Ares站队第二次作业

amadis007UID: 2101081

Ares站队第二次作业
1．        写作：issue 4，（学习类）；issue 88，（科技类）；argument 48。
2．        写作要求：issue 550+-；argument 500+-。

3．        提纲：issue 38，183（学习类）；issue 196，30，（科技类）；argument 42，237。
4．        提纲要求：提纲要求展开，包括详细的论点论据，开头结尾；每篇issue提纲后面应附带一个与提纲相关的50字到100字的英文论据（可以是例子、数据、名言分析等）。

5．        作业提交时间：2006/6/28(周三) 24：00之前。
6．        作业提交形式：请将提交的作业链接粘贴到此帖下（见Ares章程）。

7．        第二次互拍配对（按报名次序折叠）：
MARS×omas007；
AMADIS×veinard；
扁舟子001×George；
victor×4ever；
SSCSUPERGIRL×renliyunt；
8．        2006/6/30(周五) 23：00之前，完成对配对队友作文（包括写作和提纲）的修改和评价。
9．        作业批改方式：见Ares章程。
10．        公布人：AMADIS. (sockocn@126.com)
11．        公布时间：2006-6-23
12．        寄托的链接地址：
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mo ... e%3D1#pid1768735866
Ares站队第一次作业
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mo ... &extra=page%3D1

强烈推荐麦肯锡的金字塔原理，极大有助于写作与思维。请大家帮忙找找电子书，最好是英文的。

[ 本帖最后由 amadis007 于 2006-6-29 20:53 编辑 ]

gamblerboUID: 2212217

写作：
Issue4：（https://bbs.gter.net/thread-485727-1-1.html）
Issue88：（https://bbs.gter.net/thread-485729-1-1.html）
Argument48： （https://bbs.gter.net/thread-485726-1-1.html）

提纲：
学习类：
Issue38：
38 "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
1．论点：否则：电视很重要，书本不可少。
2．正面：电视很重要。列举。
3．反面：书本不可少。其一，书本至少现在还是知识量最大的媒体。
4．反面：其二，书本的一些特点使得它很流行，甚至很长时间内都很流行。A：便携；B：便宜；C：危害小。
5．结论：综合好处。

Issue183：
183 "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."
1．总体回应：事情的确变复杂了。
2．正面论证（原因1）：随着我们知识的增加，我们分析事情更加周全更加深入，挖掘事情之间和事情内部联系越来越多，因而感觉事情变复杂了。（绝对自身需求）
3．正面论证（原因2）：知识总量迅速增长，我们掌握的知识相对量越来越少，感觉自己越来越无知，世界上的事情变得越来越复杂。（相对残酷现实）
4．反面论证（辩证）：有人会说我们处理事情的方法和工具越来越多样和简便，降低事情的复杂度；其实，越来越多的方法和工具让我们眼花缭乱、无所适从；在某种程度上，这只会使事情更加复杂。
5．呼应总结：事情确实变复杂了。
练习：（说明：这是我的第一篇issue。大约一个月前写的。）
（链接地址：https://bbs.gter.net/thread-485731-1-1.html）
With the rapid development of science and technology, we obtain more and more knowledge. With this knowledge, unfortunately, we do not make the things more comprehensible, but make them more complex and more mysterious.
In the first place, my chief reason for my view is that, with the increasing knowledge, we urge to know the things more all-around and more in-depth by diving into the complex relation between things or inside the thing. Take the law of gravitation discovered by Newton as an example. One afternoon, Newton accidentally saw an apple fell to the ground. At this sight, the primitive man (ordinary people) may not think of anything, but Newton did think about the reason why the apple does not “fall” up into the sky, but fall to the ground? After his complex and rigorous reasoning, Newton had finally proved the law of gravitation. If we do not want to find the essential reason after seeing the happening things, and if we do not try our best to make the reasoning or do an experience, how the world can be so complex but beautiful like now? If so, we maybe like the primitive man only doing simple works during the day and being asleep in the cave early after the dusk.
Therefore, the requirement to understand things deeply and roundly makes things more complex and more mysterious.   
In the second place, and more important, the more knowledge the whole world has with the progression of human civilization, the less proportion an individual can possess the learning. Specially, we learn less and less knowledge about the whole world in the specialization society. We may know how to skillfully use a compute and compile a program, but we may not know what the black hole is. We may understand the formula to solve a differential equation, but we may not master dozens of languages communicating with different people from different countries. The result with specialization is that we can not see the whole thing and then feel that the thing is more complex and more different to comprehend.
Some people might argue that more and more implements and methods can help us solve the problem and make things simpler. Undoubtedly, there are more and more implements and methods invented for general person to use. However, most of implements and methods are even more difficult than the primary thing, and there are so many implements or methods that we do not know how to choose the best one to fit us. To some extant, more and more implements and methods make the things more complex and more mysterious.
In sum, our requirement to understand the things deeply and roundly, the knowledge expansion opposite to a person, and a number of implements and methods, make things more complex and more mysterious, but not comprehensible.
例子：
Take the law of gravitation discovered by Newton as an example. One afternoon, Newton accidentally saw an apple fell to the ground. At this sight, the primitive man (ordinary people) may not think of anything, but Newton did think about the reason why the apple does not “fall” up into the sky, but fall to the ground? After his complex and rigorous reasoning, Newton had finally proved the law of gravitation. If we do not want to find the essential reason after seeing the happening things, and if we do not try our best to make the reasoning or do an experience, how the world can be so complex but beautiful like now? If so, we maybe like the primitive man only doing simple works during the day and being asleep in the cave early after the dusk.

