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[经验思考] 如何写conclusion [复制链接]

AdelineShen
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电梯直达

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发表于 2010-3-22 20:15:01 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

Strategies for Writing a Conclusion
Conclusions are often the most difficult part of an essay to write,（注意结论的重要性！） and many writers feel that they have nothing left to say after having written the paper. A writer needs to keep in mind that the conclusion is often what a reader remembers best. Your conclusion should be the best part of your paper. (不能忽视了结尾！）
A conclusion should
• stress the importance of the thesis statement, （重现主题句）
• give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
• leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）
Suggestions
• Answer the question "So What?" （强调文章的重要性）
Show your readers why this paper was important. Show them that your paper was meaningful and useful.
Play the "So What" Game. If you're stuck and feel like your conclusion isn't saying anything new or interesting, ask a friend to read it with you. Whenever you make a statement from your conclusion, ask the friend to say, "So what?" or "Why should anybody care?" Then ponder that question and answer it. Here's how it might go:
You: Basically, I'm just saying that education was important to Douglass.
Friend: So what?
You: Well, it was important because it was a key to him feeling like a free and equal citizen.
Friend: Why should anybody care?
You: That's important because plantation owners tried to keep slaves from being educated so that they could maintain control. When Douglass obtained an education, he undermined that control personally.
You can also use this strategy on your own, asking yourself "So What?" as you develop your ideas or your draft.
• Synthesize,（综合全面的观点） don't summarize
o Don't simply repeat things that were in your paper.（不要简单的重复前面的东西！） They have read it. Show them how the points you made and the support and examples you used were not random, but fit together.
• Redirect your readers（引发读者新的思考）
o Give your reader something to think about, perhaps a way to use your paper in the "real" world. If your introduction went from general to specific, make your conclusion go from specific to general. Think globally. （结尾最后从具体再回到一般）Propose a course of action, a solution to an issue, or questions for further study. This can redirect your reader's thought process and help her to apply your info and ideas to her own life or to see the broader implications.
• Create a new meaning
o You don't have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts.
• Point to broader implications.
For example, if your paper examines the Greensboro sit-ins or another event in the Civil Rights Movement, you could point out its impact on the Civil Rights Movement as a whole. A paper about the style of writer Virginia Woolf could point to her influence on other writers or on later feminists.

Strategies
• Echoing the introduction: （呼应开头）Echoing your introduction can be a good strategy if it is meant to bring the reader full-circle. If you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay was helpful in creating a new understanding.
Example
Introduction
From the parking lot, I could see the towers of the castle of the Magic Kingdom standing stately against the blue sky. To the right, the tall peak of The Matterhorn rose even higher. From the left, I could hear the jungle sounds of Adventureland. As I entered the gate, Main Street stretched before me with its quaint shops evoking an old-fashioned small town so charming it could never have existed. I was entranced. Disneyland may have been built for children, but it brings out the child in adults.
Conclusion
I thought I would spend a few hours at Disneyland, but here I was at 1:00 A.M., closing time, leaving the front gates with the now dark towers of the Magic Kingdom behind me. I could see tired children, toddling along and struggling to keep their eyes open as best they could. Others slept in their parents' arms as we waited for the parking lot tram that would take us to our cars. My forty-year-old feet ached, and I felt a bit sad to think that in a couple of days I would be leaving California, my vacation over, to go back to my desk. But then I smiled to think that for at least a day I felt ten years old again.（划线部分都是和前面呼应的部分）
• Challenging the reader:（挑战读者的思维） By issuing a challenge to your readers, you are helping them to redirect the information in the paper, and they may apply it to their own lives.
Example
Though serving on a jury is not only a civic responsibility but also an interesting experience, many people still view jury duty as a chore that interrupts their jobs and the routine of their daily lives. However, juries are part of America's attempt to be a free and just society. Thus, jury duty challenges us to be interested and responsible citizens.
• Looking to the future:（展望未来） Looking to the future can emphasize the importance of your paper or redirect the readers' thought process. It may help them apply the new information to their lives or see things more globally.
Example
Without well-qualified teachers, schools are little more than buildings and equipment. If higher-paying careers continue to attract the best and the brightest students, there will not only be a shortage of teachers, but the teachers available may not have the best qualifications. Our youth will suffer. And when youth suffers, the future suffers.（好段落！）
• Posing questions:（提出问题） Posing questions, either to your readers or in general, may help your readers gain a new perspective on the topic, which they may not have held before reading your conclusion. It may also bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning.
Example
Campaign advertisements should help us understand the candidate's qualifications and positions on the issues. Instead, most tell us what a boob or knave the opposing candidate is, or they present general images of the candidate as a family person or God-fearing American. Do such advertisements contribute to creating an informed electorate or a people who choose political leaders the same way they choose soft drinks and soap?
Strategies to Avoid
• Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," or "in closing." Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.（很重要！）——原来不能这样写的，我每次都以这种无用的词作为conclusion的开头~！
• Stating the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion.
• Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.（conclusion里面一定不要出现新观点！）
• Ending with a rephrased thesis statement without any substantive changes.
• Making sentimental, emotional appeals (out of character with the rest of an analytical paper).（conclusion不要用带有强烈感情色彩的句子）
• Including evidence (quotations, statistics, etc.) that should be in the body of the paper.

