再发NO.6第一套Section4的短阅读

ldmtUID: 2483452

http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/154991131.html?an=0&si=1做题看到百度里有人这样解释：
Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.Our "frailties" –emotions and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are, as we say, "in the grip" of them. And thus they give us our sense of constraints.Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need for ever-increasing security among them—are presently maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.26. Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?A. The ability of most people to see all the colors of the visible spectrum as against most people's inability to name any but the primary colorsB. The ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against people's inability to mask their feelings C. The ability of some people to dive to great depths as against most people's inability to swim long distancesD. The psychological profile of those people who are able to delay gratification as against people's inability to control their lives completelyE. The greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxygen-poor air as against people's inability to fly without special apparatus我觉得选D,答案选E。可是我怎么琢磨都觉得D很好。首先，我将“detail”理解为具体问题具体分析，是“constraints”的一些突破和例外。能够delay gratification的人应该是比较坚忍，但是日常生活中多数人都无法control their lives completely,因为太多时候我们被那些“emotions and motives such as rage, fear,greed, gluttony, lust, love……”constrain了，也就是“‘in the grip’of them”,从而不能为掌控命运而时时控制自己。多贴切。可是E呢，在缺氧环境下生存和会飞没有太紧密的联系，具体来说，“不会飞”怎么能成为“在缺氧环境下生存”的一个“constraints”呢？这就好像说：“因为人不会飞，所以人会走也很稀奇。”怪，它怎么会成为正确答案？请高人点拨，在此拜谢了！




最佳答案
请再仔细阅读一遍问题Which of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?请注意题目要我们做的类比是“human morphology ”而不是 “human emotions ”“delay gratification” 以及你所说的“坚忍”是人的情感而不是人的形态。答案E是合适的。生活在高山地区的人肺活量强能够在氧气不足的情况下生存，因此不需要特殊装置（如氧气包之类）就可以在高空中飞翔（驾驶飞机或滑翔机），相对于生活在其他地区的人需要特殊装置才能飞翔，这正是一种突破，而且这里讲的正好是人的形态。明白了吗？希望能帮到你。


其他回答 共1条
Detail是可控的，Constrains是不可控的问题问的是human morphology（人类形态学）的类比哦，D说的是psychological profile（心理因素），而不是physical profile ~生活在高山地区的人肺活量比平常人大，是人类物理上的适应性的变化，是detail可控的；而所有人都不会飞（without special apparatus）则是constrain，任何人都无法逾越的。



考虑一下，觉得说的好像都有道理，但后面有点牵强。morphology 和constraints 确实是一个适应一个限制，但e选项里面的without special apparatus是指即使高山进化人也得要special apparatus来辅助飞行，构成限制，而不是人进化到能不能飞的问题，人再怎么进化也不能飞。不知对否，请有兴趣的同学指教。

苏梳眠UID: 2717864

整理一下页面，太密了看不清。

ldmtUID: 2483452

2# 苏梳眠 就最底下的是我想说的，上面的是百度知道里的问题和答案。

qiong89223UID: 3160386

同问这篇短阅读：
      Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.Our "frailties" –emotions and motives such as rage, fear, greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed assortment, but they share at least one immediate quality: we are, as we say, "in the grip" of them. And thus they give us our sense of constraints.Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need for ever-increasing security among them—are presently maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. We would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive origins in order to understand how badly they guide us now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure.

24. The primary purpose of the passage is to present正确答案为A
A.a position on the foundations of human behavior and on what those foundations imply.
为什么不选E. an overview of those human emotions and motives that impose constraints on human behavior.

26. Whic of the following most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the "details" versus "constraints" distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior？正确答案为E
E. The greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxgen-poor air as against people's inability to fly without special apparatus.
为什么不选B. The ability of even the least fortunate people to show compassion as against people's inability to mask their feelings completely.

27.It can be inferred that in his discussion of maladaptive frailties the author assumes that正确答案选E
E.changes in the total human environment can outpace evolutionary change
为什么不选D. the designation of a characteristic as being maladaptive most always remain highly tentative.

苏梳眠UID: 2717864

同问这篇短阅读：
      Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is  ...
qiong89223 发表于 2011-8-27 21:57

24. 第一句话：
Some modern anthropologists hold that biological evolution has shaped not only human morphology but also human behavior.
not only..but also为主的句子，一般关注but also后面的成分。
因此本文的中心是围绕human behavior展开。
继续往后读。后面介绍了evolution对于human behavior的作用，frailties施加constraints。
最后文章对于这些影响做出了自己的评价。
在来看选项，E仅仅是文章的一部分。而A不仅阐述了evolution对于human behavior，更重要是观点的表达。

苏梳眠UID: 2717864

26.
题目时让你找到analogy。
The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.
这句话对于constraints进行了解释，for example，你是中国人，一出生下来自然是按照中国文化的环境和模式进行思考，而不是按照美国文化的模式进行思考。这就是constraints。
而details，个人认为是具体的操作方式和方向。
E选项：The greater lung capacity of mountain peoples that helps them live in oxgen-poor air as against people's inability to fly without special apparatus.
肺活量好当然在稀薄的空气里能够活得久，这是具体的detail。但是人是不能飞的，按照上面的解释，人一出生就得按照人的模式生活，不能按照鸟的模式生活，这就是constraints.
B选项，最不幸的人表示慈悲，但是也可能不表现慈悲，这只是possibility中的一种，不能算作方向，同时人不能完全掩饰其情感，这点从何而来，人也可以不掩饰其情感，这个constraint又从何而来。

苏梳眠UID: 2717864

27. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. 这句话是关键。
frailties可能是人类大的生物进化方向，但是也可能对于我们来说是附属。
一主一次，表明其作用的可变性。
biological in direction表明了evolutionary change， 而as natural to us as are our appendixes表明了changes in the total human environment 。
D表明了一个难以适应的特点，具有高度的不确定性。
应该说不是特点的不确定，应该是其作用的不确定。是主要还是appendix。

dula56UID: 3404434

这篇阅读做完想打自己耳光。看了解释除了1，3两题，剩下还是半懂不懂。