科技类：
Issue196：
196 "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
1．论点：否认。科学帮助人类解决了很多问题。大部分问题是人类错误地使用科技带来的。
2．正面：科学解决问题。粮食问题；医疗问题等。
3．反面：是人类本身而不是科学本身给人类带来了大量的问题。战争；贫穷；种族歧视；沙漠化等。（科技与道德：二战中利用人来做实验）
4．措施：人类应该更好地利用科学。
例子：
二战中利用人来做实验
Although scientific research has produced substantial social benefits, it has also posed several troubling ethical problems. Public attention was drawn to reported abuses of human subjects in biomedical experiments, especially during the Second World War. The physicians and scientists who had conducted biomedical experiments on concentration camp prisoners were judged guilty in trials.

Issue30：
30 "The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."
1．观点：不是。
2．反驳：现实是：提高了人们的效率，但是人们的闲暇时间更少。由于工作的总量增加了（还由竞争等原因）。
3．立论：我认为技术进步的目的是：丰富和方便人们的生活，以此加快人类社会前进的步伐。（1，2，3为第一段）
4．论据1：先进的技术在丰富和方便人们的生活。
5．论据2：众多技术的改进都是以“丰富和方便人们的生活”为口号。
6．论证3：最终都是为了加快人类社会的进程。

Argument
Argument42：
The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.
"In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign."

Main points:
In this argument, several important concerns, such as the major reason of the rise in per capita income in Bellegea and the differences between Bellegea and Paraterra, and so on, which are not addressed in the analysis, may strongly make the assumption that ecotourism strengthens Bellegea’s lagging economy and the conclusion that we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant problematic and unconvincing.

In the first place, the arguer fails to convince us that it is an advertising campaign to promote ecotourism that strengthens Bellegea’s lagging economy. To begin with, while the passages in the airport are increasing, the passages with others traffics maybe decrease. Furthermore, the arguer commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification.

In the second place, the arguer ignores the differences between Bellegea and Paraterra and commits a fallacy of false analogy. First of all, it is entirely possible that ecotourism will make a little contribution to Paraterra’s economy. What’s more important, perhaps the ecotourism will destroy the natural environment of our tiny country.

Before coming to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out several other flaws. Firstly, whether the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant can achieve a success in Paraterra or not is a question. Seconly, the cost is another problem.

In conclusion, it would be necessary for the arguer to rule out all above-mentioned possibilities before we could better evaluate the argument.

Argument237：
The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.
"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to *relocate here."

Main points：
1，In this argument, several important concerns, such as the actual cause leading to two new companies’ relocation to Dillton and the differences between Dillton and Beauville and the like, which the arguer fails to address in the analysis, might seriously make the assumption that it is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate Dillton problematic and undermine the line of reasoning.
2, In the first place, the arguer fails to convince us that it is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate Dillton.
3, In the second place, the arguer ignores the differences between Dillton and Beauville and commits a fallacy of false analogy.
4. Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out several other flaws what weaken the argument. Firstly, the arguer fails to provide information about the price to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements. Secondly, are there other possible methods better to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment
5, In conclusion, it would be necessary for the arguer to rule out the all above-mentioned possibilities before we could better evaluate the argument.

renliyunUID: 2209571

I:https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1
最近考试很多所以没什么时间，过了这一阵会好一点的，由于A也还没什么概念，时间有紧，就先写I 了，大家多多体谅了..........谢谢

victorduguUID: 2176422

issue4
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1

issue88
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1

argument48
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1

学习类提纲
38. "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
  
电视时代的读书已经不像以前那么重要了。人们通过看电视学到的和他们读书所能学到的一样多。

Disagree:
1) It is true that with the increase of programs and the enhancement of their qualities, television provides another alternative for people to gain knowledge.
//By imparting knowledge in a vivid way with pictures and sounds, television is more interesting than mere words, which makes  people feel relaxed when learning. For example, the programs of the Discovery Channel have shown us how wolf pack strive for surviving in the Yellow Stone Park, how black holes come into being, how the ancient egyptian constructed the fabulous pyramid, and so on.  
//Another advantage of television is its efficiency in spreading the information, which can be illustrated most in news programs that keep us informed with the most important and recent news in the world. For example, in 2001, in a short time after the airplane crash committed by the terrorists took place, the entire world noticed what has happened in the United Status and most of them condemned such crimes of inhumanity.

