Czechoslovakia away to Nazi conquest while bringing, as Chamberlain promised, "peace in our time."
C. Consider social-spiritual leadership. Few would disagree that through their ability to inspire others and lift the human spirit Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King were eminently effective in leading others to effect social change through civil disobedience. This brand of leadership, in order to be effective, inherently requires that the leader remain steadfastly committed to principle.


121. At various times in the geological past, many species have become extinct as a result of natural, rather than human, processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species."
121．在过去不同的时期，很多物种的灭绝都是自然因素造成，而并非人类行为。所以，现在我们花费很大的人力物力去拯救濒临灭绝的物种是没有多少价值的。
A. Natural processes did eliminate some species through natural selection; however, it did not break the balance of the ecosystem.
B. Due to human processes, including pollution and exterminatory exploitation of natural resources, our natural environment is being threatened, and the extinction of rare species has been accelerated.
C. Since the diversity of species is beneficial for human beings, measures must be adopted to protect endangered species.
正：虽然自然淘汰是规律，但是大自然淘汰的速度相对较慢，而且维持自然平衡
反：人类的行为不当（吃鲸鱼或其他）这些应该改正，而且并不太浪费人力资源。
反：题中对于花费重金~~其实治理污染减少排放量等也是措施，并不需要太多金钱

26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served."
26．很多人认为建筑代表了一个社会过去的历史价值，但是当现代城市的规划者想要利用老建筑占用的地盘做新的规划时，就会引起很多争辩。在这样的情况下，现在的开发者在规划时应该优先考虑到保留历史建筑。 %%%%%%%...在这样的情况下，现代的发展应该优先被考虑，以使当代的需要得到满足
i. Historic buildings are irrecoverable resources we should preserve not only for ourselves but for our decendants
ii. Historic buildings are valuable records of a society’s past, and they serve more as travel attractions, city emblems.
iii. Some old buildings which are of less value and in bad state can be removed for contemporary needs for ground. But modern planners should avoid destroying historic buildings for modern purposes. Better approachments should be work out for the dilemma.
正：当现代经济发展与历史建筑相冲突时，可考虑拆除一部分旧的建筑（如历史厂房或一部分孤立的单体建筑）
反：而破换城市的整体性是不应该的，北京城例子、巴黎例子（改建）
反：在旧区拆建引起的问题，纠纷之类的，还不如新区重建
综合考虑