Four Kinds of Ineffective Conclusions
1. The "That's My Story and I'm Sticking to It" Conclusion. This conclusion just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. It does not push the ideas forward.（也就是说，好的conclusion应该要push的ideas forward！） People write this kind of conclusion when they can't think of anything else to say. Example: In conclusion, Frederick Douglass was, as we have seen, a pioneer in American education, proving that education was a major force for social change with regard to slavery.

2. The "Sherlock Holmes: Conclusion.（切忌在结尾才提出文章主题句） Sometimes writers will state the thesis for the very first time in the conclusion. You might be tempted to use this strategy if you don't want to give everything away too early in your paper. You may think it would be more dramatic to keep the reader in the dark until the end and then "wow" her with your main idea, much like a Sherlock Holmes mystery. The reader, however, does not expect a mystery, but an analytical discussion of your topic in an academic style, with the main argument (thesis) stated up front. Example: (After a paper that lists numerous incidents from the book but never says what these incidents reveal about Douglass and his views on education): So, as the evidence above demonstrates, Douglass saw education as a way to undermine the slaveholders' power and also an important step toward freedom.
3. The "America the Beautiful"/"I Am Woman"/"We Shall Overcome" Conclusion.（切忌喊口号式的带强烈感情色彩的结尾！） This kind of conclusion usually draws on emotion to make its appeal, but while this emotion and even sentimentality may be very heartfelt, it is usually out of character with the rest of an analytical paper. A more sophisticated commentary, rather than emotional praise, would be a more fitting tribute to the topic. Bad Example: Because of the efforts of fine Americans like Frederick Douglass, countless others have seen the shining beacon of light that is education. His example was a torch that lit the way for others. Frederick Douglass was truly an American hero.
4. The "Grab Bag" Conclusion. This kind of conclusion includes extra information that the writer found or thought of but couldn't integrate into the main paper. You may find it hard to leave out details that you discovered after hours of research and thought, but adding random facts and bits of evidence at the end of an otherwise-well-organized essay can just create confusion. Bad Example: In addition to being an educational pioneer, Frederick Douglass provides an interesting case study for masculinity in the American South. He also offers historians an interesting glimpse into slave resistance when he confronts Covey, the overseer. His relationships with female relatives reveal the importance of family in the slave community.

已有 4 人评分	寄托币	声望	收起理由
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kejan		+ 1	支持！
Bela1229	+ 8		~
番茄斗斗		+ 2	赞～～之前看的practical writor也是这样讲 ...

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Die luft der Freiheit weht
the wind of freedom blows

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kejan
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沙发

发表于 2010-3-22 21:45:55 |只看该作者

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Beginning with an unnecessary, overused phrase such as "in conclusion," "in summary," or "in closing." Although these phrases can work in speeches, they come across as wooden and trite in writing.（很重要！）——原来不能这样写的，我每次都以这种无用的词作为conclusion的开头~！

好像in conclusion 是我的高频词啊，要改了.
可是，官方范文的第6、7、8 也是用了这几个词。

The "That's My Story and I'm Sticking to It" Conclusion. This conclusion just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. It does not push the ideas forward.（也就是说，好的conclusion应该要push的ideas forward！）

push 的不好有时就出现一个新观点，不知该怎么把握呢？
谢谢前辈了，O(∩_∩)O~

为了梦想，没有退路，勇往直前，永不放弃！

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Stefana
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板凳

发表于 2010-3-22 22:28:30 |只看该作者

好帖首页留名
赞Adeline
最近的原创很多哇

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心大了，事情就小了。

如果受了伤就喊一声痛，
真的说出来就不会太难过。
不去想自由，
反而更轻松，
愿意感动孤独单不忐忑。
生活啊生活啊，
会快乐也会寂寞，
生活啊生活啊，
明天我们好好的过。

爱生活，爱寄托。
一直在这里。我爱你们。

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AdelineShen
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地板

发表于 2010-3-22 22:57:37 |只看该作者

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好像in conclusion 是我的高频词啊，要改了.
可是，官方范文的第6、7、8 也是用了这几个词。

push 的不好有时就出现一个新观点，不知该怎么把握呢？
谢谢前辈了，O(∩_∩)O~
kejan 发表于 2010-3-22 21:45

嗯，也不是绝对地不能用，如果有更好的表达方式，就尽量少用吧~

关于怎么push the ideas forward,我觉得就是上面讲的challenge the reader, pose questions这样类型的conclusion，但也不一定适用于每一篇文章，这个需要自己在写作文的过程中慢慢思考领会磨合了~

Die luft der Freiheit weht
the wind of freedom blows

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asd9061
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5楼

发表于 2010-8-7 15:32:06 |只看该作者

本帖最后由 asd9061 于 2010-8-7 15:35 编辑

这么好的帖子为什么没人顶呢？顶一个。
ISSUE的结尾部分感觉真的是最难写的部分。

顺便问一下：

Create a new meaning
o You don't have to give new information to create a new meaning. By demonstrating how your ideas work together, you can create a new picture. Often the sum of the paper is worth more than its parts.

Introducing a new idea or subtopic in your conclusion.（conclusion里面一定不要出现新观点！）

这两个部分之间真的很难把握一个度，如何又不重复自己第一段的主题，又不导致出现新观点使得文章不像结束……

另外问一下LZ，这篇讲Conclusion的文章是专门针对AW的吗？对于普通的文章，结尾让人深思，引发新的思考可能是合适的，但如果是AW的话，一个更加总结性的，稳妥的甚至是模式化的结尾反而会好一些。

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