2) However, reading books still remains the first choice when people choose to learn with its superiority over television in several aspects.
//Books are more likely to elicit the inner admiration for knowledge. When we are reading Goethe's Faust, we feel that we are communicating with the great writer.
//Books can be preserved and reviewed for our future learning while we can not control the television to replay. Also, we can make notes on the books of which part has been fully understood by us and which part has not. Through this way, we can record the learning process and the knowledge is accumulated.
//If we want to have a serious study of science such as mathematics and physics, there is no other way for us to understand the formulation itself and how it can be deduced except reading some books in this field.  


3) Moreover, the owners and managers tend to filter the content displayed on the televisions, trying to cater to the majority of the audience and to maximize the profits.
//Usually people negatively received what has been given to them. Their only freedom is to choose the channel. But after that, the television takes control. And to maximize the benefits or for other political purposes, the managers and owners will elaborately choose the content of the programs. To satisfy majority, they may cut off some content, which actually is worthy of appreciation. And some times, the television stations are manipulated by government. To justify its policy, it may try to conceal facts.

183. "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."
  
随着我们获得越来越多的知识，事情并没有变的更加透彻，相反是变的更复杂更神秘。

反对:
1)        随着我们对知识的增多，我们对于事物的认识更加深刻。例如，我们知道了世界上的一切物质都是由一些基本的元素组成的。通过遗传学的进步， 我们对人类自身有了更清楚的了解。并且发现了许多经济规律，从而指导着政治家制定经济策略。
2)        当然，随着知识的增多，随着研究的深入，未知也越来越多。因而有时才使得有些事物看起来越来越复杂。比如，在发现了原子后，我们发现它其实也不是最小的组成单位，而其内部有更复杂的结构。我们在研究人体中，发存在着更多的令人惊叹的结构。
3)        但是，这也符合一般认识事物的规律，即某一问题的解决并且变得透彻，必定会引起新的问题的产生。而只有这样，我们才能更加多地去认识世界，并且推动人类社会的进步。如对于人体的了解，促进了更多的新的治疗方法的产生。如对于原子的了解，我们可以去利用核能。

//By studying the physics, we get a better understanding of the physical world and realize that matter of all kinds are constituted of some basic elements, such as oxygen, hydrogen, Nitrogen. With the advancement of genetics, we comprehend more about how the genes affect the human beings and what is the relationship between evolution and genes. We have dicovered some basic economical law such as the connection between price and supply and demand, which the politics can refer to when making economical policies.

科技类
30. "The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."
  
技术进步的首要目标应该是提高人们的效率以便于每个人都享有更多的闲暇时光。

1)        It is true that technological advancement has promoted people’s efficiency in a variety of dimensions.
//The involvement of mechanical automation in the industry has free traditional workers from heavy physical task, leaving them with chance to engage in more creative work. The introduction of computer technology as a method of teaching has largely elevated the teaching efficiency in the classroom. For example, teachers are able to prepare their instructional materials before classes--therefore spare more time to concentrate on explaining the content of the materials.  

2)        However, despite the efficiency brought about by the development of technology, people have less leisure time than before to enjoy themselves.
//The reason is that with the increase of efficiency, the employers are likely to expect more on their employees. Particularly, in the field of IT industry, working overtime is common. In these so-called high-tech companies, not only are the workers deprived of leisure time, but also sometimes their healthy may be threatened.

3)        Besides, the chief goal of technological enhancement is reflected more in other respects than in providing people with more leisure time.
//The technology can help us better understand the world around us. For example, by sending spacecraft to other planets, we will be able to gather sufficient information for analyzing how the universe came into being and what is the inner law underlying various celestial phenomena. Technology also drives forward the communication among all nations in the world by connecting them into a seamless web, thus can eliminate misunderstanding and raise tolerance and respect for each other.

196. "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
  
技术解决了问题，但是带来了更多的问题，并且可能会威胁或损害生活质量。

1)        科技解决了许多的问题，如杂交水稻在很大程度缓解了粮食供应问题。在工业方面，技术后引入将人们从重复的劳动中解脱出来，从而有更多的精力来做更加有创造力的工作。
2)        但是技术也引起了许多的新的问题，比如环境问题，比如nuclear weapons,
3)        另一方面技术也引起了道德问题，比如克隆技术的出现，而互联网的出现也使得许多有害的信息泛滥，比如黄色网站毒害青少年。
4)        但是，总的来说，技术带来的还是进步。我们应该充分利用它好的一面，而防止它不好的一面。

//Technoloy has served to solve a plethora of problem which used to afflict human beings in the past. For example, the hybrid rice introduced by the Chinese Scientist Yuan Long Ping has helped to soothe the destitution of food supply in China with so large population. And, with the development of digital automation,  people are freed from repetitious task, saving their energy and time for more creative work.

However, a series of problems, such as environmental pollution, the threat of nuclear weapons, have been raised by the widely usage of technology. The envrironmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problem such as global warming but also may threaten to end human life on this planet. Nuclear weapons, with its powerful ability of killing human beings, are another problem posed by technology.  

In addition, technology can also give rise to moral problems. The emergence of clone technology, has draw some  crazy ideas. For example, some scientists are keen on creating a elite class with clone technology, which will definitely threaten to ruin the current society order and the equality among people.

However, on the whole, technology has solved more problems that it has posed. It is our reponsibility to carefully utilize technology and determine its effects on our society since technology itself is neither nice or evil.

argument:

42.The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.



"In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign."



1) 没有充分的证据表明外国游客的增多是由于ecotourism的推广，有可能他们是受了其他旅游方式如当地的历史文物古迹的吸引，或者P地今年举办了一项大型体育会，因而使得今年的游客人数的翻倍。也没有充分的证据表明per capita income的increase should be attibuted to ecotourism. 导致平均个人所得的因素是多方面的，有可能是农业今年取得了比较好的收成，也有可能是工业得到了发展，而毫无证据的情况下而将其归功于ecotourism是不恰当的。

2) 即使ecoturism在B地取得了成功，也没有理由它也能在P地取得了成功。作者无理地进行类比。然而两地的情况有可能是不一样，比如P的生态资源是否有B地丰富，相应的旅游设施是否健全。并且，要推广的话还需要成本，成本是否会大于收益呢，作者未提供相关的调查。

3) 即使推广ecoturism对于P地也同样适用，也不武断地请current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office来devise这件事情。因为没有充分证据证明是他赞成并推动ecoturism，并且他是否是实施者。而且他的方法在B地适用，但P地的国情不一样，他的方法未必在P地适用。

237.The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.



"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to *relocate here."

1) 首先，two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton 不一定是因为受了tax incentives and finatial inducements的影响，也许是看重cheap labor, 也许是看重D地的convenience of transportation，使得它们的产品更容易be distributed。而这些条件，B地不一定具有。

2) 也没有充分的证据证明这两座工厂的加入确实促进了当地的economic development和increase the employment. 首先，两座工厂的加入并不一定给当地创造了经济价值，由于the reduction of tax 使得possibly the government has invested more than has economically benefited from the companies. Additionally, 由于这两个公司的加入，有可能使得former local comanpies go bankrupt，因而damage the previous economy structure, cause the unemployment to rise instead of going down.

3)  Even assuming that D地的税收and other finacial inducements did help to boost the economy in Dillton and lower the unemployment rate，没有充分的理由the same policy will also work in Beauville。因为It is possible that current tax and financial are already favorable enough. 并且考虑到D地存在着其他的impediment，比如every salary for the emploee is too high for normal companied to afford. 比如，当地的一些lack of technology support.

扁舟子001UID: 204048

1 每次提交作业的时候要求是链接，整篇的复制不太方便。
2 要求版本给出高亮，因为这里帖子很多，帖子沉得很快。
3 开一个总贴，如何把每次作业的帖子链接上去，方便查找，也方便补交作业。

技术问题我不懂，是否具有可行性请组长酌情处理。

amadis007UID: 2101081

ISSUE-4："No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."
4． 任何领域要取得重大进展，都需要该领域意外的人引进他们的知识和经验。

案例： 乔布斯 将学期间所学美术字知识运用到日后的苹果操作系统，带来了个人计算机系统的飞跃。

提纲：同意作者观点，物理与化学、生物与医药等表明各学科的相互联系与影响。在某种程度上，各学科能彼此互补并扩大学科领域与增强深度。具体提纲如下：第一：乔布斯将辍学学期间所学美术字知识运用到日后的苹果操作系统，带来了个人计算机系统领域的飞跃。表明艺术与科学的发展齐头并进并驾齐驱。第二：天文学与空间勘探需要结合天体物理学中的相关知识。第三：不同领域的进入可以创造新的交叉学科。如景观设计学与生态学的相互交叉诞生景观生态学。第四：由于科学密不可分,推动我们在任何一个领域的知识必须了解它们之间的相互作用。

正文：
I strongly agree with the assertion that significant advances in knowledge require expertise from various fields. Such as what is now known in physics and chemistry, scientists have been able to make important discoveries in biology and medicine. This is shows that the relationship between each field of knowledge is interrelated and impacted. To some extent, related areas of knowledge and experience can compensate to the lack of other specific field, and also expand the depth and breadth of the knowledge in this field. There is an example that aptly illustrate this point involve the fields of Art and Computer Science.
When Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, dropped out of school, he decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to use it beautiful. He learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and he found it fascinating. None of that had even a hope of any practical application in his life. But ten years later, when the Apple Computer was designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to he. And they designed it all into the Mac computer. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If he had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac computer would have never had the wonderful multiple typefaces that they do. This is really a lively story which can tell us, Art and Computer Science are kept together and even kept abreast in the development of each field.
An even more striking example of how expertise in diverse fields is needed to advance knowledge involves the area of astronomy and space exploration. Significant advancements in our knowledge of the solar system and the universe require increasingly keen tools for observation and measurement. Telescope technology and the measurement of celestial distances, masses, volumes, and so forth, are the domain of astrophysicists. These advances also require increasingly sophisticated means of exploration. Manned and unmanned exploratory probes are designed by mechanical, electrical, and computer engineers. And to build and enable these technologies requires the acumen and savvy of business leaders, managers, and politicians. Even diplomats might play a role--insofar as major space projects require international cooperative efforts among the world's scientists and governments. And ultimately it is our philosophers whose expertise helps provide meaning to what we learn about our universe.
Moreover, the entry of information and thought processes from different fields sometimes creates a new subject, a cross-discipline study. When landscape architects started researching biology, they had to borrow some knowledge and research from Biology. This led to the invention of Landscape Ecology, which is the study of spatial variation in landscapes at a variety of scales. It includes the biophysical and societal causes and consequences of landscape heterogeneity.
Generally speaking, for any study, although the knowledge and experience within that field is quite important which play a fundamental role, it is necessary to get knowledge from other filed, that is critical force for pushing a profound movement. Because the sciences are inextricably related, to advance our knowledge in any one area we must understand the interplay among them all. Moreover, it is our non-scientists who make possible the science.
感想：1 举例子很难，现在一般思路：要么这个例子你很感兴趣有知名度；要么是与你专业学习相关可以信手拈来。2 参考了很多提纲，发现合并同类项是个难题



Issue-88. "Technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics."

88．科学技术不但影响而且决定了社会风俗和道德规范。
提纲：部分同意原文观点
A. Technologies have radically changed the way we work and live. A smart electron card can take everything well.
B. The new technology internet changes everything but not determine anything.
C. However, we should not let technology to determine our ethics like gene tech.
正文：
I partly agree with the argument that technologies not only influence but actually determine social customs and ethics.
   Nowadays, the development in science and technology changes with each passing day, industrial science and technology is being improved constantly, technology makes giant strides. Commercialization and industrialization of scientific and technological achievements are accelerated day by day, has promoted the rapid development of the global economy and social customs. As the fast development of computerized financial services, city intelligent construction and social informative construction, the application of the I.C technology of our world has extended to each aspect of social life. The growth of the future IC card market will be enormous, such as ID card, bank card, traffic card, telecommunication card, national social security card, accounting card, tax card, cable TV charge Card, etc. Mutually overlapping and combination of the function of various card is becoming a big tendency of I.C development. And we will go all around the world with a small and light electron-cards, it can be used to get over all the problems we may encountered.
   Admittedly, social custom are deeply influenced by these technologies, which only work on this extent, never determined by them. There is no better example than the internet, it is an extremely important new technology, and it is no surprise that it has received so much attention from our social publics. Caught up in the general fervor, many have assumed that the Internet changes everything, overthrowing all the old rules about social customs and ethics. But, in fact, social customs and ethics should represent the mainstream of everyday life in a certain historical period, so we cannot say that someone holding a wedding party on the net today indicates that the social customs of wedding have been totally changed by the popularity of internet nowadays. Thus in my opinion, though we found technologies influenced social customs and ethics in the history, no evidence shown till now that technologies now could determine our social customs and ethics directly.
    In another hand, society is consisted of human being whose impaction about the custom and ethic has been affected many years. They have a defendant instinct that will never allow the existence of any technology profaning the accepted custom and ethic. Cloning, a genetic technology, which was at first supported even encouraged by the society in that its enormous potential medical value, reprobated by the most of people for it violated the rule of custom. It used a human being’s gene to duplicate an embryo has the same gene, actually, recreate a human being. Society denied it because if terrorist master this technology, probably thousands of Hitler would relive in the world, a catastrophe to our society. Even more, nobody want to die, what a mess that people recreate themselves! Traditional reproduction will go to a knot.
In generous, technologies had given our society many advantageous and influence us deeply, but technology, controlled by humans, will never control the humans.
感想：越是中文写起来容易得题目英文写起来越难，因为中式思维很难用英文表达。


ARGUMENT 48.The following appeared in a newspaper article published in the country of Corpora.
"Twenty years ago, one half of all citizens in Corpora met the standards for adequate physical fitness as then defined by the national advisory board on physical fitness. Today, the board says that only one quarter of all citizens are adequately fit and suggests that spending too much time using computers may be the reason. But since overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does."
20年前，Corpora的市民有一半都达到了那时由国家健身顾问委员会所定义的充分的健康标准。今天，委员会指出所有市民只有四分之一的市民足够健康，并指出长时间的使用电脑可能是原因。但是由于在Corpora电脑拥有量最高的地区也是总体健康水平最高的地区，显然使用电脑并没有导致市民体质的下降。相反，今年用于健身产品和服务的花费低的异乎寻常，这表明最近经济的衰退最可能是原因，当经济复苏了健康水平也会随之提高。
提纲：
1 论证的现象有合理成分：20年前的标准可能比现在的要求相对较低，而且20年前的人到了今天是经历过自然衰老的，从这种意义上讲，体质下降属于正常现象。
2 论断的前提不一定成立：本文的论断前提是经济形式好了，人们在健康产品和服务上的开支就会上升。论者没有提供资料证明目前这方面的低开销主要是由于经济不景气造成。根据经验分析和社会常识，这有可能是目前健康产品和服务不能满足大家的要求，或是服务质量不好。即使不是这样，作者也没有证明人们的钱多了就一定会增加这方面的开支。而且论者结论武断：经济形式好了，人们在与健康有关的产品和服务上的开支增加了，人们健康水平就会提升。但没有证据证明这项开支与人的健康水平有必然联系，甚至没有证据证明这些产品和服务一定能提高人们的健康水平。
3 论证的论据没有说服力：论据说C城整体健康水平高同时电脑拥有量高，所以证明电脑没有造成健康下降。这二者只是在现象上有所联系，而非因果关系。首先C城目前的健康水平如何，论者没有提供资料，只是说二十年前C城一半的居民达标，那么目前在全国只有四分之一的人达标的情况下，C城的情况如何，我们不能排除C城比全国水平低的可能。其次电脑拥有量高不代表使用电脑时间长。而且我们要用长远的发展的目光来看，因为使用电脑影响身体健康可能在短时间内没有表现出来，他可能在未来许多年后才表现出不良症状。
4结论：论者要加强说服力还需要提供资料显示健康产品和服务能多大程度上帮助人们提高健康水平。还要说明目前人们对于这项花销的看法如何，以及是什么导致了开支的下降。

正文：
In the argument, the author holds the assertion that the decline in the economy resulted in the decrease of physical fitness levels in Corpora. To substantiate his point, the arguer claims that overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are highest and the expenditures on fitness-related products and services are usually low this year. However, it is a pity that the argument was not convincing.
First and foremost, the standards defined by the national advisory board on physical fitness twenty years ago are not illustrated clearly and it maybe more lower than today’s level. In contrast, all the citizens were grew old in the twenty years and experienced nature consenescence. To this extent, physical decline is a normal phenomenon and need not to be described to other related things. Admittedly, by citing the change of levels of physical fitness, from one half to a quarter of citizens, it is unpersuasive to conclude the decline of citizens’ physical fitness. The odds are that the population of this country grew significantly in the past twenty years, and the number of a quarter of all citizens now may be much more than the number of a half of citizens 20 years ago. Thus, without presenting solid data of these people, it is hard to judge if the standards of physical fitness really drop.
In the second place, the premise was not exactness. The premise is when the conditions of economic are good, the cost people spend in the health products and services will rise. The author failed to provide information to demonstrate that the unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services is mainly caused by the economic downturn. According to social culture and personal experience, it may due to the health products was not meet the requirement which people need and the related services was not meet the style which people will satisfy. Even that was not the case, the author did not substantiate that people will surely increase this expenditure when the people's coffers are full. On the other hand, less physical conscious will keep the expenditure from rising even when the economy is climbing up. Admittedly, the author ignored to certify that there is an inevitable relationship between the expenditure and the level of health, and also there is no evidence to show that these products and services will improve the fitness levels.
Last but not the least, the arguer failed to assure that the computer has nothing to do with fitness. Although the highest are found in highest computer ownership, this provide us nothing more than owning computers may not be harmful. The highest ownership does not necessarily lead to highest using rates. It is quite possible that the regions with lowest fitness level have most reason for the decrease in fitness level. Granted that, using computer is not the main reason, it can be one of the reasons. Yet the author fails to provide us any statistics to prove that they are not related.
In sum, the arguer could not optimistically anticipate that the average of citizen health level will be increase spontaneously one day by the economy resuscitates, also, the could not concluded that there is no influence on the people’s health when they using computer.
感想：自我感觉不好，没有达到金字塔写作原则，不能言简意赅。经不起推敲。

ISSUE 38、"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books."
38． 在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫
不比从书本中学来的少。

提纲+举例：
A. Television the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth, is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world.

B. Television has a variety of applications in society, business, science, and especially in education. Educators not only use television to reach students throughout the world but also to transfer information and knowledge through video for viewers in classroom and home. For the purpose of documenting and conveying temporal, spatial events and experiences, film and video generally provide a more accurate and convincing record than a book or other written account. For example, it is impossible for anyone, no matter how keen an observer and skilled a journalist, to recount in complete and objective detail such events as a 2006 TIFA World Cup, or the scene at the intersection of Florence and Normandy streets during the 1992 Los Angeles riots. Besides, since the world is becoming an increasingly eventful place, with each passing day it becomes a more onerous task for journalists, authors, and book publishers to recount these events, and disseminate them in printed form. Producers of televised broadcasts and videos have an inherent advantage in this respect.
C. Television is more than just an electronic; it is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings. As online computer systems become more popular, televisions and computers are increasingly integrated. Such technologies combine the capabilities of personal computers, television, DVD players, and in some cases telephones, and greatly expand the kinds of services that can be provided. For example, computer-like hard drives in set-top recorders automatically store a TV program as it is being received so that the consumer can pause live TV, replay a scene, or skip ahead, as easy as you reading a traditional book or magazine. For programs that consumers want to record for future viewing, a hard drive makes it possible to store a number of shows, as you storing what you think or memory in a blank book. Some set-top devices offer Internet access through a dial-up modem or broadband connection. It allows you to browse the World Wide Web on their TV screen and you can use it to get more information and knowledge as you stayed in a national library. When a device has both a hard drive and a broadband connection, consumers may be able to download a specific program, opening the way for true video on demand. Consumers may eventually need only one system or device, known as an information appliance, which they could use for not only for education, communication, entertainment, but also shopping, and banking in the convenience of their home.
D. In sum, television and video can be more efficient than books as a means of staying abreast of current affairs, and for education in the arts that involve moving imagery.


ISSUE-183:
"As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and more mysterious."
183． 随着我们获取的知识越来越多，事情不是变得更好理解，而是变得更复杂更神秘。
提纲+举例：
1 在过去，原始人眼中的社会是非常简单的，即使是复杂的现象，他们也趋向于用简单的神话故事来解释；而现在，在这个高科技社会里，许多复杂的现象都能用简单的理论来解释，人们对神秘的事情了解得也越来越深刻。
2 人们知识圈的扩大使得人们对这个世界的认识范围也逐渐扩大。人们也接触到更多的陌生事物，但相比过去而言，我们对事物的了解是更为深刻。
3 我们没有必要抱怨我们的世界是如此的纷繁复杂，我们的知识不断增加会使我们对这个世界了解得更加深入透彻。
知识的目的是让我们知道我们不知晓什么。
1． In the past, the world in the primitive tribes was quite simple, even complex phenomenon, they also tend to use simple fairy tale to explain it; Now, in this high-tech society, many complex phenomenon can be explained by a simple theory, people are also become increasingly aware of the mysterious things profound.   
2.  With the expansion of knowledge circle of the world which we master is gradually expanding, the scope of awareness which we can discover is becoming greatness. Thus, we are exposed to more unfamiliar things, but compared to the past, our understanding of things was even more profound.
3.  It is not necessary to complain that our world is so complicated, we will increase our knowledge of this world understand more thoroughly.
196、"Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."

ISSUE. 196.
"Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
196．科技产生的问题多于所解决的，可能威胁或降低人们的生活质量。
Technology, general term for the processes by which human beings fashion tools and machines to increase their control and understanding of the material environment.
A. Technology is the primary productive force. Technology progress with the aim of resolving the problems, although technology has brought about a number of issues, but this is secondary. Because technology has greatly increased human beings’ power to harness natural force for human purpose.
B. Technology has dramatically improved the living conditions of human beings. Technology has always been a major means for creating new physical and human environments.
C. Admittedly, technology is a double-edged sword, which, if misused, might undermine the quality of our life and even threaten our existence. Many historians of science argue not only that technology is an essential condition of advanced, industrial civilization but also that the rate of technological change has developed its own momentum in recent centuries. Innovations now seem to appear at a rate that increases geometrically, without respect to geographical limits or political systems. These innovations tend to transform traditional cultural systems, frequently with unexpected social consequences. Thus technology can be conceived as both a creative and a destructive process. It is possible to ask today whether technology will also destroy the global civilization that human beings have created.
30."The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."
30． 技术进步的主要目标是提高人们的效率，使得每个人都有更多的闲暇时间。
1 First of all, as we have witnessed, achievement in technology has immensely improved people’s efficiency, such as assembly-line, robots, computer, etc.
2  However, technological advancement can also have a negative impact in human affairs. Over the last hundred years, some of the technological advancement that make life more easier or more enjoyable have proved to have unwanted and often unexpected long-term effects. When people enjoy relative more leisure time brought by improved efficiency, on the same time, society has encountered other problems, such as the problem of employment.
3  As a matter of fact, increasing efficiency is merely a byproduct of the advance of technology.

[ 本帖最后由 amadis007 于 2006-6-29 00:28 编辑 ]

Tomas007UID: 2107663

ISSUE88
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1
Argument48
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D1

扁舟子001UID: 204048

因为是第一篇issue,所以以模仿为主，大家看到的都是熟悉的句子，不要砸我。
再加上昨天终于完成了一个很需要全力投入的任务，今天写了一天，才写了一篇。请谅解。以后会慢慢补上以前的拖欠的。





issue 4

扁舟子001UID: 204048

baihe1988UID: 2203505

由于篇幅比较长，索性就上传附件吧！大家看看吧！
花费了我三个半天的时间啊！哭死了！

[ 本帖最后由 baihe1988 于 2006-6-28 23:45 编辑 ]

veinardUID: 2195006

作文
A48 https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D3
I4  https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D3
I88 https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D3

提纲
I提纲https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... &extra=page%3D3

A提纲
ARGUMENT42 - The following appeared in a proposal from the economic minister of the country of Paraterra.

"In order to strengthen its lagging economy, last year the government of the nearby country of Bellegea began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism (ecotourism). This year the number of foreign visitors arriving at Bellegea's main airport doubled, and per capita income in Bellegea increased by ten percent. To provide more income for the population of Paraterra and also preserve the natural environment of our tiny country, we too should begin to promote ecotourism. To ensure that our advertising campaign is successful, we should hire the current director of Bellegea's National Tourism Office as a consultant for the campaign."

In this argument, the minister of the country of Paratrra(p) concludes that P should begin to promote ecotourism and hire the current director of Bellegea(B)'s National Tourism Office as a consultant for the advertising campaign. To support his conclusion he cites the fact that after B began an advertising campaign to promote ecologically sound tourism last year, the visitors and capita income in B increased this year. This argument suffers from several illogical flaws which makes it unconvincing.

1, P可能没有像B那样足够的旅游资源
2, B旅客和收入的增长不一定是由于它旅游的发展
3, 没有证据表明旅游可以给P带来预期的结果
4，B的director不一定能胜任consultant的工作

In sum, the arguer fails to convince us that the P is necessary to promote the ecotourism and hire the director of the National Tourism Office of B. To strengthen this argument, the arguer should provide the situation of the tourism recourses in P and prove that the increase of visitors and incomes of B is due to its ecotourism development. Moreover, the auger should make sure that the director is competent with the consultant job. Without these analyses, this argument is unpersuasive and suspicious.

ARGREMENT237 The following appeared as part of an article in a local Beauville newspaper.
"According to a government report, last year the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent; at the same time, it began offering relocation grants and favorable rates on city utilities to any company that would relocate to Dillton. Within 18 months, two manufacturing companies moved to Dillton, where they employ a total of 300 people. Therefore, the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economic development and hence reduce unemployment is to provide tax incentives and other financial inducements that encourage private companies to relocate here."

Citing that after the city of Dillton reduced its corporate tax rate by 15 percent two manufacturing companies moved to it, the arguer concludes that the fastest way for Beauville to stimulate economy and reduce the unemployment is to provide tax incentives and financial inducements. However, this argument relies on a series of unproven assumptions which prevents it from convincing.

1. 错误分析
a. D原先的税率可能很高，而B原本就很低
b.没有证据表明B和D的经济情况相同 May be B is a industrial city while D is a politic center.
2. 论据没有说服力
a.300people is not a relative large number if D is a populous city
b.18month is a relatively short period.
c.other reason may be responsible for the companies' relocation such as avoiding competition etc.
3. whether companies have the ability to reduce unemployment is open to doubt. The staff of the company may relocate with the company together.

In sum, the argument is unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it the arguer should provide evidence that Dilton’s incentives were in fact responsible for stimulating Dilltion’d economy during the last 18 months and what other conditions in Beauville that were not present in Dilton.

昨天被封锁，迟交了，不好意思！

gamblerboUID: 2212217

上交部分已经完成！（A48；I88）——2006-06-29-21:48

[ 本帖最后由 gamblerbo 于 2006-6-29 21:39 编辑 ]

amadis007UID: 2101081

baihe1988UID: 2203505

由于作业只有issue 4——所以改起来比较快！呵呵~
顺便说一下，大家帮我看看扁舟子的这个作业算不算抄袭呢！
扁舟子不要BS我啊！真的觉得不对劲，大家看看也能提高警惕的啊！

lixiaomin046400UID: 2207959

[ 本帖最后由 lixiaomin046400 于 2006-7-2 12:03 编辑 ]